生物工程专业英语期末复习资料

生物工程专业英语期末复习资料
生物工程专业英语期末复习资料

单词:

metabolic 新陈代谢的,fossil fuel 化石燃料,degrade 降解,fiber 纤维,cotton 棉花,wool 羊毛,hygienic 卫生的detergent 清洁剂,antibiotics 抗生素,component 组分,biodegradability 生物可降解性,intrinsic 固有的,perturb 扰动,thermochemistry 热化学,Biocatalysis 生物催化,enzyme 酶,genetics 遗传学,methodology 方法学,cellular 细胞的,extracellular 胞外的,isotope 同位素,

Biotin 生物素,antibiotic 抗生素,penicillin 青霉素,2-oxoglutarate a酮戊二酸,trigger 引发,Flux 通量,transformant 转化株,plasmid 质粒,homologous 同源的,heterologous 异源的deficient 缺陷的,strain 菌株,sensitivity 灵敏度,steady state 稳态,infinitesimal 无穷小的,activity 活力,,mechanism 机制,attenuation 衰减,perturbation紊乱,kinetic 动力学的,glutamate 谷氨酸,composition 组分,medium培养基,perculture 预培养,deionize 去除离子,vitamin 维生素,soybean大豆,protein蛋白质,hydrolysate 水解产物,cholramphenicol 氯霉素,Kanamaycin 卡那霉素,batch 间歇式,fermentor发酵罐,dissolve溶解,oxygen 氧,concerntration浓度,agitation搅拌,revolution 旋转,aeration通气,buffer缓冲液,Sonication 超声波破碎法,supernatant上层液,absorption光吸收值,Branch point 分支点,glucose 葡萄糖,normalize 规格化,consumption 消耗,growth phas 生长期,specific activity 比活力,coefficient 系数,upstream 上游的,lysine 赖氨酸,inoculate 接种,agar 琼脂,bacteriophage 噬菌体,facultative兼性的,assimilate 吸收,saccharide糖类,fructose 果糖,ethanol乙醇,methanol甲醇,glycerol甘油,urea尿素,peptone蛋白胨,copper铜,aqueous水的,eluent 洗脱液,Phosphate 磷酸盐,redox 氧化还原,,modification修饰,host寄主,intermediate 中间体,respiration呼吸,consumption消耗,kinase激酶,isomerase异构酶,bisphophate 二磷酸盐,mass balance质量平衡,genome基因组,genomic基因组的,glycolysis糖消解,high throughput高通量,sequence测序仪,evolutionary进化的,tag标记,transcription转录,transduction传导,array阵列,proteomice蛋白组学,affinity亲和力,counterpart 对照物,amino acid氨基酸,promoter启动子,ligate链接,vector载体,plasmid质粒,base pair碱基对,homology同源性,codon密码子,excise切割下,primer引物,region区段,amplificatio 扩增,transform转化,template模板,strand链,SDS-PAGE十二烷基磺酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳,ORF coding 开放阅读框架编码,polymer聚合物,sterilize消毒,inoculate接种,batch fermentation间歇式发酵,continuous fermentation连续是发酵,recombinant重组子,secretion分泌,variant变体,in situ 原地,in vivo体内,ribosome核糖体,interface界面,crosslinking交联,entrapment包埋,encapsulation胶囊化,residue残基,cationic阳离子的,culture broth培养液,stabilization 稳定,hydrolytic水解的,actone丙酮,aromatic芳香族的,sediment沉淀,chiral 手性,pesticide 杀虫剂,aseptic无菌的,impair削弱,atringent严厉,shelf life贮存期,continuous stirred tank reactor连续搅拌釜式反应器,vessel容器,foam breaker 消泡器,condensate冷凝水,cascade control级联控制,ratio control 比率控制,feed forward control 前馈控制,parameter参数,carbon dioxide二氧化碳,hydrophilic polymers亲水聚合物,aqueous水质的,tissue组织,carbohydrate碳水化合物,density 密度,solubility溶解度,extraction萃取,centrifugation离心,filtration过滤,solvent溶剂,solute溶质,membrane 膜,adsorption吸附,evaporation 蒸发,sublimation 升华,vaporisation气化,dehydration 脱水,distillation蒸馏,latent heat潜热,streamlined层流的,turbulent湍流的,hyperfiltration 超滤,dialysis透析,electrophoresis电泳,flocculation絮凝,flotation浮选,milling碾碎,lysis细胞裂解,lipophilic亲脂的,crystallization结晶,chromatographic层析法的,heterotrophic 异养的,lag phase迟滞期,exponential growth phase指数期,stationary phase稳定期,death

phase衰亡期,specific growth rate比生长速率

课后习题:

1.以间歇式操作方式培养大肠杆菌XN-1。使用5L的发酵罐,装液容量为3L。温度控制在32度,用28%的氨水调节PH维持在7.0左右。以每分钟180转的搅拌速度控制溶解氧浓度为3.0mg/L。通气量控制在r2 vvm。葡萄糖的初始浓度为20g/L,玉米浆初始浓度为15g/L. All cultivations were carried out in the batch mode.A 5L jar fermentor with a liquid working volume of 3L was used for cultivation.The temperature was controlled at 32 @,and the PH was maintained at 7.0 by adding 28%ammonia water.The dissolved oxygen concentration was maintained at above 3.0mg/L,by controlling the agitation speed in the range 180 revolutions per liter liquid volume per minute .The initial glucose was added intermittently.

2.作为碳源,有糖类,如葡萄糖,果糖,蔗糖,糖蜜,淀粉和淀粉水解物;有机酸,如乙酸,富马酸,柠檬酸;醇类,如乙醇,甲醇和甘油。

As the carbon sources,saccharides such as glucase,fructose,sucrose,molasses,starch and starch hydrolyzate organic acids such as acetic acid,fumaric acid and citric acid,and alcohols such as ethanol,methanol and glycerol can be used.

3.作为氮源,有氨水无机铵盐,如氯化铵,硫化铵,醋酸铵,磷酸铵;有机铵盐,如富马胺;胺,如乙胺;含氮化合物,如尿素;含氮有机物,如蛋白胨,肉膏,酵母膏,玉米浆,酪蛋白水解物,豆饼及水解物,氨基酸和核苷酸发酵生产的废细胞及其降解物。

As the nitrogen sources, ammonia, inorganic ammonium salts such as ammonium chloride, ammonium sulfate ammonium acetate and ammonium phosphate,organic,ammonium salts such as ammonium fumarate,amines such as ethylamine nitrogen-containing compounds such as urea,and nitrogenous organic substances such as peptone, meat extract,yeast extract,corn steep liquor, casein hydrolyzate, soybean and cakes and hydrolyzate thereof,and waste cells used for amino acid and nucleotide fermentation and its digested product thereof can be used.

4.作为无机盐,有磷酸二氢钾,磷酸氢二钾,磷酸酶,硫酸镁,氯化钠,硫酸亚铁,硫酸锰,硫酸铜和碳酸钙。

As the inorganic salts, patassium dihydrogen phosphate, dipotassium hydrogen phosphatr,magnesium phosphate,magnesium sulfate,sodium chloride,ferrous sulfate,manganese sulfate copper sulfate and calcium carbonate can be used.

5.翻译短语:

建立一个数学模型:establish a mathematical model

保持质量平衡:keep the mass balance

没有合适的参数:no proper parameter

计量化学方程式:stoichiometric reconstructions

补料批式发酵:add material batch fermentation

常用多种分析方法表征一个新物质。

Use many analyse methods to characterize a new material.

从基因组模板上扩增出一个大约1.1kb的片段。

Amplified a 1.1kb region from genomic trmplate.

此序列含有一个1086-核苷酸的开放性阅读框编码含有362个氨基酸的蛋白质。

This sequence was contained a ORF of 1086-nucleotide coding protein of 362 amino acid.

段落翻译:

1.the second model consists of planting seeds from different curricula into new organizational units to encourage the evolution of new versions of biological engineering free from the shackles of history.This approach is in direct opposition to all lessons learned from history about evolution of engineering disciplines in concert with industries.

第二种模式是从不同学科体系撒播种子,生长成新的不同知识单元,彻底摆脱历史桎梏,促进全新的生物工程学科的发展。这个途径与历史上工程学科和工业协调发展的经验完全背道而驰。

2.许多生物反应器要在无菌环境下操作。大多数重要生产体系都需要生产菌株的纯种,而外来污染菌的存在,会在多方面影响生产过程。例如,影响生物催化剂,破坏产物,产生杂质有损于下游加工过程以及引入有毒分子。

为了避免这些问题,培养基、生物反应器和所有附属管路必须经过灭菌(通常是高压灭菌),并且所有进入的空气必须经过玻璃棉滤去污染物。在分批发酵中,培养基在反应器内灭菌,而在连续发酵中,培养基在反应器外部灭菌。在发酵工业中,偶尔有污染微生物进入反应器而造成生产损失。由于这个原因,在抗生素生产中很少有反应器大于200m3 的,因为一旦发生污染,会造成很大的损失。因此连续发酵过程更需要严格的无菌操作。可预期空也中扩大应用基础工程微生物,则需要更昂贵的专门技术。

对于需要过程的涉及,必须包括引入空气和混合反应物的机械装置,并且所有系统必须设置连接口、取样口、进料口和出料口。由搅拌、通气以及殆懈养活过程产生的能量的输入,则需要冷却剂排出。能量输入的测量对于确定反应的混合和通气速率都是非常重要的。

3.在图10.1的发酵罐示意图中,需要介绍几类仪器。最重要的是测量仪器,他们包括测量过程参数的传感器,如测量温度,压力,浓度,流量,PH,溶氧以及能量等的传感器。这些传感器将已标定的变量的气动信号或者点信号传输到指示器,记录器或是控制器。指示器,记录器和控制器有单机运行,也有联机组合运行,对于一个变量或多个变量进行指示,记录和控制全(3个)功能处理,还有多态组合指示器直接显示过程变量或其换算值;记录器打印硬件拷贝以另一种形式显示数值,控制器比较实测值与理论值,设定点的差异,计算机误差,将计算结果传输给速度控制器或另外一个操作变量的控制节点,以获得期望的结果。

传感器、指示器、记录器或控制器,以及终端控制元件(当使用一个控制器时)组成一个控制回路。

控制回路包括开路控制回路和闭路控制回路。开路控制回路如显示器,记录器以及其他需要人为控制的仪器。开路控制回路通常用来检测被控系统的动力学参数。

常用多种分析方法表征一个新物质

Commonly used many kinds of analysis methods for the characterization of a new substance

从基因组模板上扩增出一个大约1.1kb的片段

From genome template on the amplification of a 1.1KB fragment of approximately

此序列含有一个1086-核苷酸的开放性阅读框,编码含有362个氨基酸的蛋白质

This sequence contains a 1086 nucleotide open reading frame, code containing a protein of 362 amino acids

可以认为化学生物工程学是一门很有前景的新学科。

It is considered that chemical and Biological engineering is a promising new discipline.

有一个新的趋势,将生物学知识和化学工程核心融合,发展成化学生物工程新的学科。

It is a new trend that knowledge of the biology and chemical engineering core fusion,it will foring new discipline while called chemical and Biological Engineering

在抗生素及其他药品生产中,发酵技术发挥了重要作用。

It plays an important more that fermentation technology has played in the production of antibiotics and drugs .

生物的降解性成为许多新产品的新关键性质,考虑固有的生物降解性,这些产品生产通常基于可再生能源。

It is becoming a new critical nature that biological degradable of many products are usually based on renewable energy .

许多生物反应器需要在无菌环境下操作

--Many bioreactor systems will be required to operate under aseptic conditions.

在发酵工业中,偶尔有污染微生物进入反应器会造成生产损失

--In the fermentation industry there will be occasions when contaminating microorganisms do enther the bioreactor and cause damage.

反应器的制造材料应该是无毒的和能够耐高压和抗化学物质和电解质的腐蚀

--The materials for construction should be non-toxic,able to withstand pressurized steam and to resist chemical and electrolytic corrosion.

连续搅拌釜式反应器或釜式连续操作仍被广泛应用着

--Continuous stirred tank reactor or vessel continues to be the most widely used.

在无机搅拌器中,例如塔式及环路的反应器,搅拌作用是通过高压气流带动我完成的

--In bioreactors without mechanical agitation,e.g.tower and loop bioteactors,agitation is achieved with very high gas throughputs.

发酵工业所需要的反应器,要能够适应不同的运行情况,包括变动的粘度、通气量、搅动强度和发酵体积,等等

--Fementation industries require a bioreactor which can meet a number of different running conditions including varying viscosity,aeration rate,intensity of agitation and fermentation volume. 讲检测仪表用于过程控制中的参数测定,可使测定值与实际值的误差极小

--Instrumentatin in conjunction with process control,we can keep the difference between measured and desired values of variables to a minimum.

生物技术工作者应该了解,目标菌株的生长环境也可能适用于杂菌的生长,所有测量过程变量的传感器必须在储存和维护中保持清洁卫生

--As any biotechnologist knows,the environment established for the production of a desired cell line can also environment established for the production of a desired cell line can also support the

growth of unwanted cell types.All sensors measuring process variables must be installed and maintained in a sanitary manner.

尽管许多工业发酵罐只有温度、压力、补料流加控制,但是该装置中的控制系统并非多余。从经济角度讲,对于安装一个新的工业装置,这一部分所占成本是适当的

--Although many industrial fermentor get by with nly temperature,pressure,and nutrient flow control,the level of control illustrate is not considered escessive.In aneconomic sense,it is a modest portion of the total installed cost of a new facility at the industrial scale.

控制系统通过比较测量值与设定值给出差值,并通过适当的控制算法得出输出计算值。加工工业中最常用的控制算法是比例,积分,微分控制算法。

--The control system comopares the measured variable to the set point,giving an error that is supplied to the appropriate control algorithm,and an output is calculated.The most common control algorithm in the process industry is the proportional/integra/derivative(PID) control algorithm.

交替增加光照强度和可溶性底物能增产生物量和藻青蛋白,且不抑制细胞生长,这些特性启示,采用混合营养分批培养S.platensis,可能提高菌体密度和藻青蛋白的含量

--These characteristics imply that misotrophic fed-batch culture might be used for productivities,since light intensity and soluble carbon substrate concentration could be alternately increased to enhance the biomass and phycocyanin production without resulting in growth inhibition.

藻细胞在3.7-1的发酵罐中,装有2.5L Zarouk培养基,进行混合培养分批培养时,添加葡萄糖;光合自养分批培养不需要添加

-The algal cells were grown in a 3.7L fermentor(Bioengineering)containing 2.5L Zarouk medium with and without a supplement of glucose for mixotrophic and photoautotrophic batch cultures,respectively.

混合营养分批培养时,藻青蛋白含量随着培养的细胞生长持续增长250小时,产率达到最大值约107mg/l;但此后,藻青蛋白含量急剧下降,而细胞浓度还在继续增长约48小时

---The phycocyanin content increased constantly as the growth proceeded to a maximum value of approximately 107 mg/g dry cells after approximately 250 h of cultivation and then fell away sharply while the cell concentration continued to increase for approximately another 48 h.

补料分批培养模式优于其他所有生产藻青蛋白的模式,最高的藻青蛋白产率达到795mg/l;对应细胞的干重浓度达到7.8g/l,这个数据是本研究和其他先前报道过采用光合自养和混合自养培养方式生产的约3倍

---The date indicated that fed-batch culture was superior to all other cultivation means for phycocyanin production of approximately 795 mg/L was approximately threefold that obtained in the photoautotrophic and mixotrophic batchculture in this study and of that reported by others.

结果显示,对S.platensis的混合营养分批培养生产藻青蛋白,补加葡萄糖是最佳的生产方式--This results demonstrate that a mixotrohpic fed-batch culture of S.platensis on glucose is suitable for production of high value products.

项目开创的浪潮正席卷全球,其目的是讲可再生资源转变为工业化学。

The project to create the tide is sweeping across the whole world, its purpose is about renewable resources into industrial chemistry.

作为碳源,有糖类,如葡萄糖,果糖,蔗糖,糖蜜,淀粉和淀粉水解物;有机酸,如乙酸,富马酸,柠檬酸;醇类,如乙醇,甲醇和甘油。

As the carbon sources ,saccharides such glucose,fructose,sucrose,molasses,starch and starch

hydrolyzate,organic acids such as acetic acid ,fumaric acid and citric acid ;and alcohols such as ethanol .methanol and glycerol can be used

作为氮源,有氨水无机盐,如氯化铵,硫酸铵,醋酸铵,磷酸铵;有机胺盐,如富马铵;胺,如乙胺;含氨化合物,如蛋白胨,肉膏,酵母膏,玉米浆,酪蛋白水解物,豆饼及其水解物,氨基酸和核苷酸发酵生产的废细胞及其降解物。

As a nitrogen sources, ammonia ,inorganic ammonium salts, such as ammonium chloride, ammonium sulfate, ammonium acetate, ammonium phosphate; organic ammonium salts, such as ammonium fumarate; amine, such as ethylamine; ammonia containing compound, such as peptone, meat extract, yeast extract, corn steep liquor , casein hydrolysate, bean cake and its hydrolysate, amino acids and nucleotides fermentation production of waste cells and its degradation products. 作为无机盐,有磷酸二氢钾,磷酸氢二钾,磷酸镁,硫酸镁,氯化钠,酸酸亚铁,硫酸锰,硫酸铜和碳酸钙。

As with inorganic salt, potassium dihydrogen phosphate,dipotassium hydrogen phosphate,magnesium phosphate, magnesium sulfate, sodium chloride, ferrous sulfate. manganese sulfate, copper sulfate and calcium carbonate.

利用乳制品工业副产物乳清生产乳酸,乙醇,丙酸和聚3-羟基丁酯的工艺是绿色工艺产品。The craft which use the by-produce of milk protein concetrate to wade latic acid,ethauol,propanoicacid and (R)-3-hydioxy-batyl is agreen crafe

在厌氧培养微生物时,常在培养基中加入浓度大约1mg/L的Na2S.9H2O以确保其厌氧环境Usually,when doing anaerobic cultivation ,Na2S*9H2O at the concentration of 1mg/L will be put into the culture media to keep it's anaerobic enviroment

采用连续发酵方式较采用批式发酵方式更难保持微生物生长的厌氧环境

It's harder to keep the anaerobic environment which microorganism grow in by continons fermentation than by fed-batch fermentation

一般来说,复合氮源对于细胞增殖和产酶能产生有利于的影响

Usually ,complex nitrogen soures have good affect to cell prolif eration and producing eneyrepower

1.the second model consists of planting seeds from different curricula into new organizational units to encourage the evolution of new versions of biological engineering free from the shackles of history.This approach is in direct opposition to all lessons learned from history about evolution of engineering disciplines in concert with industries.

第二种模式是从不同学科体系撒播种子,生长成新的不同知识单元,彻底摆脱历史桎梏,促进全新的生物工程学科的发展。这个途径与历史上工程学科和工业协调发展的经验完全背道而驰。

2.许多生物反应器要在无菌环境下操作。大多数重要生产体系都需要生产菌株的纯种,而外来污染菌的存在,会在多方面影响生产过程。例如,影响生物催化剂,破坏产物,产生杂质有损于下游加工过程以及引入有毒分子。

为了避免这些问题,培养基、生物反应器和所有附属管路必须经过灭菌(通常是高压灭菌),并且所有进入的空气必须经过玻璃棉滤去污染物。在分批发酵中,培养基在反应器内灭菌,而在连续发酵中,培养基在反应器外部灭菌。在发酵工业中,偶尔有污染微生物进入反应器而造成生产损失。由于这个原因,在抗生素生产中很少有反应器大于200m3 的,因为一旦发生污染,会造成很大的损失。因此连续发酵过程更需要严格的无菌操作。可预期空也中扩大应用基础工程微生物,则需要更昂贵的专门技术。

对于需要过程的涉及,必须包括引入空气和混合反应物的机械装置,并且所有系统必须设置连接口、取样口、进料口和出料口。由搅拌、通气以及殆懈养活过程产生的能量的输入,则需要冷却剂排出。能量输入的测量对于确定反应的混合和通气速率都是非常重要的。

3.在图10.1的发酵罐示意图中,需要介绍几类仪器。最重要的是测量仪器,他们包括测量过程参数的传感器,如测量温度,压力,浓度,流量,PH,溶氧以及能量等的传感器。这些传感器将已标定的变量的气动信号或者点信号传输到指示器,记录器或是控制器。指示器,记录器和控制器有单机运行,也有联机组合运行,对于一个变量或多个变量进行指示,记录和控制全(3个)功能处理,还有多态组合指示器直接显示过程变量或其换算值;记录器打印硬件拷贝以另一种形式显示数值,控制器比较实测值与理论值,设定点的差异,计算机误差,将计算结果传输给速度控制器或另外一个操作变量的控制节点,以获得期望的结果。传感器、指示器、记录器或控制器,以及终端控制元件(当使用一个控制器时)组成一个控制回路。

控制回路包括开路控制回路和闭路控制回路。开路控制回路如显示器,记录器以及其他需要人为控制的仪器。开路控制回路通常用来检测被控系统的动力学参数。

建立一个数学模型:establish a mathematical model

保持质量平衡:keep the mass balance

没有合适的参数:no proper parameter

计量化学方程式:stoichiometric reconstructions

补料批式发酵:add material batch fermentation

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