污水处理化工毕业设计论文中英文外文资料文献翻译

污水处理化工毕业设计论文中英文外文资料文献翻译
污水处理化工毕业设计论文中英文外文资料文献翻译

附件1:外文资料翻译译文

城市污水常温处理中的新型改良EGSB(膨胀颗粒污泥床)反应器的发展

近年来,厌氧处理技术已经成为一项有吸引力的可持续发展的污水处理技术,因为它耗能少而且产气量少。特别的,流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)和常规膨胀颗粒污泥床(EGSB)在城市污水处理中得到了广泛应运。通常,EGSB比UASB 更能有效去除化学需氧量(COD),更能有效抵抗有机负荷率(OLR)、温度和pH 的变化。然而,由于较高的上升流速和较多的甲烷气泡,使膨胀颗粒污泥床(EGSB)中的三相分离器中的水的流速很高,这就导致了大量生物质的流失,最终废水中的COD浓度就升高了。所以,有时候不能满足城市污水处理厂或生物处理系统排放的标准,并导致生物处理系统崩溃。因此,对与EGSB系统来说,城市污水处理中的关键问题是如何控制在高上升流速下的生物量流失。

在本文中,提出一种改进型的EGSB反应器模型,它结合了EGSB 和UASB 两者的优势。在相同环境下通过比较,试验性地研究EGSB m和EGSB c两种反应器。在东区污水处理厂中有一个初级出水沉降池。在对膨胀颗粒污泥床(EGSB m)中水动力特征分析时,进行了停留时间分布(RTD)的实验和Polvmerase连锁反应实验,并且应用变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)技术来探索颗粒污泥中微生物的多样性。

1.材料和方法

1.1影响生物量和养料的来源

常温厌氧颗粒污泥取自中国无锡市的一家污水处理厂,该厂主要利用全比例内循环生物反应器处理酸性废水。黑色的颗粒污泥有规则的形状(φ=0.8 - 2毫米)和良好的沉降性能。污泥中含有悬浮固体(TSS)73.6克/升和挥发性悬浮固体(VSS)59克/升。在EGSB m和EGSB c两种反应器中,最初的接种污泥量占有效总量的65%。

污水样本取自上海东区城市污水处理厂的一个初级沉淀池中。其中包括60%生活污水和40%的工业废水。污水的主要指标如表1。

表1 污水的主要指标

1.2反应器的描述

工业生产中EGSBm和EGSBc反应器的原理图如图1。两个反应器都是有机玻璃制成的,容量为300 升,采用连续流动模式。在EGSBc中,配水系统在反应器的底部,进水和污水一起进入循环。在EGSBm中,其混合液体通过循环泵和进水一起进入循环。EGSBm配水系统包括一个5升的水箱和4根聚氯乙烯管(PVC )。水箱置于反应器的顶部,管子延伸到反应器的底部。在东区污水处理厂这两种类型反应器都有,它们表现可以相媲美。

图1 EGSB c和EGSB m反应器的原理图

在EGSBm反应器中,含颗粒污泥的混合液大约在反应器的中部通过循环泵进入循环,同位于反应器顶部的进水很好的混合。由于混合液受重力的影响,沿分布管道进而进入底部的反应堆。在底部的反应区域内,复合液进一步混合了局部液体,水中有机物在高浓度的颗粒污泥中被有效地分解。废水向上循环,达到中间的流动循环管,很大一部分是被吸进管孔并通过水泵循环至反应器顶部的水

箱中,同时一小部分继续向上流动达到进一步分解。然后,向上流动的部分会进入三相分离器,在这里气体、水、颗粒状污泥会被分开。在分离后,颗粒污泥经过处理还能循环利用到上层反应室中去。

1.3实验条件

在这两个试验性反应器成功开动起来,反应达到了稳定的状态后,它们还得在常温下连续运行165 天。基于稳态条件下,总的反应过程分为十个阶段。每个阶段具体实验数据在表2中有详细说明。

表2 各反应阶段的实验数据

R:循环比例

1.4反应器的性能评价

在每个反应阶段,通过去除COD,COD filt和SS的效率来评价EGSB c和EGSB m两者的总体性能。COD filt表示经过定性滤纸后污水中的COD浓度。COD 和COD filt的浓度可以经重铬酸钾溶液检测出来,而SS的浓度是通过过滤,干燥,然后称水样本检测出来。

1.5颗粒状污泥的分析

在第4和第10个运行阶段结束后,从EGSB m反应器的四个不同反应区取颗粒污泥样本,并在图1中标明A、B、C、D。A、B、C、D四个反应区距离反应区底部分别为2.0,1.5,1.0,0.5米。从颗粒污泥中提取DNA后,16S核糖体RNA 基因的特定区域经过聚合酶链反应(PCR)被放大,进而用来克隆和排序。然后,使用变形梯度凝胶电泳(EGGB)分离聚合酶链反应(PCR)的产物。

已经分化的菌株再经过培养,使菌株数量达到所需的测量水平。

在预选的反应时间中,使用激光粒度仪(LS230,美国贝克曼库尔特)测得四个不同区域的颗粒污泥的直径分布在0.04-2000微米的范围内。

1.6水动力特性

有一种利用锂离子(Li+)的脉冲追踪仪,可以通过锂离子反应器中不同区域内停留的时间来分析水动力特性。在每一次试验中,通过脉冲注射器向进水中注入10mL浓度为10mg/L锂离子溶液,运用电感耦合等离子ICP/脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚硫酸盐AES外加铂金埃尔默奥普玛2100等离子发射光谱仪对污水中锂离子的浓度进行周期性检测。

2 结果和讨论

2.1反应器的性能

1)上升流速(V up)的影响。对于EGSB c和EGSB m两种反应器,上升流速对污水中COD和COD filt浓度的影响在图2中有说明。结果表明在EGSB m和EGSB c两种污水中,当上升流速从5.0米/时(阶段3)到10.3米/时(阶段5),COD filt 浓度分别从94.1和97.1毫克/升(阶段1)下降为59.4和71.4毫克/升(阶段5).两种反应器污水中COD浓度和COD filt浓度变化趋势大致相同。在较高的上升流速下,通过比较两者污水中COD的浓度,显而易见,EGSB m比EGSB c具有更好的性能和恢复效果。当上升流速从2米/小时(阶段1)到10.3米/小时变化时,两种反应器中SS的浓度分别从18.5和22.2毫克/升上升为60.1和126.5毫克/升。从中我们看出在相同流速下,EGSB m比EGSB c更容易造成生物量的流失。因此,EGSB m具有较好的恢复能力是因为其高污泥浓度的保持能力。

图2 上升流速对EGSB c和EGSB m两种反应器中污水中COD和COD filt浓度的影响

2)水力停留时间的影响。水力停留时间对EGSB m和EGSB c两种反应器中污水中COD和COD filt浓度的影响可以在图3中看出来。结果显示,在EGSB m反应器中,当水力停留时间从6降为2小时时,COD和COD filt浓度分别从119.7毫克/升和94.1毫克/升(阶段1)下降为104和82.6毫克/升(阶段7)。当水力停留时间降为1小时后,EGSB m和EGSB c两者中COD和COD filt浓度都有上升趋势。但是,EGSB m有更好的基质清除效果,主要是因为它具有改进了的水循环结构。

在EGSB m和EGSB c两种反应器中,挥发性脂肪酸的平均浓度分别从28和31克/升(阶段6,水力停留时间4小时)上升为42和65克/升(阶段7,水力停留时间2小时)。这就意味着在低水力停留时间内,EGSB m比EGSB c更能有效利用挥发性脂肪酸来产生甲烷气体。

图3水力停留时间对EGSB m和EGSB c两种反应器中污水中COD和COD filt浓度的影响3)有机负载率的影响。在两种反应器中,有机负载率对COD和COD filt浓度的影响如图4。当有机负载率由7.2(阶段8)突然降为1.2千克COD/(立方米*天)(阶段9),EGSB m反应器能维持它的处理效率不变,而EGSB c则发生不

同程度的变化。当有机负荷率从1.2(阶段9)又调整到7.2千克COD/(立方米*天)时,在阶段10的初期两种反应器中COD和COD filt浓度都有明显提高。随后,EGSB m恢复到最初有机去除效率需用10天时间,而EGSB c反应器在20天后任然没能达到最初的有机物去除率水平。显而易见,EGSB m更能有效抵抗有机载荷的变化。

图4有机负载率对EGSB m和EGSB c两种反应器中污水中COD和COD filt浓度的影响总的来讲,当实验条件发生变化时,EGSB m反应器中COD,COD filt和SS 浓度比EGSB c中的浓度要低得多。即使SS浓度会随上升流速的升高而升高,但EGSB m比EGSB c的生物量流失少。而且在上升流速高达10.3米/小时时,EGSB m 反应器中污水COD含量几乎不变。

2.2颗粒污泥的分析

这幅变形梯度凝胶电泳剖面图显示的是从EGSB m反应器中提取的75天和165天颗粒污泥样本中9-12DNA片段。相比之下,我们可以从处理酸性污水的最初的接种污泥中提取第15号DNA片段。这些DNA片段分布在16S核糖核酸RNA的V3区段内,每个基因片段代表一种微生物种类。

图5颗粒污泥样本的变形梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)剖面图比较了不同污泥样品的变形梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)剖面图,结果表明,带1、2、3、4、9、10的接种污泥也存在于第75 天和第165 天EGSB m污泥样品中,而其他的9个频段内的接种污泥很少见。相反,在EGSB m颗粒污泥的样品中出现了一些新的频段。频段的强度随不同的运行阶段和反应区域而变化。然而,微生物物种的数量在整个反应阶段和反应区域内并没发生明显变化。由于环境的变化,譬如循环比率,水力停留时间(HRT),有机负载率(OLR)和进水质量,微生物会选择性地形成稳定的微生物群落,通过竞争来有效地降解有机污染物。

在EGSB m反应器运行1,45,76和110天,分别检测A、B、C、D四个区域内颗粒污泥直径的变化。记录数据如图6。在第1天,接种污泥的直径均匀地分布在0.8-2毫米的范围内。在第45和76天,大部分颗粒污泥的直径分布在0.6-2毫米范围内,而A和B区域也有一少部分颗粒污泥的直径分布在0.01-0.4毫米范围内。在第110天,颗粒污泥的直径逐渐地变大。从中我们看到颗粒污泥在

EGSB m中最初是分散的,随着反应条件的变化逐步聚集为厌氧微生物菌落。

图6不同反应阶段颗粒污泥直径的变化

2.3 水动力特性

当进水向上流动通过颗粒污泥床时,它将和该区域内污水混合(或分散到污水中)。因此,对于理想的塞式流动应分散考虑,如下面所表达的停留时间分布

(RTD)模型:

在公式中,D/UL表示无量纲的离散量,D表示扩散系数(平方米/小时),U表

示上升流速V up(米/小时),L代表反应器的长度(米)。对于理想的塞式流动反

应器,D/UL的值是0。相反,对于理想的连续搅拌釜式反应器(CSTR),D/UL

的值趋近无穷大。通过脉冲示踪剂(例如,Li+)的方法,示踪剂浓度会随着试

验时间在不同的水力停留时间发生变化,如图7。依据图7的结果,经过计算和

总结得出了表3中的数据,记录了在三种不同的上升流速下无关量V d和D/UL

的值。

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Project Budget Monitor and Control Author:Yin Guo-li Nationality:American Derivation:Management Science and Engineering.Montreal: Mar 20, 2010 . With the marketing competitiveness growing, it is more and more critical in budget control of each project. This paper discusses that in the construction phase, how can a project manager be successful in budget control. There are many methods discussed in this paper, it reveals that to be successful, the project manager must concern all this methods. 1. INTRODUCTION The survey shows that most projects encounter cost over-runs (Williams Ackermann, Eden, 2002,pl92). According to Wright (1997)'s research, a good rule of thumb is to add a minimum of 50% to the first estimate of the budget (Gardiner and Stewart, 1998, p251). It indicates that project is very complex and full of challenge. Many unexpected issues will lead the project cost over-runs. Therefore, many technologies and methods are developed for successful monitoring and control to lead the project to success. In this article, we will discuss in the construction phase, how can a project manager to be successful budget control. 2. THE CONCEPT AND THE PURPOSE OF PROJECT CONTROL AND MONITOR Erel and Raz (2000) state that the project control cycle consists of measuring the status of the project, comparing to the plan, analysis of the deviations, and implementing any appropriate corrective actions. When a project reach the construction phase, monitor and control is critical to deliver the project success. Project monitoring exists to establish the need to take corrective action, whilst there is still time to take action. Through monitoring the activities, the project team can analyze the deviations and decide what to do and actually do it. The purpose of monitor and control is to support the implementation of corrective actions, ensure projects stay on target or get project back on target once it has gone off target。

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