大学英语四级写作讲义

一．The main types of guided writing:

1. 提纲式作文：

Directions:

Women make a great contribution to the progress of modern society. But there are still some people who don’t agree with it.

There has been a discussion recently on the issue in a newspaper. Write an essay to the newspaper based on the following outline.

1. Role of women in modern society

2. Prejudices and discrimination against women

3. My comment

Y ou should write about 200 words within 40 minutes.

Women play an important part in modern society. Now many women are going into professions, such as medicine, law and engineering. They comprise a large part of the workers in offices and factories. Many jobs they are engaged in are in line with their special capabilities of their sex. In addition, some of are working up to important positions which used to be held mainly by men. There are even some businesses which are run completely by women. It is obvious that women are making an outstanding contribution to the progress of modern society.

There are, however, still some people who assert that men are superior to women in many ways. In the first place, many jobs men do can hardly be done by women, who are physically not strong enough. They believe that women are the weaker sex – both physically and emotionally. Thus, women are naturally suited, much more so than men, to the performance of domestic duties. According to them, a woman’s place is within the protective environment of the home. Secondly, most of the world-famous scientists and statesmen are found to be males. Finally, the whole society seems to have always been dominated by men only. In their opinion, men should enjoy more rights than do women.

Personally, I’m firmly standing on the side of those women right defenders. Since both men and women are equally important in human activities, they should be on an equal footing. (242 words)

2. 提纲图表式作文：

Directions: In this part, you are to write an essay of about 200 words within 40 minutes. Study the following table care fully and your composition must be based on the information given in the table. Y ou should quote as few figures as possible.

Outline: 1. Changes in people’s daily expanses in the past five years

2. Possible reasons for the changes

In the past five years, there have been great changes in people’s daily expenses in XX city. According to the figures given in the table, the amount of money spent on food decreased gradually, accounting for 35 per cent in 2001. However, there was a rapid increase in clothing expenses, which made up 15% in 2001. In addition, the table shows an upward tendency in recreation expenses. The same was the case with other expenses.

What caused these remarkable changes? In my opinion, there are at least three good reasons. T o begin with, with the rapid development of agriculture in China, the output of grain, fruit, vegetables and milk has sharply increased, which contributes to the decline in their prices. Secondly, the family incomes of people both in the city and in the country have greatly risen so that people now can afford expensive clothing and some of them even want to dress in the latest fashion. Finally, as the living conditions improve, the demand for a variety of recreations is growing steadily, too.

In short, with the incomes continuing to rise, people will no longer resign themselves to living a dull, monotonous life. They are eager to make their life interesting and exciting. Therefore, I am sure that people will spend more money on clothing and recreations. (219 words)

3．规定情景式作文：

Directions: Migrant workers (外地民工) have made a great contribution to the prosperity of cities. In this part, you are to write within 40 minutes a composition of 200 words about “The Role of Migrant Workers”. Y ou can agree and/or disagree, completely or partially to above statement. But no matter which position you take, you should have supporting reasons.

As is known to all, migrant workers have made a great contribution to the prosperity of cities. They are an indispensable part of our work force. Most of them work on construction sites. There is no doubt that without migrant workers many of construction projects would have to be held up for lack of manpower. In addition, a large number of migrant workers are a beneficial factor, which enhances the consumption of food and daily items. This in turn helps to develop food industry and service trades in cites. All these are positive aspects of migrant workers in cities.

However, as a popular saying goes, “Everything has two sides”. The same is the case with migrant workers. Firstly, most of them are not well

educated and professionally trained. Some of them have had very little schooling. As you know. Illiterate people, who are usually ignorant of the law, tend to make trouble, thus endangering social order. Secondly, most of the migrant workers swarm into big cities just to make money. Being illiterate or unskilled, some of them would stop at nothing to get what they are ambitious for. Therefore, they are a potential threat to the peace and stability of society.

In my opinion, in the appraisal of migrant workers, it is one-sided to affirm everything or to negate everything. We should appreciate the great contribution made by them, and at the same time pay enough attention to the problems caused by them. (244 words)

二、The structure of a paragraph and its development:

1. Structure of a paragraph: topic sentence, development sentence and

concluding sentence.

2. Ways of developing a paragraph:

1) Comparison and contrast (对比法)

2) Cause and effect (因果法)

3) Exemplification (举例法)

4) Generalization and qualification (概述法)

5) Argument (议论法)

三、Some sentence patterns commonly-used in controlled writing :

---关于利弊、优缺点的句型：

1. S + have (or has ) a lot of advantages over ….. (与….相比有许多优点)

译：汽车与自行车相比有许多优点。

have the advantage of …..(有….方面的长处)

译：1）英语好是她的长处。

2）澳大利亚与中国相比，其优点是人口少。

3）他比他们有利的是他会操作电脑。

2. be of great benefit to sb./sth. (对…..有益)

译：你的计算机知识对你将来的工作十分有益

3. benefit sb/sth. (对…有好处) 译：这家新医院对整个社区有利。

benefit from sth. (由于….而受益) 译：我们将从技术发明中受益。

4. do (a lot of) good to sb. (对….有许多好处)

译：早晨锻炼对你很有好处。

be good for sb./sth. (对….有益) 译：蔬菜和水果有利人的健康。

do damage to sth./damage sth. (对….造成损害)

译：这次地震对城市建筑损坏严重。

do harm to sth./harm sth./endanger sth. (对….有害处)

译：吸烟危害人的健康。

5.be as(not so) good/great as …… 译：他做得没有说得好。

6. not so much … as …(与其说…,不如说…)

译：人口的迅速增长与其说是由于出生率的上升不如说是由于死亡率的下降。

The reason for the rapid increase in population is not so much a rise in

birth rate as a fall in death rate.

---说明原因的句型：

1. There are

good reasons

Example: There are two reasons for the changes in people ’s living

conditions. First, we have been carrying out an opening and reform policy .

Second, our national economy is developing rapidly and the birth rate has

been put under control.

2. We have two good reasons for …

译：我们有许多理由反对工业不受控制的发展。

3. The reasons for … is that + 从句

译：我们支持“希望工程”的原因时，许多贫困地区的儿童付不起继续学

业的各种费用。

---表示不同看法的句型：

Some believe that … Others argue that … Still others maintain

that …

译：人们对国际文化交流的看法各不相同。有些人认为，国际文化交流能促进各

国人民之间的友谊和了解。另一些人则争辩说，中国是一个具有5000年历史的

文明古国，并且有自己的传统文化，它和西方文化截然不同。因此，他们反对国

际文化交流。我认为，第2种看法是片面的。现在国际文化交流是非常重要的。

各国人民应该互相了解、互相学习以便增进友谊。

People differ in their opinions on the international cultural exchange. Some

some two many

believe that international cultural exchange contributes to the friendship and understanding of the people all over the world. Others argue that China is an ancient civilized nation with a history of 5000 years and has its own traditional culture, which is quite different from that in the western countries. Therefore, they are opposed to the international cultural exchange. In my opinion, the second view is one-sided and partial. The international cultural exchange is of great importance now. People of all countries should understand each other and learn from each other to enhance the friendship among them.

2. They are quite different from each other in their opinions.

3. Some people hold the opinion that it is good to have a small family.

4. They think quite differently on this question.

5. They differ greatly in their attitudes towards noise problem.

Example: Parents and children think differently on this question. Parents hold that children should work hard and do well at school. Children, however, maintain that they should have freedom to spend their leisure time and to plan for their own future.

---表示必须、紧急、有困难做某事的句型：

1. It is important (necessary, urgent, difficult, easy, convenient, comfortable, expensive, desirable, advisable) for sb. T o do sth.

Examples: 1) It is inevitable that the natural resources throughout the world are diminishing as the demand for them is on the increase.

2) It is obvious that the strength of a country’s economy is directly

bound up with the efficiency of its industry and agriculture.

3) It is urgent for the government to take measures to control the

birth rate in our country/to change deserts into farmland.

4) It is necessary to build more hospitals, shopping centers,

recreation centers, cinemas, and other public facilities to meet

the increasing needs of the people.

2. have

(in) doing sth. (有困难做某事)

Example: He has troubles finding a satisfactory job.

have trouble with sth. (对…有困难，不好对付)

Example: I have some trouble with my English study .

---常用谚语（在议论文中）：

1. As a popular saying goes, “Every coin has two sides ”.

2. As a proverb says, “Everything has two sides ”. On the one hand, physical

exercise is good for your health. On the other hand, if you don’t deal with it

properly , it will do harm to your health. So we should look at the matter from

two sides.

3. As a proverb says, “Where there is a will there is a way.” (有志者事竟成。)

4. As a popular saying goes, “A man is known by the company he keeps.”(观

其交友，知其为人。)

5. As is known to all, “No pains, no gains ”. (没有苦，就没有甜。)

6. It ’s no use crying over the spilt milk. (覆水难收。)

7. More haste, less speed. (欲速则不达。)

8. Look before you leap. (三思而后行。)

9. He who laughs last laughs best. (谁最后笑，谁笑得最好。)

译：他们取得的成果是由于他们的刻苦努力。

2. the demand has increased, the prices are higher.

3. An increase in demand higher prices.

the prices are higher.

5. If there is an increase in demand, then prices

译：由于所有这因素，政府越来越多地依靠科学家来安排适当的规划并付诸实践。

As a result of all these factors, governments are becoming increasingly

dependent on scientists for planning appropriate programs and putting

them into effect.

---辩论中常用的句型：

1. There is no doubt that …..

译：毫无疑问，人口的飞速增长促使野生动物数量的锐减。

2. It is obvious/clear that 爱心是一盏灯，越黑暗的地方，它越明亮。

3. As is known all, 中国一贯主张，国家不分大小，应该一律平等。

4. (It ’s) no wonder …(难怪) 译：他不努力工作，难怪他丢了工作。

5. It goes without saying that … (不成问题，很自然)

译：很自然健康的人比病人幸福。

6. What is more important, 我们应该保持生态平衡。

7. I am convinced that 我们的社会充满着爱，明天将会变得更美好、更光明。

---举例表示法：

1. For example, the people ’s economic status has been greatly improved.

2. For instance, the economic status of the people has been improved.

3. Let ’s have an example. TV sets, refrigerators and recorders have become

household necessities.

---概述（用于图表作文）：

1. According to the figures given in the table, 中国的钢产量已超过美国和日

本，占世界第一。

2. This chart shows that 全世界吸烟者的人数不断上升，占总人口的20%

3. As is shown by the graph, 某些野生动物物种的灭绝于世界人口的猛增密切相关。

4. It can be seen from the statistics/picture that 随着城市中汽车数量的不断增加，空气污染和噪音已成为威胁城市居民生存的主要公害。

5. It is generally

各国政府应该采取措施来保护海洋资源。

in

译：表中所给的数字表明，最近5年来人民的收入已有显著增长。

(在增加/减少/上升/下降)

译：从曲线图可以看出，世界各国的自然资源在不断减少。

Example: The number of has been on the in recent years.

---结尾句型：

1. In my opinion, I am in favor of owning a car.

2. Personally, I prefer to work in the country rather than in the city.

3. In short, parents and children should learn to get through to each other.

Only in this way can the most difficult problems be solved properly.

4. In conclusion, we cannot achieve success without effort and hard work.

5. As far as I am concerned, I agree with the opinion that “No pains no

gains.”

四、参考作文翻译练习：

（1）提纲式作文

Road Accidents

Outline:

1. Losses caused by road accidents

2. Suggested ways to reduce road accidents

3. My comments

最近5年来道路事故的数目不断上升，尤其在城市中。每当发生交通事故，有关的人员不是受伤就是死亡。它们对国家和受害者的家庭造成了巨大的损失。因此，迫在眉睫的是，我们应该采取措施来减少交通事故并确保道路安全。

我想有几个方法可以降低事故率。首先，政府应该采取有力措施来改善道路状况。例如：应该投资更多的钱来建造新的公路，许多又老又窄城市街道应加宽或重建。其次，地方当局应该用各种可能的方法来教育人民遵守交通规则。最后，行人穿过繁华街道时应小心谨慎。

我认为，以上所提到的几个方面是避免交通事故所必需的。随着车辆不断的增加，城市道路正变得越来越拥挤。但是假如每个人各尽其责并遵守交通规则，道路将会变得更安全。我相信，交通状况将会改善，尽管我们还有许多的困难要克服。

Road Accidents

In the past five years the number of road accidents has been on the rise in big cities. Whenever they happen, the people involved are either injured or killed. They cause great losses both to the country and to victims’families. Therefore, it is urgent that we do something to reduce traffic accidents and make our roads safe.

There are several ways I think to cut down to accident rate. In the first place, the government should take effective measures to improve road conditions. For example, more funds ought to be invested in building new highways and many of the old narrow streets in cities widened or reconstructed. Secondly, local authorities should educate people in every possible way to comply with traffic regulations. Finally, pedestrians should be

very careful whenever crossing busy streets.

In my opinion, the above mentioned ways are essential to avoid traffic accidents. With the number of cars continuing to rise, the roads in cities are getting more and more crowded. But if everyone does his part and observes traffic rules, the road will be safer to all of us. I trust traffic conditions will be improving though we still have a long way to go. (200 words)

(2)规定情景式作文

Directions: Stress is a natural part of modern life. In this part, you are required to write within 40 minutes a composition of no less than 200 words about “Stress in Modern Life”(现代生活中的压力). Y ou are to state briefly the relationship between stress and modern life and the different attitudes towards stress. At the end of your composition you should draw your own conclusion.

众所周知，压力是日常生活中很自然的事，并且也无法躲避压力。随着现代生活的节奏不断加快，我们从早到晚总是感到忙忙碌碌。而且很难减慢。我们似乎觉得我们周围人人都在拼命干。因此，不管一个人干什么，他总会感到压力。可见，在竞争社会中压力和生活是影印不离的。

然而，不同的人对压力的看法不同。有些人认为，压力并不是通常所认为的坏事。他们的观点是，某种压力对提供动力和使生活目的所不可缺少的。其他人则争辩说，压力加剧了精力的消耗，因此危害人的健康。在他们看来，压力的反面，即轻松，是身心健康所必不可少的。

就个人而言，我赞成前一种观点。当一个人全心投入到他所从事的事业时，压力是不可能避免的。依我看，只有当压力失去控制时，它才会导致行为失调和身体不适。

Stress in Modern Life

As everyone knows, stress is a natural part of everyday life and there is no way to avoid it. As the pace of modern life continues to increase, we are always feeling on the go from morning till night. And it is hard to slow down. It seems to us that everyone around us is aggressive. Therefore, whatever one does, he feels under stress all the time. It is clear that stress has much to do with the life in a competitive society.

Different people, however, think of stress quite differently. Some believe that stress is not the bad thing it is often supposed to be. They are of the opinion that a certain amount of stress is vital to provide motivation and to give purpose to life. Others argue that stress contributes to one’s mental decline and hence endangers his health. According to them, relaxation, the opposite of stress, is essential for a healthy mind and body.

Personally, I’m in favor of the former view. I think it is impossible to avoid stress when one is entirely devoted to the career he pursues. In my opinion, it is only when the stress gets out of control that it can lead to poor

performance and ill health. (207 words)

注：be on the go 忙碌

(3)图表或漫画式作文

Sharp Increase in World Population

Directions: In this part, you are to write an essay of about 200 words within 40 minutes. Y our essay should cover all the information provided in the bar chart and meet the requirements below.

1. Interpret the pictures above.

2. Give your reasons for the increase in population.

3. Draw your own conclusion.

根据图中所给的数字，从人类生活的初期到1830年地球人口达到了

10亿。

那表明至少有200万年的时间间隔。

后来世界人口迅速增长，到1930

年达到20

亿。到1960年又增加了10亿，其间只有30年时间，从那时起，全球人口一直在上升，1975年总计为40亿，只有15年又增加了10亿。 我认为，世界人口剧增的原因至少有两点。首先，在许多国家，尤其是发展中国家出身率持续上升。一般来说，那里的人持有这样的看法，孩子们费不了多少钱，但孩子长大工作了，就能挣钱，当父母亲老了，孩子们会照料他们。其次，西方国家结婚年龄在上升，这也促使了人口的下降。最后，许多发达国家中的死亡率稳步下降，因为人们生活水平提高了，卫生保健改善了。

依我看，人口增长的主要原因与其说是出生率的上升，还不如说是由于医疗保健的改善使死亡率下降了。

According to the figures given in the bar charts, it took from the beginning of human life to the year 1830 for the population of the earth to reach one billion. That represents a time span of at least two million years. Then the world population increased rapidly , adding up to two billion in 1930. The next billion was added by 1960, only thirty years. From then on the global 1961-1975年 （15年） 1831-1930年 （100年） 1931-1960年 （30年）

population was on the rise, amounting to 4 billion in 1975, which is another billion people in only 15 years.

There are at least two reasons. I think, for the sharp increase in world population. In the first place, the birth rate continues to climb in many countries, especially in developing ones. Generally speaking, people there hold the opinion that children don’t cost much and when they get old enough to work they will bring in money and that when parents are old, they will take care of them. Secondly, the marriage age in the West is rising, which contributes to the decline in population there. Finally, the death rate in most developed countries declines steadily because people’s standards of living are raised and health care improves.

In my opinion, the chief reason for the population growth is not so much a rise in birth rates as a fall in death rates as a result of improvements in medical care. (229 words)

五、写作的基本模式：

（一）议论文

As is known to all, it is important to be/do…. I think there are at least two reasons for …For one thing, …For another, ……Let’s take …for example …. From what I have mentioned above we can see that without …we cannot …It is clear that, …plays an important part in …

Different people, however, have different opinions on this matter. Some people think that …According to them, all of us should …Others argue that …In their opinion, nobody can …without …Compared with …, …has a lot of advantages over …There is no doubt that …As a consequence, …

In short, I firmly support the view that …It is because …So my conclusion is that …(109 words)

（二）图表作文

As is shown in the table (or in the picture), … dropped from … in 1994 to … in 1996. According to the figures given in the table, …has great increased (or decreased) in the past …years (or decades), reaching …in 1996. From the table we can also see that there has been a sharp decline (or rise) in …It is clear that …

There are at least two good reasons for …On the one hand, …Let’s have an example to illustrate the great increase in …On the other hand, …is due to the fact that …In addition, …is responsible for …

Maybe there are some other reasons to show …But it is generally believed that the above mentioned reasons are commonly acceptable.

As far as I am concerned, …So my conclusion is that …I am sure my opinion is both sound and well-grounded. (131 words)

（三）应用文格式示例

1. A letter of application (申请信)

Dear Sir or Madam, June 18, 2002 I’m writing to you to inquire if there would be any position available for me to work as an English teacher in your department. Please allow me to give you my brief reference. …

I’m looking forward to your kind early reply. (or Y our kind early reply would be very much appreciated.) If you need any further information, please feel free to ask.

Many thanks.

Y ours sincerely,

Wang Ming

2. A letter of complaint (投诉信)

Dear Sir or Madam, Oct. 26, 2001

I am writing to you to complain of the X Chemical Works, which seriously pollutes the city environment. The major problems are as follows. In the first place,…Secondly, …Finally, …As a result, …

I think several urgent measures should be taken to solve the problems. On the one hand, …On the other hand, …

It is my sincere hope that the pollution problems caused by the works will be looked into thoroughly and solved as soon as possible. I’m looking forward to your early reply.

Thanks.

Y ours truly,

Wang Ming

3.信封的写法

注意：考试中的书信作文重在测试考生的书面表达能力，而不是书信的格式，因此试题往往只要求考生写出正文部分。书信作文的命题形式一般是给出英语或汉语的写作提纲或其它指令性要求。

写作能力培养的途径：1、总结“复习指导”一书中“写作”一章内5年考研写

作参考作文的基本框架和常用句型。

2、准备一个小本随时记录所读到的优秀句子、句型，并

经常背记。

3、对照参考作文的英汉文本，总结两种语言在表达统一

思想时的异同，然后朗读、背记；

4、改写（加长或缩短）书中或讲义中的参考作文，注意

段落结构。

补充：写作技巧：

议论文的思路与练习

a. 看到题目做分析，然后“思维风暴”，把你想要写的方面的内容的关键词写在纸上。把大的题目化小，从细节入手，小处细处见真情……练一练：

1)Don’t hesitate to say “No”(1991.1)

2)The influence of Internet

3)Harmfulness of Fake Commodities (1998.1)

b. 逆向思维，从命题的对立面去思考问题，大谈如果缺失该事物将会怎样。

练一练：

1)The importance of fresh drinking water

2)Advantages of a Harmonious Family

c. 分组或分层思考：

分组：读者或受众的年龄，性别，国别等；专家，群众；拥护者，

反对者

分层：政府，社会，个体（我）

d. 举例子

两种基本推理法常用于议论文中，一种是归纳推理法（Induction）,一种是演绎推理法（Deduction）。归纳法是从个别（特殊）到一般的推理方法；演绎法则从一般陈述开始，最后得出一般性的结论，是一种从一般到个别（特殊）的推理方法。

1）确信理解主题

写作之前，仔细思考并确信已完全理解主题。

2）列出清单

写之前可列出事物的好处和坏处，以便收集信息。

3）确立自己的观点

是支持，反对，还是两边说

4）仔细组织

理想的论述顺序是从低潮到高潮，即按重要程度排列。文章结尾部分是最重要的地方，应尽可能给读者留下深刻印象。

5）加进详细资料以支持每个论点

开始写文章主体部分时，记住要用详细资料支持每个论点。你需要提供事实、统计数字、实例等

6）得出结论

最后，需要一个简短的结论。在四级考试中，作者往往没有时间写出非常详尽的结论，那么简单写出一两个结论性的句子也可以。但要记住你的观点要明确。

记叙文思路与练习：

“六大要素”即：

时间（When）

地点（Where）

人物（Who）

事件（What）

原因（Why）

结果（How）