生物学专业英语试卷及答案

一、词汇互译（共10小题，每题3分，共计30分）

1、citric acid：柠檬酸

2、glucose isomerase：葡萄糖异构酶

3、mutation：突变

4、interferon：干扰素

5、ultracentrifugation:超离心

6、无血清培养基：serum free medium

7、生物反应器：bioreactor

8、包埋：entrapment

9、参比变量：reference variable

10、果糖：frutose

二、英译汉（共5小题，每题10分，共计50分）

1、Most of the structures that make up animals,plants and microbes are made from three basic classes of molecule:amino acids,carbohydrates and lipids(often called fats).As these molecules are vital for life,metabolic reactions either focus on making these molecules during the construction of cells and tissues,or breaking them down and using them as a source of energy,in the digestion and use of food.

构成动物、植物和微生物的主要结构是由三个基础种类的分子组成：氨基酸、碳水化合物和脂类（常成为脂肪）。由于这些分子对生命非常重要，因此代谢反应关注的或者是在细胞和组织形成中这些分子的形成，或者是在消化和食物利用中分解它们并将它们作为能量的来源。

2、The researcher then uses these"scissors"to cut an opening into the plasmid—the ring of DNA often found in bacteria outside of a cell.Next,the researcher"pastes"or places the gene segment into the plasmid.Because the cut ends of both the plasmid and the gene segment are chemically"sticky"they attach to each other,forming a plasmid containing the new gene.To complete the process,researchers use another enzyme to paste or secure the new gene in place.

研究人员再用这些“剪刀”在质粒上打开一个缺口（质粒是一种环状双链DNA，通常位于细菌细胞外）。然后，将目的基因节段粘到质粒上。因为质粒和目的基因的节段在化学上都是具有“粘性”的，所以它们能相互粘连在一起，从而形成了一个包含新基因的质

粒。为了完成这个过程，研究人员还须使用另外一种酶来把新移入的基因固定。

3、Polymerase Chain Reaction(PCR)is a technique for reproducing specific DNA sequences in vitro.This process,invented by Kary Mullis in1987,has been automated for routine use in laboratories world wide.The process is carried out within a machine called thermocycler,and it can produce millions or billions of copies of a piece of DNA in a few hours.

聚合酶链式反应（PCR）是一种体外复制特异DNA序列的技术。Kary Mullis在1987年发明的这项技术已经自动化，并在世界上各个实验室中常规使用。此过程是在称为热循环仪（thermocycler）中进行的。它在数小时内，就可将一段DNA复制成数百万甚至数十亿个考贝。

4、Stem cells are unspecialized cells that have two important characteristics that distinguish them from other cells in the body.First,they can replenish their numbers for long periods through cell division.Second,after receiving certain chemical signals,they can differentiate,or transform into specialized cells with specific functions,such as a heart cell or nerve cell.

干细胞是未分化的细胞，它有两个重要的特征使之有别于身体中的其它细胞。首先，它们可以通过细胞分裂来长期补充自己的数量。其次，在接收到某种化学信号之后，它们可以分化，或转化成具有特定功能的特殊细胞，比如心脏细胞或神经细胞。

5、The synthesize technology of biodiesel by lipase method have the advantages of moderation condition,simple procedure,low energy consumption and environmental friendly. However,it is difficult for the development and industrialization of biodiesel produced by lipase method due to the high cost of lipase,toxicity effect of organic solvent to lipase and the special catalysis of lipase.

脂肪酶法合成生物柴油条件温和、工序简单、能耗低、绿色环保。但是由于脂肪酶成本高，有机溶剂对脂肪酶有毒性，脂肪酶具有催化特异性等因素的影响，使酶法生产生物柴油难以有较大的突破和产业化。

二、汉译英（共2小题，每题10分，共计20分）

1、光合作用以二氧化碳和水为原材料并经历两步化学反应。第一步，称光反应，水分子分解，氧分子释放，ATP和NADPH形成。此反应需要光能的存在。第二步，称暗反应，二氧化碳被还原成碳水化合物，这步反应依赖电子载体NADPH以及第一步反应产

生的ATP。

Photosynthesis starts with CO2and H2O as raw materials and proceeds through two sets of partial reactions.In the first set,called the light-dependent reactions,water molecules are split(oxidized),O2is released,and ATP and NADPH are formed.These reactions must take place in the presence of light energy.In the second set,called light-independent reactions, CO2is reduced(via the addition of H atoms)to carbohydrate.These chemical events rely on the electron carrier NADPH and ATP generated by the first set of reactions.

2、生物工程是属于应用生物科学和技术的一个领域，它包含生物或其亚细胞组分在制造业、服务业和环境管理等方面的应用。生物工程以细菌、酵母、真菌、藻类、植物细胞或培养的动物细胞为工业过程的要素。只有将微生物学、生物化学、遗传学、分子生物学、化学和化学工程等多种学科和技术结合起来，生物工程的应用才能获得成功。Biotechnology is an area of applied bioscience and technology which involves the practical application of biological organisms,or their subcellular components to manufacturing and service industries and to enviromental management.Biotechnology untilizes bacteria,yeasts, fungi,algae,plant cells or cultured mammalian cells as constituents of industrial processes. Sucessful application of biotechnology will result only from the integration of a multiplicity of scientific disciplines and technologies,including microbiology,biochemistry,genetics, molecular biology,chemistry and chemical and process engineering.