大学英语四级考试听力分析

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基本要求

1999年《大学英语教学大纲》对四级听力的具体要求是：能听懂英语讲课，并能听懂题材熟悉、句子结构比较简单、基本上无生词、语速为每分钟130～150个单词的简短会话、谈话、报道或讲座，掌握其中心大意，抓住要点和有关细节，领会讲话者的观点和态度。听力试题一遍可以听懂，理解的准确率应不低于70％。

考试特点

听力部分测试分为三部分

1．对话部分是日常生活中的一般对话，即衣、食、住、行、工作、学习等话题，可分为校园、公共场所、家庭等方面。

2．短篇听力材料是题材熟悉、情节不太复杂的故事、讲话、叙述、对话等，如动物介绍、地区及大学情况介绍等。短文主要考查考生对文章大意、中心思想、重要细节的理解与领会，以及根据所获取的相关信息，对文中的某些细节作出联想、判断，也有就短文中的某一事实和人物进行提问的题目。

3．复合式听写是最近几年四级考试改革的一个重要内容，其目的是为了能够客观地检测学生的听力水平。它包括对理解能力（即“听”）和一定的书面表达能力（即“写”）这两方面的测试。

复习方法

1．扎实的语言基本功

听力理解技巧是建立在听力理解水平基础上的，而听力理解水平是通过听力理解能力来体现的，它包括记忆和回想的能力、选择要点的能力、推断演绎的能力、判断和得出结论的能力以及运用背景知识的能力。词汇主要涉及如何处理“生词”的问题，即利用上下文、同位语猜词的能力和一词多义的辨别能力。语法主要包括那些最基本的语法现象，如时态、语态、虚拟语气、比较级、最高级、否定式和说话人的口气等。语音、语调、词汇、语法是语言的基本要素，对它们的熟练掌握是打好语言基本功的关键。

2．预测、综合判断能力

总体来说听力技巧包括听前、听中和听后的准备，实施过程和相应的预测、记忆以及综合判断能力。听前预测是指从所给的文字材料和答案选项等线索中发现一些背景信息，力求缩小谈话者的话题，它能帮助考生搞清所听内容的类型和结构甚至主题。考生听的时候可避免过分注重每个单词从而影响对全篇中心思想的理解。考生应抢时间阅读试卷上的选项，争取主动，以便在听音时有针对性。听前预测有一定的客观依据，即话题所使用的词语的范围，这种内容越具体范围就越窄。不管什么人说话都有一定的逻辑性，这种逻辑性又具有共性，受过一定教育的人是可以把握的。也就是说通过阅读选项我们可以推测听力材料可能涉及到什么题材和它的内容。听的过程中要强化记忆，对所听的内容进行联想，并对所听到的内容进行适当的加工，对整体和细节不可偏废。重视整体的题目是询问对话或短文的中心思想，因此千万要有整体概念，不要只记细节而忽视整体。听完后必须对所听到的内容进行分析、综合、推理、判断，挑选和问题有关的信息，放弃无用的。

大学英语四级考试听力分析(2)

3．学会用英语思维

听的时候尽量避免将每个单词和句子翻译成汉语，这样做一是浪费时间，二是影响理解，因为两种语言的结构和思维不尽相同，不是所有的英语都有相对等的汉语。在短暂的15秒钟内，既要听，

又要理解、翻译，还要进行综合判断，这是不太可能的，弄不好会影响以后的听力理解。最好的办法是逐渐培养用英语思维，不但可以节约时间还可以提高理解力。

4．有关学科及社会背景知识

语言是人们进行交际的手段，社会生活的变化、科技的普及发展、一国的文化历史传统、生活方式、地理气候环境以及人们的思维方式都要反映到语言之中。具备一点背景知识对所听的对话和短文会有一种熟悉感，一个更深刻的理解，甚至能弥补语言上的一些不足。我们都知道英语和汉语是两种截然不同的语言，考生若对西方的社会文化因素不了解，缺少足够的有关学科知识，只是用我们所熟悉的思维、逻辑去判断对话或短文，就很可能出错。

四、临场注意事项

1．保持良好的心态

由于绝大部分大学生在中学时未能接受充分的听力训练，甚至于老师在英语课上用汉语讲解，结果是同学们对语法和词汇比较熟悉，听力方面则相应欠缺。加之受方言的影响，英语发音不太标准，这一切都使得同学们的听力十分薄弱，一遇到听力考试就心慌，心理负担比较重。由于心情太紧张，考生往往一开始就有几个单词或句子听不清楚，这时如果拼命地去回想，下面的内容很有可能也听不清，从而严重地影响了听的效果。因此，克服心理障碍、增强自信心是取得好成绩的关键之一。听力理解过程实际上不是被动地接受，而是在积极参与的过程中用自己已有的知识（包括语法、词汇、常识等）对所听到的内容解码，然后进行筛选、过滤、整理、分类，这是个重新组合的过程。人们在吸收信息的过程中，都会自觉地将自己所掌握的知识（包括背景知识）同其所听到的联系在一起，这种背景知识和输入信息的结合就是预测、挑选、吸收和综合的过程。

2．捕捉重要信息和关键词句

捕捉重要信息是听力理解的首要任务，遗漏了重要信息就不可能听清讲话的基本含义。尽快抓住能概括文章中心思想的主题句和关键词，就能比较容易地听懂文章的主要内容。主题句（topic sentence）常是文章的第一句话，有时是最后一句（conclusion sentence），它们对整篇文章的内容起一个概括和提示的作用，实际上是文章的中心论点或者是说话人对所谈内容的观点和态度。1997年1月份试题，passage Two的第一句话“There are many reasons why family life in Britain has changed so much in the last fifty years．”考生可以预测到以后讲的几点都和英国家庭的变化有关。

3．根据常识去判断

考生在听的过程中要用已有的知识去分析材料内容。有些句子或词语因为某种原因没有完全听懂，可根据已获得部分信息、一般常识来挑选可能性较大的选项。

1998年6月试题（Section B．passage Ⅱ）讲的是有关美国私立学校的情况，私立学校一般很少获得政府的财政支持而是向学生收取学费。当我们回答14题Why is itusually expensive to attend religious and private school时，四个选项中B最符合这种常理。

A）The number of students they take in is limited

B）They receive little or no support from public taxes

C）They are only open to children from rich families

D）They have to pay more taxes

4．做简要的笔记

提高听力理解的另一个有效的途径是做简要的笔记。听音时对名字、数字、时间和某些关键单词做一些简单的标记或符号可对听力材料有个更深的印象，否则这些听懂的内容到选择时也可能辨别不清楚或错位。

5．高度集中注意力

听的过程中考生要凝神贯注、强化记忆、注意细节，尽可能地多记内容。若偶尔遇到一个或几个生词，不要慌张，可置之不理，因为一两个单词不会影响对整个段落的理解。否则，一遇到生词就停下来，会引起连锁反应，结果什么也听不懂。遇到实在不会做的题，不要反复思考，应赶快放弃，专心听后面的。听完后必须对所听到的内容进行分析、综合、推理、判断，挑选和问题有关的信息，放弃无用的。

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