英语重难点语法-考研英语(二)写作
英语重难点语法
第一讲句子构成成分分析
句子构成
构成句子的成分共分为九种：主语，谓语，宾语，表语，定语，状语，补语，同位语和插入语。
一、主语：句子的核心主体，通常位于谓语动词之前，表明一个句子是谁或何种情况所发出执行或是承受的。常做主语的有名词、代词、主语从句、V-ing 、To do五种。
1 名词：
Success is the result of good judgment.
Life lights the candle of hope.
2 代词：
We live and learn.
I doubt, therefore I think. I think, therefore I am.
3 主语从句：
How a person masters his fate is more important than what his fate is.
What is worth doing is worth doing well.
4 V-ing:
Losing can be a real beginning.
Believing in yourself is the secret of success.
5 To do:
To light the candle of heart is better than to curse the darkness of the outside wold.
To know is wisdom and to do is a skill.
二、谓语：描述或阐述主语的情况，由动词来充当，常位于主语之后。
1 表状态用系动词：
Life is full of ups and downs.
Life is hope and hope is life.
2 表动作用及物或不及物动词：
Many hands make light work.
I came I saw I conquered.
3 表拥有：人或物时用：have has 无生命的东西：there be
Every dog has its day.
In a full heart, there is room for everything.
4 情态动词＋动词原形：
A man may die, nations may fall, but an idea lives on.
三、宾语：及物动词或介词所指向的对象。常做宾语的有名词、宾语从句、复合结构、V-ing 、To do五种。
1 名词：
Reading enriches our mind.
Haste makes waste.
2 宾语从句：
Goals determine what you are going to be.
Temptation discovers what we are.
3 复合结构：
If you lack confidence you will find it hard to win.
4 V-ing:
You are never a loser until you quit trying.
Reading is like opening a window to the outside world.
5 To do:
Winners expect to win in advance.
One should learn to forgive.
四、表语：接在系动词后，补充说明主语的情况又称为主语补足语。常做表语的有名词、形容词、V-ing 、To do、从句五种。
1 名词：
Life is not a bed of roses.
Today is our only sure possession.
2 形容词：
Time is fleeting and art is long.
Change is constant.
3 V-ing:
Courage is doing what others think you can’t do.
Life is painting a picture, not doing a sum.
4 To do:
To change attitude is to change life.
The proper function of man is to live, not to exist.
5 从句：
The real measure of success is how happy we are.
Love is what links two souls.
五、定语：修饰名词或类似于名词的词。一般翻译为“……..的”，表示事物性质或状态，分为前置或后置。常做定语的有形容词、名词、V-ing 、To do、从句五种。
1 形容词：
A warm smile is the universal language.
Each moment in history is a fleeting time.
2 名词：
Adversity teaches one a great deal about survival skills.
Life education is the basis for success in the knowledge society.
名词做定语（名词修饰名词重要原则：第一个名词一般用单数以下为常用名词修饰名词词组）
1 Information technology
2 Information center
3 Credit card
4 Generation gap
5 Beauty contest
6 Communication skills
7 Information age
8 Knowledge economy
9 Peace talks
10 Service industry
11 Water scarcity
12 Survival skills
13 Press conference
14 Safety standard
15 Life insurance
16 Weather forecast
17 Reception desk
18 Coffee break
19 Body guard
20 Heart attack
21 Department store
22 Stock market
23 Office building
24 Science fiction
3 V-ing:
Failure is a learning experience.
The starting point of all achievements is desire.
4 To do:
There is no time to lose.
One’s greatest power is the power to choose.
5 定语从句：
That is a good book which is opened with expectation and closed with profit.
Success is a process that never ends.
六、状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整句的词或句。按照功能分十一种：时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、方式、条件、让步、比较、伴随、评注。常做状语的有副词、状语从句、状语从句省略结构、To do 、V-ing 、V-ed 六种。
1 副词：
Still water runs deep.
One should have clearly defined goals.
Excellency is doing ordinary things extraordinarily well.
Clearly, one’s fate is in his/her own hands.
2 状语从句：
When an opportunity is neglected, it never comes back to you.
Nothing is ordinary if one knows how to use it.
3 状语从句省略结构：
If possible, go after your dream forever!
4 To do ：
To associate with friends, one should be honest and open.
To leap higher, one can draw back.
5 V-ing ：
Lacking a clear world outlook, life becomes a kind of burden.
Bad books are poison, doing harm to one’s heart and soul.
6 V-ed ：
United we stand; divided we fall.
Well done, the smallest task becomes a miracle of achievement.
七、补语：主语补足语（补充说明主语的情况，又称表语）、宾语补足语（补充说明宾语的情况）常做宾语补足语的有形容词和To do 两种。
1 形容词：
Histories make men wise.
Love makes the world more colorful for all.
2 To do:
Difficulties train one to be great.
Motive urges one to make progress.
八、同位语：句子中的两种成份表达同一种概念，即A=B 称之为同位语。常做同位语的有名词和从句两种。
1 名词：
We should make full use of today, the hope of tomorrow.
Never give up your dream, the source of happiness.
2 从句：
Failure is a sign that one should explore other opportunities.
The fact that you have tried your best is in itself a big victory.
九、插入语
插入语是说话者对所表达意思的补充、强调、解释或者说话的态度，其位置灵活，常常用逗号或破折号与其它成分隔开，并且在语法上不影响其他成分。
1 Indeed的确，
2 Surely无疑，
3 However然而，
4 Obviously显然，
5 Frankly坦率地说，
6 Naturally自然，
7 Luckily (或happily)for somebody算某人幸运，
8 Fortunately/Luckily幸好，
9 Roughly 大体上来说，
10 Briefly简单地说,
11 Strange to say说也奇怪，
12 Needless to say不用说，
13 Most important of all最为重要是，
14 Worse still更糟糕的是，
15 In a few words(或in sum，in short)简而言之，
16 In other words换句话说，
17 In a sense在某种意义上，
18 In general一般说来，
19 In my view在我看来，
20 In conclusion总之，
21 In summary概括地说，
22 To be true 诚然，
23 In the first place首先，
24 In addition此外，
25 Of course当然，
26 To my knowledge据我所知，
27 For instance(或example)例如，
28 As a matter of fact事实上,
29 Strictly speaking严格地说，
30 Generally speaking一般地说，
31 Judging from根据…判断,
32 To be sure无疑，
33 To sum up概括地说，
34 To tell the truth老实说,
35 I am sure我可以肯定地说，
36 I believe我相信，
37 I wonder我不知道，
38 That is也就是说，
39 It seems看来是，
40 As I see it照我看来，
41 What is important (serious)重要(严重)的是，
42 In a nutshell总之，
43 In the final analysis归根结底，
44 At any rate不管怎么说，
45 On the contrary相反，
46 In the long run从长远来看，
47 By contrast对比而言，
48 Morally speaking 从道德的层面上来说，
49 In comparison相比之下，
50 In theory从理论上来说，
第二讲名词性从句讲解
A主语从句：
㈠主从可由以下这些引导词引导：that\ whether\ whoever\ which\ what\ whatever\ where\ how\ when\ why\ if
⑴That 引导主从，在主从中不做成份。句型一 That + 完整句=名词可做主语
That everyone may receive at least a moderate education is significant.
That we should act in the right spirit is necessary.
⑵Whether引导主从，在主从中做状语。句型二Whether+完整句=名词可做主语
Whether you can succeed in making your dream come true depends on hard work more than luck. Whether it rains or shines makes no difference to proactive people.
⑶Whoever引导主从，在主从中做主语。句型三Whoever +不完整句=名词可做主语
Whoever wants to reach a distant goal must take many small steps.
Whoever dares wins.
⑷Which 引导主从，在主从中做定语。句型四Which+不完整句=名词可做主语
Which way you turn is up to you.
⑸What 引导主从，在主从中做主语、宾语。句型五What+不完整句=名词可做主语
What’s done can’t be undone.
What we do willingly is easy.
⑹Whatever 引导主从，在主从中做主语、宾语。句型六Whatever+不完整句=名词可做主语
Whatever is at the center of our life will be the source of our wisdom and power.
Whatever you love and trust in this world loves you in return.
⑺Where 引导主从，在主从中做状语。句型七 Where+完整句=名词可做主语
Where we enjoy love is home.
⑻How 引导主从，在主从中做状语。句型八 How+完整句=名词可做主语
How you think and act will influence your life.
(9)when 引导主从，在主从中做状语。句型九When+完整句=名词可做主语
When the sun is shining is the best time to repair the roof
When you can make it depends on your effort.
(10)why引导主从，在主从中做状语。句型十Why+完整句=名词可做主语
Why helping others brings about happiness is based on the fact that the more we give, the more we have.
㈡主语从句与形式主语it 的关系
主从如果过长时，可用it替代，将原来的主从放在后面。
㈢考研英语写作中形式主从的使用
1. It is often the case that
2. It is a fact that
3. It seems that
4. It is said that
5. It is reported that
6. It is believed that
7. It is universally accepted that
8. It is announced that
9. It is estimated that
10. It must be admitted that
11. It is obvious that
12. It must be stressed out that
13. It is widely-accepted that
14. It cannot be denied that
15. It can be foreseen that
16. It is as clear as crystal that
17. It goes without saying that
18. It is acknowledged that
19. It is well-known that
20. It is estimated that
B宾语从句：
㈠以下这些引导词通常可引导宾从：that\ whether\ if\ which\ how\ what\ whatever\ where
⑴That
Sometimes we need to remind ourselves that thankfulness is indeed a virtue.
⑵Whether\if
Attitude determines whether\if people are successful and able to enjoy life.
⑶Which
A straw shows which way the wind blows.
⑷How
Our motives shape how we see the world.
⑸What
I don’t fear what is ahead.
The secret of life is not to do what you like, but to try to like what you do.
Our thoughts make us what we are.
⑹Whatever
I am prepared to learn whatever I need to know.
If you have a plan, you can deal with whatever comes along.
I am willing to pay whatever price is required to win.
⑺Where
My past experiences brought me to where I am today.
㈡宾语从句拓展句型
宾语从句是英语写作非常常用的一种从句。它一般在议论文中用来提出观点，在图表作文中用来定位。Some people think that
Some people believe that
Some people do believe that
Some people do strongly believe that
Some people hold that
Some people point out that
Some people insist that
Some people maintain that
Some people argue that
Some people contend that
Some people deem that
Some people are convinced that
Some people are fully convinced that
Some people are firmly convinced that
Some people take it for granted that
We should admit that
Nobody can deny that
Some people agree that
Some people conclude that
Some people assert that
The table shows that
The bar chart displays that
The line graph illustrates that
The pie chart describes that
The map presents that
The diagram reveals that
These two charts indicate that
C表语从句：
（一）以下这些引导词通常可以引导表从：that \ whether\ what\ where\ how\ why\ when ⑴That
The only certainty is that nothing is certain.
⑵Whether
The test of our progress is whether we can provide enough for those who have too little.
⑶What
Purpose is what gives life meaning.
The future isn’t what it used to be.
Success is what I’m dying for.
⑷Where
Your big opportunity may be right where you are.
⑸How
Sharing is how we express love.
⑹Why
That’s why we say attitude is everything.
⑺When
The biggest victory is when we recognize that we ought to control our thoughts.
㈡表语从句拓展句型
表语从句是英语写作中非常常用的一种从句，可构成各种句型。
The first thing to be mentioned is that
Another point to be considered is that
The last thing to be shown is that
The first advantage of (doing) something is that
Another advantage of (doing) something is that
The third advantage of (doing) something is that
The first disadvantage of (doing) something is that
Another disadvantage of (doing) something is that
The third disadvantage of (doing) something is that
The first possible reason is that
Another cause is that
The third element is that
The first measure to be taken is that
Another solution is that
The third step is that
That is why
Why…is that…
A hot topic discussed by people is whether
A is to
B what
C is to D
A is to
B as
C is to D
My view is that…
D同位语从句：
同位语从句一般只由that来引导
We should care for each other in the knowledge that we are more alike than we are different.
We hold this truth to be self-evident that all men are created equal.
第三讲定语从句讲解
在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句是定语从句。被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，定语从句必须放在先行词的后面。定语从句一般由关系代词that, which, who, whom, whose和关系副词when, where, why引导。关系代词和关系副词有两个作用: 1 把主句与从句连接起来2 在从句中担当一定的句子成分。关系代词在从句中可做主语,宾语,表语,定语;关系副词在从句中只能做状语。
（一）定从引导词
⑴由关系代词引导的定语从句
① who先行词是人，在定从中可以做主语或宾语
The man who has no inner life is miserable.
②which 先行词必须是物，在定从中可以做主语或宾语
Love is the key which opens the gate of happiness.
③ that 先行词既可是人，又可是物，在定从中做主语或宾语
To live is an art that everyone must learn.
④whom 先行词是人，在定从中做宾语
It is unwise to make friends with those whom one does not know well.
⑤ whose 先行词既可是人，又可是物，在定从中做定语
Success is a journey whose initial step is always tough.
⑵关系副词引导的定从，where\why \ when 这三个词在定从中做状语，后面加一个完整句。
1. There will be moments in life when one is presented with new options.
2. Work is the place where happiness lives.
3. Unsuccessful people can always find reasons why they are not doing well.
㈡定从分类：
?限制性定从：由一个定从直接加在先行词后，无逗号隔开，去掉后影响整句的意思。
Success is a process that begins from within.
Passion is any emotion that moves you.
? 非限制性定从：与主句之间用逗号隔开，去掉后不影响整句的意思。
The youth need to have ambition and dreams, which are vital.
The youth need to have ambition and dreams, which is vital.
㈢介词提前放在引导词前共有如下三种情况：
①定从中的某介词的需要：
Experience is a school which you will never graduate from.
Experience is a school from which you will never graduate.
Honesty is the foundation which many other qualities are based on.
Honesty is the foundation on which many other qualities are based.
②先行词决定：
Each of us has a purpose for which we were created.
③由句意决定：
Kindness is the golden chain by which society is bound together.
Life is a flower of which love is the honey.
(四) 只可用关系代词that的几种情况。
1. 先行词为all，everything，nothing，something，anything，little，few，much等不定代词时。All that glitters is not gold.
2. 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。
Attitude is the first quality that marks the successful man.
3. 先行词被the only，the very，the last等修饰时。
To face fear is the only method that really works.
(五) 只可用which 而不用that 的几种情况
1. 在非限定性定语从句中，只宜用which, 不宜用that。
One may go wrong in many different ways, but right only in one, which is why it is easy to fail and difficult to succeed.
2. 关系代词前面有介词的时候。
Behavior is a mirror in which everyone shows his image.
第四讲状语从句讲解
㈠时间状语从句
通常有下列连词引导: when, whenever, while, as, before, after, until, since, as soon as, the moment, the instant, the minute, the second, every time, each time。
1. When a person feels encouraged, he can face the impossible.
2. Every time you help somebody else, you help yourself.
㈡地点状语从句
通常由下列连词引导: where, wherever, no matter where, everywhere, anywhere。
1. Your liberty to swing your arms ends where my nose begins.
2. Where there is smoke, there is fire.
㈢条件状语从句
通常由下列连词引导: if, unless, suppose, supposing, provided, providing, on condition that, as long as, in case, once, assuming, so long as。
1. If one thinks small, he will stay small.
2. All dreams are of no value unless they are followed by action.
3. As long as the world lasts, there will be mistakes.
㈣原因状语从句
通常由下列连词引导: because, as, since, now that, not that…but that, in that, considering that。
1. People are lonely because they build walls instead of bridges.
2. When I was young, I admired people with wealth. Now that I am mature, I admire people with wisdom.
㈤结果状语从句
通常由下列连词引导: so…that…, such…that…, so that。
1. I like to see a man live, so that his country will be proud of him.
2. Youth is so wonderful that it is a crime to waste it
㈥目的状语从句
通常由下列连词引导: so that, in order that, lest, in case, for fear that。
1. We should greet each new day with a plan so that the high road upon which we travel could be marked well.
2. Be helpful to those on their way up, in case you should need them on your way down.
㈦让步状语从句
通常由下列连词引导: although, though, as, even if, even though, whatever, no matter (how, what, where, when) , while, whether, whatever, whoever, whichever, whenever, wherever, however。
1. Although the world is full of suffering, they can always be overcome.
2. While winning is not everything, trying to win is everything.
3. No matter how much we have learned, there is always more to learn.
㈧方式状语从句
通常由下列连词引导: as, as if, as though, in the way that, in the same way that, in the manner that, in the same manner that。
1. If we couldn’t do as we would, we should do as we can.
2. Look at everything as though you were seeing it either for the first time or last time.
㈨比较状语从句
通常由下列连词引导: as…as，than, not so… as，the…the…。
1. Wisdom is more precious than wealth.
2. The more we study, the more we discover our ignorance.
第五讲非谓语动词讲解一
不定式由不定式符号to加动词原形构成，及物动词的不定式可以带宾语。不定式的否定结构是在to前面加上not.不定式在句中可以做除了谓语外的任何成分。
⑴（主）
To love is the most beautiful word in the world.
To err is human.
不定式做主语，可以用it当形式主语，把做主语的不定式短语后置。
It is enough to have one close friend in one’s life.
It is no exaggeration to say that friendship is to people what sunlight is to flowers.
⑵（宾）
We resolve to make a dull job interesting.
Never intend to know everything, or you will know nothing.
下面的动词常常可加不定式做宾语
attempt 企图 enable 能够
afford 负担得起 neglect 忽视
demand 要求 long 渴望
arrange 安排 destine 注定
mean 意欲，打算 begin 开始
expect 期望 omit 忽略，漏
appear 似乎，显得 determine 决定
manage 设法 cease 停止
ask 问 hate 憎恨，厌恶
pretend 假装 dread 害怕
need 需要 agree 同意
desire 愿望 love 爱
swear 宣誓 volunteer 志愿
wish 希望 bear 承受
endeavor 努力 offer 自愿
beg 请求 fail 不能
plan 计划 bother 扰乱；烦恼
forget 忘记 prefer 喜欢，宁愿
care 关心，喜欢 happen 碰巧
prepare 准备 decide 决定
learn 学习 regret 抱歉，遗憾
choose 选择 hesitate 犹豫
profess 表明 claim 要求
hope 希望 promise 承诺，允许
start 开始 undertake 承接
want 想要 consent 同意，赞同
intend 想要 refuse 拒绝
decide 决定 learn 学习
vow 起 contrive 设法，图谋
incline 有…倾向 propose 提议
seek 找，寻觅 try 试图
⑶（表）
The most important thing is to have a code of life.
Faith is to believe what you do not see and the reward for this is to see what you believe.
⑷（后置定语）
The deepest urge in human nature is the desire to be important.
The important thing in life is the determination to attain a great aim.
下面的名词常常可加不定式做定语
ability 能力，本领 drive 驱动
movement 运动，活动 ambition 抱负，野心
effort 努力，尝试 need 需要，需求
campaign 战役，运动 failure 失败
opportunity 机会 chance 机会
force 力，压力，要点 promise 许诺，希望
courage 勇气 intention 意向，意图
reason 理由，原因 decision 决定
method 方法，方式 determination 决心，决定
motive 动机，目的 struggle 奋斗，努力
tendency 倾向，趋势 wish 希望，愿望，祝愿
⑸（状）
To achieve happiness, we should make sure that we are never without an important goal. Lift a stone only to drop it on your own feet..
Life is too short to worry about everything.
⑹（主补）
Time is often said to be money.
Positive thinking is considered to be an essential factor of success.
⑺(宾补)
Difficulties train one to be great.
When you want the present to be better than the past, it is time to learn from the past.
下面的动词习惯于用不定式做宾补：动词+宾语+动词不定式
ask 要求，邀请 get 请，得到
prompt 促使 allow 允许
forbid 禁止 prefer 喜欢，宁愿
announce 宣布 force 强迫
press 迫使 bride 收买
inspire 鼓舞 request 请求
assist 协助 hate 憎恶
pronounce 断定，表示 advise 劝告
exhort 告诫，勉励 pray 请求
authorize 授权，委托 help 帮助
recommend 劝告，推荐 bear 容忍
implore 恳求 remind 提醒
beg 请求 induce 引诱
report 报告 compel 强迫
invite 吸引，邀请 summon 传唤
command 命令 intend 想要，企图
show 显示 drive 驱赶
mean 意欲，打算 train 训练
cause 引起 instruct 指示
require 要求 deserve 应受
direct 指导 leave 使，让
tell 告诉 like 喜欢
tempt 劝诱 entitle 有资格
order 命令 warn 告诫
enable 使能够 need 需要
urge 激励，力说 encourage 鼓励
oblige 不得不 want 想要
condemn 指责，谴责 lead 引起，使得
teach 教 entreat 恳求
permit 允许 wish 希望
⑻插入语：
英语中常用的不定式做插入语：
1 To start with,
2 To begin with,
3 To sum up,
4 To conclude,
5 To summarize,
6 To be brief,
7 To be short, 8 To illustrate,
9 To be honest, 10 To be fair,
11 To be sure, 12 To be true,
13 Sad to say, 14 So to speak,
15 To make matters worse, 16 To make things worse,
17 That is to say, 18 Needless to say,
19 Strange to say, 20 To tell the truth,
21 To put it like this, 22 To put it differently,
23 To put it from another way, 24 To be exact,
25 To be precise, 26 not to mention…
27 to name just a few. 28 to name but a few.
(9) 不带to的不定式:
1）在表示生理感觉的动词后的不定式不带to。这类词有:
feel 觉得
observe 注意到，看到
overhear听到
watch注视
listen to听 perceive察觉，感知
notice注意
see看见
look at看
hear听
2) 另一类是某些使役动词，如make, let，have等。
3) 在动词find与help之后，不定式可带to亦可不带to。
Every bird loves to hear himself sing.
Take your way. Let the world talk!
Working can help one (to) create a rich and balanced life.
(10) 不定式的时态和语态
时态\语态主动被动
一般式 to do to be done
进行式 to be doing
完成式 to have done to have been done
完成进行式 to have been doing
A不定式的时态
1) 现在时：一般现在时表示的动词，有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后。
2) 完成时：表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。
3) 进行时：表示动作正在进行，与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。
4) 完成进行时：动作的持续性。
B不定式的语态
(一般式：to be done；完成式：to have been done)。
(11)不定式的复合结构
It is good for one to have self-knowledge.
It is possible for everybody to be successful.
Confidence makes it easy for one to achieve the goal.
The secret of success is for one to be ready for the opportunity when it comes. All adversity is really an opportunity for us to grow.
For things to change, one has to change.
（12）关系代词或副词加不定式
How to act in this changing world is a real challenge.
Experience tells one what to do and confidence helps one do it.
第六讲非谓语动词讲解二
㈠V-ing:
1 做主语：
Having a goal in itself is a state of happiness.
It is no good learning without practice.
2 做宾语：
Change requires taking the right direction.
Life consists not in holding good cards, but in playing them well.
以下动词常常加doing做宾语:
acknowledge 承认，自认 confess 坦白
cease 停止 tolerate 忍受
mention 说到，讲到 avoid 避免
admit 承认 contemplate 细想
dislike 不喜欢，讨厌 endure 忍受
advocate：提倡，主张 complete 完成
dread 害怕 appreciate 感激，欣赏
enjoy 喜爱 bear 忍受
defer 拖延 envy 嫉妒
can't help 不禁 delay 延迟
escape 逃跑，逃避 can't stand 受不了
deny 否认 excuse 借口
consider 考虑 detest 嫌恶
fancy 幻想，爱好 favor 偏爱
mind 介意 repent 悔悟
figure 描绘 miss 错过
resent 怨恨 finish 完成
pardon 原谅，饶恕 resist 抵抗，阻止
forgive 原谅 permit 允许
resume 恢复 imagine 设想
postpone 延迟，延期 risk 冒险
involve 卷入，包含 practice 实行，实践
suggest 建议 hate 讨厌
prevent 阻止 save 省钱
keep 保持 quit 放弃
stand 坚持，忍受 loathe 厌恶
recall 回想
3 做表语：
Life is painting a picture, not doing a sum.
The subject of life is making choices.
4 做定语：
The starting point of all achievements is desire.
Every failure can be a stepping stone to something better.
5 做状语： ( 只要主句的主语是Ving的发出者，Ving 可以做所有的状语)
Life is like running water, flowing away never to return.
Those who take the long view are patient with difficulties, knowing that time often makes impossible possible.
6 V-ing的时态和语态
主动语态被动语态
一般式 Doing Being done
完成式 Having done Having been done
7 做插入语：
A常规(一些可以做插入语的副词后加上Speaking而意思不变)
1 Properly speaking,
2 Generally speaking,
3 Roughly speaking,
4 Precisely speaking,
5 Personally speaking,
6 Strictly speaking,
7 Frankly speaking,
8 Honestly speaking,
9 Emotionally speaking,
10 Psychologically speaking,
B特殊（一些由Ving构成的特殊插入语)
1 Considering…
2 Concerning…
3 Regarding…
4 Respecting…
5 Judging by…
6 Judging from…
7 According to…
8 Speaking of…
9 Talking of…
10 Taking all factors into account,
11 Taking all factors into consideration,
12 Taking all things into account,
13 Taking all things into consideration,
㈡V-ed:
1. 做定语： (前置)：(将Ved放在名词前修饰名词相当于一个形容词)
Life that has no established aim is miserable.
(后置)：（将Ved放在名词后修饰名词相当于一个省略了的定语从句)
Difficulties mastered are opportunities. = Difficulties which are mastered are opportunities.
2. 做表语： A man is not finished when he is defeated. He is finished when he quits.
3. 做状语： ( 只要主句的主语是Ved的承受者，Ved 可以做所有的状语)
Not forgotten, past experience is a guide for the future.
4做插入语：
1 Compared with…,
2 Compared to…,
3 Given…,
4 Given closer analysis,
5 Based on the above factors,
6 Based on the above discussion,
7 Simply stated,
8 Simply put,
㈢独立主格
The world being hard, struggle is the only way out.
Everything considered, growth and change are the law of all life and will and work are the cornerstone for all success.
第七讲虚拟语气讲解
一、虚拟语气基本用法
①现在的虚拟：从句if + 过去时、主句过去将来时
If it had no difficulties in life, it would be too smooth.
If there were no clouds, we would not enjoy the sun.
If we wanted to love those who have no imperfections, this world would be a desert.
If it were not for the rocks in its bed, the stream would have no song.
②过去的虚拟：从句if + 过去完成时、主句should\would\could\+have done
If they had not wasted so much time, many persons in the world would have scored achievement.
③将来的虚拟：从句if + 过去时\were to\ should + V、主句过去将来时
If I should summarize the most important principle I have learned in interpersonal skills, it would be this: understand and be understood.
④交错式: 从句if + 过去完成时、主句过去将来时
If we had looked at our past experience, where would we be today?
⑤虚拟语气在宾从中的使用：以下这些动词在后面引导宾从时，宾从中的谓语动词用should+ V, should 可省略。
Drop is C. D: demand desire R: require request O: order P: propose I: insist S: suggest C: command
In life, one’s goals may require that one (should) try different approaches.
To be successful in life demands that a person (should) make a personal commitment to excellence.
⑥在表语及同位语从句中的使用：
如以下这些抽象名词引导同位语从句，谓语用should + V, should可省略。
如以下这些抽象名词做主语，谓语用should + V, should可省略。
Demand\request\requirement\insistence\suggestion\proposal\command\recommendation\resolution\urg e\prescription\order\desire\determination\direction\advice
The suggestion is that to listen effectively, one (should) find meaning in what is being said.
The first requirement of good conversation is that others (should) know what is coming next.
⑦在主语从句中的使用：
以下形式主语从句中，谓语用should+V should可省略。
It is demanded that
It is desired that
It is requested that
It is required that
It is ordered that
It is insisted that
It is maintained that
It is proposed that
It is suggested that
It is commanded that
It is important that
It is vital that
It is imperative that
It is necessary that
It is best that
It is proper that
It is expedient that
It is vital that one (should) choose the right attitude.
It is necessary to the happiness that one (should) be faithful to one’s dream.
二、虚拟语气的特殊用法
⑴虚拟语气倒装: if 条件从句的谓语是were to \ had \ should 时，可以去掉if，将这三个词放在主语前。Had they not wasted so much time, many persons in the world would have scored achievement. Should I summarize the most important principle I have learned in interpersonal skills, it would be this: understand and be understood.
⑵ wish + 宾从
对现在的虚拟：宾从谓语用过去时
对过去的虚拟：宾从谓语用过去完成时
对将来的虚拟：宾从谓语用过去将来时
⑶ in order that 和so that 引导的目的状语从句
⑷ as if +方式状语从句
对现在的虚拟：谓语用过去时
对过去的虚拟：谓语用过去完成时
对将来的虚拟：谓语用过去将来时
⑸It’s high\about time that + 定从谓语用should + V 或过去时。Should永远不可以省略。
⑹ lest / for fear that / in case引导的目的状语从句，谓语一般用should + V
⑺ if only= wish
⑻表祝愿
May… Long live… God bless… God grant that…
⑼不用从句用词组：without, but for, otherwise, or 等。
⑽正式文体中，主句不虚拟而当条件或让步状语从句是“系表结构”时，系动词用原形。
No lazy man is ever safe, whether he be rich or poor.
⑾ Would rather + 宾从