英语论文：外来语对英语词汇的影响(规范英文版)

学期论文题目The Influence Of Loan Words On English Vocabulary外来语对英语词汇的影响学院名称外国语学院指导教师……职称讲师班级10级英语02班学号……学生姓名……2011年5月24日AbstractEnglish has become an international language because of its simplicity and richness. Its tolerance and flexibility make it a substantial absorption of loan words, and thus has great vitality. Loan words have greatly enriched the English language, which makes the English expressions more vivid and appropriate. As a result, it occupies a pivotal position in English. This article intends to analyze the influence of loan words on English vocabulary from the origins and types of the loan words in English.Key words: loan words; origin; type; vocabulary; influence摘要英语因它的简单和丰富已经成了一门国际化的语言。

它的宽容和灵活性, 使它大量吸收外来词汇, 从而具有了顽强的生命力。

外来词汇极大地丰富了英语, 使英语表达起来更加生动和贴切, 因此，在英语中占据着举足轻重的地位, 本文拟从外来语的来源和类型来分析外来语对英语词汇的影响。

关键词：外来语；来源；类型；词汇；影响Contents1. Introduction (1)2.The Origin of Loan Words in E nglish (1)1.1The loan words from Latin (1)1.2The loan words from Greece (1)1.3The loan words from French (2)1.4The loan words from Chinese (3)1.5The loan words from Japanese (3)3.The Main Types of Loan Words in English (4)4.The Influence of Loan Words on English V ocabulary (4)4.1The influence of Latin loan words (4)4.2The influence of Greek loan words (5)4.3The influence of French loan words (5)4.4The influence of Chinese loan words (6)4.5The influence of Japanese loan words (6)5Conclusion (6)Bibliography (7)1. IntroductionBecause of political, economic and cultural exchanges as well as military, technological and other factors, a national language into another nation, result in the loan words. Today the world’s main language, without exception, have loan words component, which is one of the language development process, it can be said that no one language is a purely national character (马学良, 1997). Borrowed from one language to another language’s content, its main purpose seems to be twofold: (1) to expand and absorb new content and the meaning of the concept that not in the original language; (2) to reflect the contents of the new things more accurately, vividly and visually. Any language has the loan words exist, and the number of loan words, especially in English, as many as this is a rare phenomenon in the world language. According to the Oxford Dictionary, as the international language, English totally has more than 100 million entries, in which loan words are over 50 million, loan words made up almost half the English. Shows that the loan words in English have a pivotal position, they have a great impact on English vocabulary, mastering the loan words has great help in learning English.（曾传生，1997）2. The Origin of Loan Words in English2.1 The loan words from LatinLatin loan words were absorbed the English vocabulary at different times. Before the Anglo-Saxon invaded to England, Latin had been worked in English vocabulary. AD 597 Roman Catholicism was brought to Britain (於奇, 1999), Latin had more profound impact to English and become the largest component of English foreign language (Thomas Pyles, 1971). These words are mainly religious, family life, food, trade and military activities vocabulary. Most of these early loan words have disappeared, surviving words are: disciple (one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus), hymn, martyr, nun, and after deformation, such as: ancor (anchor), flasce (flask), and so on.2.2 The loan words from GreeceBecause Greek culture as early as the Roman culture, many Greek words were borrowed into Latin, the same as English vocabulary. Among them, mostly are Technologyterminology and Medical terminology. Such as: cardiology, hepatitis, heliosis, heliotherapy, stethoscope, and so on. People is not only borrow Greek word from Greek directly, but also more is borrowed the Greek word prefix and suffix. Because a few dozen words can often be derived from one prefix or suffix (方梦之, 2004). At present, the Greek prefix with borrowed English words constitute a kind of new concept, expression is common.(1) Common borrowed from the Greek prefix are: anti-, geo-, hydro-, micro-, poly-, psycho-, tele-, auto-, holo-, homo-, etc. (2) Commonly derived from the Greek suffix are: -gy, -meter, -graph, -phone, -scope, etc (Thomas Pyles, 1971).2.3 The loan words from FrenchBritain and France in the geographically are separated by only English Channel. Since ancient times, close contacts between the countries and begin to introduce France (於奇, 1999). In medieval English period, about more than 10,000 France words were introduced to English directly, in which 75% are still used). For instance,(1) The loan words relevant of government and administrative management: govern, government, empire, authority, court, parliament, tax, etc.(2) About laws and religious aspects of loan words: judge, crime, justice, sentence, verdict, suit, punishment, clergy, prayer, religion, virgin, etc.(3) About the military and the daily life of the cloth aspects of loan words: battle, navy, garrison, fashion, etc.In 1066, (於奇, 1999)the Norman invasion was brought a lot of French words to English. French foreign words used only in the aristocratic class in that time. Some gentle words such as: chair, dinner, feast comes from the French vocabulary, and expression of primitive life words such as: stool, breakfast is from the English vocabulary. When we express animals use the English native language, such as: pig, sheep, ox, calf, deer, but in the table is using of noble words by French such as: pork, mutton, beef, veal, venison.Many affixes from French into English are all knew well by us. Prefixes are: de-, dis-, in-, inter-, pre-, pro- and so on. Suffixes are: -ious, -tion, -able, -ment and so on (方梦之, 2004). In addition, there are quite a number of examples that the words is consisting of borrowing root plus a native suffix: dukedom, noblest, powerful, preacher, falsehood,preaching, colorless, princely, faintness, courtship, quarrelsome, costwise (Thomas Pyles, 1971).2.4 The loan words from ChineseChinese history cultural source far flows long, is admired and respected by world. In the modern, because of the development of the national strength and the elevation of international influence, more and more of Chinese language vocabulary also cited into English, and most of all have relation with food and Chinese excellent traditional culture, such as:(1) The most is food vocabulary: tea (Transliteration South Fukien dialect), oolong (black Long Cha), souchong (small kind of hair point), chowmien (stir-fry noodles), maotai (Mao set), saimien (thin side), tofu (bean curd), ketchup (seasoning ketchup), jiaoze (dumpling), wontan (wontan), boisin (boisin), and so on.(2) The fruit vocabulary: The mango (mango), litchi (litchi), gingko (silver almond), bok choy (cabbage), longan (Long Yan), ginseng (ginseng), and so on.(3) Handicraft article vocabulary: China (china), silk (silk), Canton ware (GuangDong porcelain), Chien ware (Sung porcelain), and so on.(4) Folk cultural of vocabulary: The yanko (harvest song), mahjong (mahjong), weichi (go game), Pingju (review a play), Yueju (Honan opera), Erhuang (two Huangs), dan (Dan), sheng (living), chou (is ugly), yin-yang (ying and yang), zhen-jiu (the needle burns), Confucius (Confucius), Laotzu (Lao Tze), and so on.(5) Other category vocabularies: Cheongsam (ensign tunic), kongfu (effort), the tai chi chuan (Taichi), typhoon (stage manners), kang (anti-), the lama (Lama monk), typhoon (violent typhoon), Microphone (microphone), Disco (a name of city), Penicillin (a name of city), clone (clone), kowtow (kowtow), kang (kang), lama (lama), and so on (Thomas Pyles, 1971).2.5 The loan words from JapaneseSome Japanese words are also absorbed to English. Such as:(1) About bite and sup vocabulary: fugu, nori, ramen, shabu-shabu, tamari, teppan-yaki, wakame, sashimi (sashimi), and so on.(2) About fashionable culture vocabulary: anime, karaoke (the card pulls ok), manga, tamagotchi, and so on.(3) About economy vocabulary: kaizen, kanban, karoshi, keiretssu, salaryman, zaitech, and so on.(4) Other category vocabularies: karate (empty hand way), tsunami (tidal wave), judo (judo), tycoon (tycoon, big style of), zaibatsu (financial magnate), kimino (kimino), tatami (fall a rice-Japanese to spread in the rice straw mat of room hinterland plank), harakiki (Pou stomach suicide), geisha (skill Ji), and so on.3.The Main Types of Loan Words in EnglishAccording to the change of loan words, loan words can be divided into four types:(1) Denizens: The words have been assimilated in English words which borrowed from the foreign language early. Such as: “port”comes from “protus”(Latin), “cup”comes from “cuppa” (Latin), “shift” comes from “skipta”, “shirt” comes from “shyrta”, “change” comes from “changier” (French), “pork” comes from “pore” (French), and so on.(2) Aliens: The words still retains the original pronunciation and spelling. Such as: wushu (Chinese), kuaiban (Chinese), chauffeur (French),décor (French), blitzkrieg, kowtow (Chinese), bazaar, statusquo (Latin), intermezzo, emir, and so on.(3) Translation-loans: Use the native language words, and word formation patterns modeled the foreign language (方梦之, 2004). They can be divided into two parts:By word meaning translation: mother tongue, long time no see, surplus value, masterpiece, black humour, and so on.By word voice translation: kulak, ketchup, lama, tea, and so on.(4) Semantic-loans: The English use the word in the form and give it new meaning. Such as: bridge, dream, Pioneer, Dumb, fresh, and so on.4.The Influence of Loan Words on English Vocabulary4.1 The influence of Latin loan wordsThe noun of Latin with English have great difference on usage, so the rules governing the use of English has also had some effect (马学良, 1997), enriched the English vocabulary. They usually use the following four types:(1) The “-us”at the end, become plural, it will be “-us”into “-i”. For example: nucleus---nuclei, focus---foci, fungus---fungi, alumnus---alumni, and so on.(2) The “-um”at the end, become plural, it will be “-um”into “-a”. For example: datum---data, stratum---atrata, memorandum---memoranda, ovum---ova, and so on.(3) The “-a”at the end, change the plural suffix when added “-e”. For example: formula---formulae, cicada---cicadae, alumna---alumnae, and so on.(4) With “-x”at the end, become plural, it will be “-x”into “-ces”. For example: indix---indices, appendix---appendices, and so on.4.2 The influence of Greek loan wordsSimilarly, the noun of Greek with English have great difference on usage, too, so the rules governing the use of English has also had some effect, enriched the English vocabulary. They usually use the following three types:(1) The “-is” at the end, become plural, it will be “-is” into “-es”. For example: crisis---crises, axis---axes, parenthesis---parentheses, and so on.(2) The “-on”at the end, become plural, it will be “-on”into “-a”. For example: phenomenon---phenomena, criterion---criteria, automaton---automata, and so on.(3) The “-ma”at the end, change the plural suffix when added “-ta”. For example: stigmastigma---stigmastigmata, phantasma---phantasmata, and so on.Greek greatly enriched the English vocabulary, their affixes and roots are also actively absorbed by English, then English is more flexible to use. And as a non-English speaking countries, in control of these words source, do not need to rote learning English.4.3 The influence of French loan wordsThe introduction of French also generates a lot of nearly synonyms or synonyms in the modern English, we can see example of several groups, one is a native language is English, another is loan words from French, such as: shut and close, answer and reply, wedding and marriage, smell and odor, yearly and desire, forward and preface, proverb and saying, end and finish, time and age, small and little, time and question, bold and courageous, fortune and luck, freedom and liberty, etc.As a very important source of English, French also enriched the English vocabulary,provides many new word-formation methods and brought new vitality for English.4.4 The influence of Chinese loan wordsBecause Chinese is one of the biggest dissimilarity on Europe and Asia cultural difference with English, so a lot of Asian languages are used by English directly, most of them cover food, dressing, art, amusement, sports, etc. With the rapid development of the mass media, many different cultures fusing quickly, then, some words about Western moral and cultural values emerging. Such as: generation gap, culture gap, bachelor mother, call girl, Hippies, Yuppies,Yumppies, punk, streaking, and so on. What else, except for traditional words of white collar, blue collar, some new words also have appeared. For example: gray collar, pink collar, iron collar. These words are absorbed in English vocabulary rapidly and enriched English greatly.4.5 The influence of Japanese loan wordsThe same as Chinese, Japanese is also one of the biggest dissimilarity on Europe and Asia cultural difference with English, so a lot of Asian languages are used by English directly, and it’s also more visualize, for this type of English foreign vocabularies are very easy to control to our Chinese.5.ConclusionAfter the long-term development, modern English has become the most widespread language in the world. According to the called “English 2000”, large- scale survey from the British Committee: 350 million people are native English speakers in the world, English as a Second Language and foreign languages and fluent users are 450 million, English is official or semi-official language in the seventies countries. The total population of these countries is 1.4 billion, the English learners around the world is estimated to be over one billion, three-quarters of the world’s mail is written in English, two-thirds of the world’s scientists to read information in English, 80 percent of the world of electronic information stored in English, 78 percent of the world’s site for the English site. One of the important features of the English language is its flexibility and diversity. English has the richest vocabulary in the world’s languages, precisely because it not only learns to accept and absorb loan words, but also learns to accept and absorb the habits of the foreign national language and culturalconcepts. Its acceptance of loan words and transform the ability to become a native word is particularly strong. These basic characteristics are the infinite potential of modern English to borrow loan words.Bibliography[1] Thomas Pyles, The Origins and Development of the English language, 2nd ed. Harcourt Brace Jovonovich. Inc New York: 1971.[2] 方梦之. 译学词典[M]. 上海: 上海外语教育出版社. 2004.[3] 马学良. 普通语言学[M]. 北京: 中央民族大学出版社. 1997.[4] 於奇. 英语史[M]. 北京: 商务印书馆. 1999.[5] 曾传生. 英国英语历史及英国文学史[J]. 海南：海南大学学报社会科学版，1997(4).。