托福全真试题

91-01

1. (A) We heard her name mentioned.

(B) Her aim was unclear.

(D) Her name wasn’t here.

2. (A) I don’t want a roommate.

(B) I have a specific roommate in mind.

(D) Having a roommate is all right with me.

听力资料汇总

3. (A) She didn’t realize she should bring a present.

(B) Her present was really very little.

(D) She didn’t know that the present would be for her.

4. (A) Could you please close the door?

(B) Is the door shut?

(D) Why is the door shut?

5. (A) We were sorry we couldn’t go to their wedding.

(B) The fact that they got married still amazes us.

(D) In fact, they almost decided to get married.

6. (A) It’s too bad we have so little time together.

(B) We shouldn’t see each other so much.

(D) Please don’t spend so much money.

7. (A) Although I used to watch television a lot, I hat it now.

(B) I enjoy watching television, but not while I’m studying.

(D) I can’t find the television stand I usually use.

8. (A) This information is correct.

(B) This is the right booth.

(D) You can get information over on the right.

9. (A) He heard the noise.

(B) He dropped the shelf.

(D) He went downtown by himself.

10. (A) What bus goes along this route?

(B) How long should we wait for the bus?

(D) This is quite a large bus.

iBT新托福听力背景词汇分类大集合

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17. (A) Jane walked right by the painting.

(B) Does Jane really wish to purchase that painting?

(D) Does Jane want me to purchase her painting?

(A) Henry sold his watch to Russ.

(B) Henry bought a watch for Russ exactly like his.

(D) Russ got a watch just like Henry’s

(A) What time is it?

(B) Does it matter what time you come?

(D) You must write the letter soon.

(A) Carol did better than anyone else.

(B) Carol learned more than her score indicates.

(D) Carol earned high wages working in a store.

(A) There were quite a few students and teachers.

(B) More students than teachers attended.

(D) The teachers wee excluded.

(A) Nobody paused to talk to him.

(B) He spoke to no one about the key.

(D) Nobody wanted to stop his talking.

(A) These berries grow well.

(B) The water isn't rough.

(D) She sees very well.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

25.

26. (A) She stopped to feed the ducks.

(B) She doesn’t seem to have much luck.

(D) She no longer gives the ducks food.

(A) Telling him is a risk.

(B) I have to tell him.

(D) I’m going to risk not telling him.

(A) They think alike.

(B) They enjoy outdoor life.

(D) They each have their own life-style.

(A) He likes biology enough to continue with it.

(B) His grades in science courses are very good.

(D) He doesn’t want to take any more science courses.

(A) Rice should be served with the chicken.

(B) The dishes here are never spicy.

(D) Both the chicken dish and the salad taste spicy.

(A) Sam’s knee should be better by now.

(B) This isn’t a good time for Sam to quit.

(D) Sam should have stopped playing earlier.

(A) She bought something for her aunt.

(B) She missed it.

(D) She went to it on her way to the hospital.

黄金口语80题范例

(A) They work at the zoo.

(B) They are going to do some artwork.

(D) They are going to feed the elephants.

(A) She’s working all the time.

(B) She’s out all the time.

(D) She studies twice a day.

27.

28.

29.

30.

31.

32.

33.

34.

35. (A) Helping a friend find the right department.

(B) Buying himself some shoes.

(D) Returning a logging suit be bought.

(A) Apologize to Donna.

(B) Confront Donna directly.

(D) Write Donna a letter.

(A) She thinks the man’s joking.

(B) The man needs to have his eyes examined.

(D) The man is wise to study.

(A) She’s putting it in a kennel.

(B) Den is taking it on vacation.

(D) It will be staying with Ken.

(A) The man tends to repeat himself a lot.

(B) The room was fixed at the man’s request.

(D) The man talks about working instead of doing it.

(A) Bill doesn’t take good care of knives.

(B) This matter doesn’t concern Bi ll.

(D) He wants Bill to fix the knife.

(A) There’s going to be a wedding.

(B) The people should lean that dance better.

(D) They need to print more invitations.

针对口语一二题万能模版

(A) It’s sure to be easy.

(B) It’ll cost less than last year’s.

(D) It starts after breakfast.

(A) He likes to stay late every day.

(B) He does it more often than he’d like.

(D) He never volunteers to do it.

36.

37.

38.

39.

40.

41.

42.

43.

44. (A) Most students don’t know how to cook.

(B) The dormitories have limited cooking facilities.

(D) It’s cheaper than cooking for themselves.

(A) Only graduate students.

(B) Only undergraduate women.

(D) University faculty.

(A) Sunday evenings.

(B) Monday mornings.

(D) Saturday evenings.

刘文勇黄金阅读

(A) Three dollars.

(B) A housing contract.

(D) A meal ticket.

(A) The slow service.

(B) The meal schedule.

(D) The inconvenient location.

(A) On weekends.

(B) Around holidays.

(D) On weekday evenings.

(A) Reading.

(B) Sleeping.

(D) Planning a trip.

(A) To discuss his trip to Mexico.

(B) To bring him a message from Professor Grant.

(D) To see what progress he’s made on his paper.

(A) He can’t sleep at night.

(B) He can’t find a quiet place to study.

(D) He can’t find enough information for his research paper.

45.

46.

47.

48.

49.

50. (A) She has been to Mexico.

(B) She assigns long research papers.

(D) She collects ancient relies.

(A) It would require a trip to Mexico.

(B) It’s too broad a topic to research.

(D) He’s not interested in that part of the world.

(A) Caring for natural brushes.

(B) Techniques for painting animals.

(D) Effects of different brush-strokes.

(A) Red sable.

(B) Camel hair.

(D) Sabeline.

(A) They stay rigid.

(B) They are affordable.

(D) They come in large sizes.

(A) Their size.

(B) Their durability.

(D) Their color.

●如何把托福阅读28+

●托福阅读背景知识

●托福写作万能写作模板

●托福写作高分模板

●托福写作冲刺需要五步

1.Orchestral instruments --- under the following types: strings, woodwind, brass, and percussion.

(A) grouped

(B) can group

(D) to be grouped

2.--- depressions in the ocean floor are called trenches.

(A) There are the deep

(B) Are the deep

(D) Deep

3.In the course of her life, Mary Anne Sadlier --- , some fifty of them original novels and collections of stories.

(A) Produced nearly sixty books

(B) Produced sixty books nearly

(D) Sixty books nearly produced

4.--- xenon could not form chemical compounds was once believed by scientists.

(A) For

(B) It was

(D) While

5.Eastern meadowlarks abound in places --- , but eat harmful insects rather than grain.

(A) land is cultivated there

(B) there is land cultivated

(D) where is cultivated land

6.Amplifiers such as those in computers and sound –reproducing systems are responsible for --- an erratic input signal.

(A) strengthening

(B) being strengthened

(D) to strengthen

7.--- John Aaron Lewis pioneered in the development of “third stream music,”a blend of jazz and classical music.

(A) A composer, who was

(B) He was a composer

(D) When a composer he

8.In reorganizing the curriculum of Mt. Holyoke College in the late 1800’s Elizabeth Mead laid the foundation --- the modern college rests.

(A) is which

(B) on which

(D) on it

9.Research into the dynamics of storms is directed toward improving the ability to predict these events --- to minimize damage and avoid loss of life.

(A) and thus

(B) so

(D) because

10. --- lived on the Nor th Saskatchewan River long before the Hudson’s Bay Company built a fur trading post there.

(A) Cree people

(B) For Cree people

(D) Where Cree people

11. --- has been a topic of continual geological research.

(A) Did the continents originate

(B) How did the continents originate

(D) How the continents originated

12. Because the papaya grows readily from seed, ---spread from its home in Central America and now grows throughout the tropics.

(A) to be

(B) it

(D) its

13. The elimination of inflation would ensure that the amount of money used in repaying a loan would have ---as the amount of money borrowed.

(A) as the same value

(B) the same value

(D) the value is the same

14. Futurism, ---early twentieth-century movement in art, rejected all traditions and attempted to glorify contemporary life by emphasizing the machine and motion.

(A) an

(B) was an

(D) that an

15. All living organisms constantly absorb carbon 14 ---their existence.

(A) out

(B) about

(D) throughout

16. Porcelain is not a single clay, and a compound of kaolin, ball clay, feldspar, and silica.

A B C D

17. The bison, know for the hump over its shoulders, is usually called a buffalo in North

A B C D

America.

18. Perspiration, the body’s built-in cooling mechanism occurs as a natural reaction to

A B C

nervousness, intense heat, or vigorously exercise.

19. Because of the rising cost of fuel, scientists are building automobile engines who will

A B C D conserve gasoline but still run smoothly.

20. The primary function of a sonometer is to calculate and demonstrate the relations

A B C mathematical of melodious tones.

21. The most useful way of looking at a map is not as a piece of papers, but as a record of

A B C

geographically organized information.

22. Vitamin A is essential to bone grow and to the healthiness of the skin and mucous

A B C D

membranes.

23. The Moon, being much more nearer to the Earth than the Sun, is the principal cause of the

A B C

tides.

24. One of the wildest and most inaccessible parts of the United States are the Everglades where

A B C

wildlife is abundant and largely protected.

25. The dromedary camel is raised especially to racing.

A B C D

26. The founding of the Boston Library in 1653 demonstrate the early North American colonists

A B

interest in books and libraries.

C D

27. Public recognition of Ben Shahn as a major American artistic began with a retrospective

A B

show of his work in 1948.

C D

28. The texture of soil is determined by the size of the grains or particles that make up.

A B C D

29. To produce on pound of honey, a colony of bees must fly a distance equals to twice around

A B C D

the world.

30. The domestic dog, considered to be the first tamed animal, is coexisting with human beings

A B

since the days of the cave dwellers.

C D

31. Nature not only gave the Middle Atlantic region fine harbors, however endowed it with a

B C D

D first-class system of inland waterways. 32. All matter resists any change in their condition of rest or of motion.

A B C D

33. Swans, noted for graceful movements in the water, have been the subject of many poetry,

A B C

fairy tales, legends, and musical compositions.

34. Since peach trees bloom very early in the season, they are in danger for spring frosts.

A B C D

D C 35. Like some other running birds, the sanderling lacks a back toe and has a three-toed feet.

A B C

36. Lucretia Mott’s influence was too significant that she has been credited by some authorities A B

as the originator of feminism in the United States.

37. Large bodies of water and the prevalence of moisture-bearing winds often produce a

A B C

condition of tall humidity, affecting the local weather.

38. Manganese does not exist naturally in a pure state because it reacts so easily with other

A B C

element.

39. Scientists estimate that as many as hundred millions visible meteors enter the Earth’s

A B C

atmosphere every day.

40. Although not abundant in nature, zinc is important for both the galvanization of iron and the

A B C preparation of alloys as such brass and German silver.

Passage 1 By the late nineteenth century, the focus for the engineers and builders of tunnels was beginning to shift from Europe to the United States and especially New York, where the rivers encircling Manhattan captured the imagination of tunnelers and challenged their ingenuity. The first to accept the challenge was a somewhat mysterious Californian named DeWitt Clinton Haskin, who turned up in New York in the 1870's with a proposal to tunnel through the silt under the Hudson River between Manhattan and Jersey City. Haskin eventually abandoned the risky project. But a company organized by William McAdoo resumed the attack in I 902, working from both directions. Mc Adoo’s men were forced to blast when they ran into an unexpected ledge of rock, but with this obstacle surmounted. the two headings met in 1904 and McAdoo donned oilskins to become the Hudson’s first underwater bank - to - bank pedestrian. World' s Work magazine proudly reported in 1906 that New York could now be described as a body of land surrounded by tunnels Three one - way shafts beneath the Hudson and two under the Harlem River were already holed through; three more Hudson tubes were being built. Eight separate tunnels were under construction beneath the East River. 1. According to the passage, DeWitt Clinton Haskin came

from (A) Jersey City (B) Europe (C) California (D) New York 2. What does the author imply about DeWitt Clinton Haskin' 5 background? (A) It did not qualify him to handle explosives. (B) It was not something people knew much about. (C) It included diverse work experiences. (D) It included many inferior projects. 3. According to the passage, when did William McAdoo begin to work on the Hudson River tunnel? (A) 1870 (B) 1902 (C) 1904 (D) 1906 4. According to the passage, the workers tunneling for William McAdoo

were surprised to find which of the following where they were working? (A) Oil (B) Silt (C) Rock (D) Shafts 5. The quotation from World' s Work magazine in line 12 introduces facts about (A)cities that were building new tunnels to Manhattan (B)people' s concern eve the weakening of the city's foundation (C)the role of New York City in promoting engineering (D)the number of tunnels being built at the time 6. Where in the passage does the author refer to the first person to walk beneath the Hudson River? (A) Lines 1 - 3 (B) Lines 4-6 (C) Lines 8-11 (D) Lines 14 - 15

Passage 2 Icebergs are among nature' 5 most spectacular creations, and yet most people have never seen one. A vague air of mystery envelops them. They come into being somewhere-in faraway, frigid waters, amid thunderous noise and splashing turbulence,

which in most cases no one hears or sees. They exist only a short time and then slowly waste away just a unnoticed. Objects of sheerest beauty, they have been called. Appearing in an endless variety of shapes they may be dazzlingly white, or they may be glassy blue, green. or purple, tinted faintly or in darker hues. They are graceful, stately, inspiring-in calm, sunlit seas. But they are also called frightening and dangerous, and that they are-in the night, in the fog, and in storms. Even in clear weather one is wise to stay a safe distance away from them. Most of their bulk is hidden below the water, so their underwater parts may extend out far beyond the visible top. Also, they may roll over unexpectedly, churning the waters around them. Icebergs are parts of glaciers that break off, 'drift into the water, float about awhile, and finally melt. Icebergs afloat today are made of snowflakes that have fallen over long ages of time. They embody snows that drifted down hundreds, or many thousands, or in some cases maybe a million years ago. The snows fell in polar regions and on cold mountains, where they melted only a little or not at all, and so collected to great depths over the years and centuries. As each year S snow accumulation lay on the surface, evaporation and melting caused the snowflakes slowly to lose their feathery points and become tiny grains of ice. When new snow fell on top of the old, it too turned to icy grains. So blankets of snow and ice grains mounted layer upon layer and were of such great thickness that the weight of the upper layers compressed the lower ones. With time and pressure from above, the many small ice grains joined and changed to larger crystals, and eventually the deeper crystals merged into a solid mass of ice. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Which of the following is the best title for the passage? (A) The Melting of Icebergs (B) The Nature and Origin of Icebergs (C) The Size and Shape of Icebergs (D) The Dangers of Icebergs The author states that icebergs are rarely seen because they are (A) surrounded by fog (B) hidden beneath the mountains (C) located in remote regions of the world

(D) broken by waves soon after they are formed The passage mentions all of the following colors for icebergs EXCEPT (A) yellow (B) blue (C) green (D) purple According to the passage, icebergs are dangerous because

they (A) usually melt quickly (B) can turn over very suddenly (C) may create immense snowdrifts (D) can cause unexpected avalanches According to the passage, icebergs originate from a buildup of (A) turbulent water (B) feathers (C) underwater pressure (D) snowflakes 6. The formation of an iceberg is most clearly analogous to which of the following activities? (A)Walking on flufty new snow, causing it to become more compact and icy (B)Plowing large areas of earth, leaving the land flat and barren (C)Skating across a frozen lake and leaving a trail behind (D)Blowing snow into one large pile to clear an area 7. In line 23, the expression "from above" refers to (A)sunlit seas (B)polar regions (C)weight of mountains (D)layers of ice and snow 8. The attitude of the author toward icebergs is one of

(A)disappointment (B)humor (C)disinterest (D)wonder

Passage 3 Born in 1830 in rural Amherst, Massachusetts, Emily Dickinson spent her entire life in the household of her parents. Between 1858 and 1862, it was later discovered, she wrote like a person possessed, often producing a poem a day. It was also during this period that her life was transformed into the myth of Amherst. Withdrawing more and more, keeping to her room sometimes even refusing to see visitors who called, she began to dress only in white-a habit that added to her reputation as an eccentric. In their determination to read Dickinson's life in terms of a traditional romantic plot biographers have missed the unique pattern of her life-her struggle to create a female life not yet imagined by the culture in which she lived. Dickinson was not the innocent, lovelorn and emotionally fragile girl sentimentalized by the Dickinson myth and popularized by William Luce’s 1976 play, The B eIle of Amherst. Her decision to shut the door on Amherst society in the 1~5O's transformed her house into a kind of magical realm in which she was free to engage her poetic genius. Her seclusion was not the result of a failed love affairs but rather a part of a more general pattern of renunciation through which she, in her quest for self – sovereignty, carried on an argument with the Puritan fathers. attacking with wit and irony their cheerless Calvinist doctrine, their stern patriarchal God. and their rigid notions of "true womanhood." 1. What is the author's main purpose in the passage? (A)To interpret Emily Dickinson' 5 eccentric behavior (B)To promote the popular myth of Emily Dickinson (C) To discuss Emily Dickinson's failed love affair (D) To describe the religious climate in Emily Dickinson's

time 2. According to the passage, the period from 1858 to 1862 was for Emily Dickinson

a period of great (A)tragedy (B)sociability (C)productivity (D) frivolity 3.Which of the following is NOT mentioned as being one of Emily Dickinson' s eccentricities? (A) Refusing to eat (B)Wearing only write (C)Avoiding visitors (D)Staying in her room

4. According to the passage, biographers of Emily Dickinson have

traditionally (A)criticized most of her poems (B)ignored her innocence and emotional fragility (C)seen her life in romantic terms (D)blamed her parents for restricting her activities 5.Why does the author mention William Luce's play The Belle of Amherst? (A)To give an example of the sentimentalized Emily Dickinson myth (B)To show how popular Emily Dickinson's poems have become (C)To show that Emily Dickinson was also an actress (D)To illustrate the theatrical quality of Emily Dickinson's poems 1 6.The author imp ies that many people attribute Emily Dickinson's seclusion to (A)physical illness (B)a failed love affair (C)religious fervor (D)Her dislike of people 7.The author suggests all of the following as

reasons for Emily Dickinson's unusual behavior EXCEPT the

(A)struggle to create 3 new female identity

(B)desire to develop her genius undisturbed

(C)search for her own independence

(D)attempt to draw attention to her poetry

8.It can be inferred from the passage that Emily Dickinson lived in a society that was

characterized by (A)strong Puritan beliefs (B)equality of men and women

(C)the encouragement of nonconformity

(D)the appreciation of poetic creativity

Passage 4 Native Americans from the southeastern part of what is now the United States believed that the universe in which they lived was made up of three separate, but related, worlds: the Upper World. the Lower World, and This World. In the last there lived humans. most animals, and all plants. This World, a round island resting on the surface of waters, was suspended from

the sky by four cords attached to the island at the four cardinal 'points of the compass. Lines drawn to connect the opposite points of the compass, from north to south and from east to west, intersected This World to divide it into four wedge - shaped segments. Thus a' symbolic representation of the human world was a cross within a circle, the cross representing the intersecting lines and the circle the shape of This World. Each segment of This World was identified by its own color. According to Cherokee doctrine,' east was associated with the color red because it was the direction of the Sun, the greatest deity of all. Red was also the color of fire, believed to be directly connected with the Sun, with blood, and therefore' with life. Finally, red was the color of success. The west was the Moon segment; it provided no warmth and was not life - giving as the Sun was. So its color was black. North was the direction of cold, and so its color was blue (sometimes purple), and it represented trouble and defeat. South was the direction of warmth, its color, white, was associated with peace and happiness. The southeastern Native Americans' universe was one in which opposites were constantly at war with each other, red against black, blue against white. This World hovered somewhere between the perfect order and predictability of the Upper World and the total disorder and instability of the Lower World. The goal was to find some kind of halfway path, or balance, between those other worlds. 1.Which of the following is the best title for the passage? (A)One Civilization's View of the Universe (B)The Changing of the Seasons in the Southeast (C)The Painting of Territorial Maps by Southeastern Native Americans (D)The War Between Two Native American Civilizations 2. In line 3, the phrase "the last" refers to (A) all plants (B) This World (C) the universe (D) the Upper World 3. Tne author implies that This World was located (A) inside the Upper World (B) inside the Lower World (C) above the Upper World (D) between the Upper World and Lower World 4. According to the passage, southeastern Native Americans compared This World to (A) waters

(B) the sky (C) an animal (D) an island 5. According to the passage, lines divided This World into how many segments? (A)Two (B)Three (C)Four (D)Five 6. According to the passage, southeastern Native Americans associated red with all of the following EXCEPT (A)fire (B)trouble (C)blood (D) success 7. According to the passage. which of the following colors represented the west for southeastern Native Americans? (A)Blue (B)While (C)Black (D) Purple 8. The shape of This Word is closest to that of which of the following? (A)A circle (B)A triangle (C)A square (D)A cube

托福(TOEFL)考试阅读模拟试题(4)

托福（TOEFL）考试阅读模拟试题（4） Questions 11-20 Philosophy in the second half of the 19th century was based more on biology and history than on mathematics and physics. Revolutionary thought drifted away from metaphysics and epistemology and shifted more towards ideologies in science, politics, and sociology. Pragmatism became the most vigorous school of thought in American philosophy during this time, and it continued the empiricist tradition of grounding knowledge on experience and stressing the inductive procedures of experimental science. The three most important pragmatists of this period were the American philosophers Charles Peirce (1839-1914), considered to be the first of the American pragmatists, William James (1842-1910), the first great American psychologist, and John Dewey (1859-1952), who further developed the pragmatic principles of Peirce and James into a comprehensive system of thought that he called “experimental naturalism”, or “instrumentalism”. Pragmatism was generally critical of traditional western philosophy, especially the notion that there are absolute truths and absolute values. In contrast, Josiah Royce (1855-1916), was a leading American exponent of idealism at this time, who believed in an absolute truth and held that human thought and the external world were unified. Pragmatism called for ideas and theories to be tested in practice, assessing whether they produced desirable or undesirable results. Although pragmatism was popular for a time in Europe, most agree that it epitomized the American faith in know-how and practicality, and the equally American distrust of abstract theories and ideologies. Pragmatism is best understood in its historical and cultural context. It arose during a period of rapid scientific advancement, industrialization, and material progress; a time when the theory of evolution suggested to many thinkers that humanity and society are in a perpetual state of progress. This period also saw a decline in traditional religious beliefs and values. As a result, it became necessary to rethink fundamental ideas about values, religion, science, community, and individuality. Pragmatists regarded all theories and institutions as tentative hypotheses and solutions.

TOEFL全真试题

TOEFL全真试题为了让大家更好的准备托福考试，给大家整理了托福练习试题,下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。 TOEFL全真试题1 Reading Comprehension Time: 55 minutes (including the reading of the directions). Now set your clock for 55 minutes.Question 1-12 Orchids are unique in having the most highly developed of all blossoms, in which the usual male and female reproductive organs are fused in a single structure called the column. The column is designed so that a single pollination will fertilize hundreds of thousands, and in some cases millions, of seeds, so microscopic and light they are easily carried by the breeze. Surrounding the column are three sepals and three petals, sometimes easily recognizable as such, often distorted into gorgeous, weird, but always functional shapes. The most noticeable of the petals is called the labellum, or lip. It is often dramatically

历年托福考试阅读真题汇总含答案

0308 托福试题阅读( 55minutes ) Question 1-11 seen in putrefying materials .He did (10) this by passing air through guncotton filters, the fibers of which stop solid particles. After the guncotton was dissolved in a mixture of alcohol and ether, the particles that it had trapped fell to the bottom of the liquid and were examined on a microscope slide .Pasteur found that in ordinary air these exists a variety of solid structures ranging in size from 0.01 mm to more than 1.0 mm .Many of these bodies resembled the reproductive (15) structures of common molds, single-celled animals, and various other microbial cells . As many as 20 to 30 of them were found in fifteen If food is allowed to stand for some time, putrefies .When the putrefied material is examined microscopically ,it is teeming with bacteria. Where do these bacteria come from , since they are fresh food? Even until the mid-nineteenth century, many people believed microorganisms originated by spontaneous (5 ) generation ,a hypothetical living organisms develop from nonliving matter. The most powerful spontaneous generation microbiologist Louis showed that structures present in air closely found not that it to be seen in such process by which of the theory of French chemist and opponent was the Pasteur(1822-1895).Pasteur resemble the microorganisms

老托福阅读真题及答案解析

老托福阅读真题及答案解析托福从听、说、读、写四方面进行英语能力全面考核。托福频道为大家提供了这四个方面的资料，希望对大家有所帮助。 Aviculturists, people who raise birds for commercial sale, have not yet learned how to simulate the natural incubation of parrot eggs in the wild. They continue to look for better ways to increase egg production and to improve chick survival rates. When parrots incubate their eggs in the wild, the temperature and humidity of the nest are controlled naturally. Heat is transferred from the bird's skin to the top portion of the eggshell, leaving the sides and bottom of the egg at a cooler temperature. This temperature gradient may be vital to successful hatching. Nest construction can contribute to this temperature gradient. Nests of loosely arranged sticks, rocks, or dirt are cooler in temperature at the bottom where the egg contacts the nesting material. Such nests also act as humidity regulators by allowing rain to drain into the bottom sections of the nest so that the eggs are not in direct contact with the water. As the water that collects in the bottom of the nest evaporates, the water vapor rises and is heated by the incubating bird, which adds significant humidity to the incubation environment. In artificial incubation programs, aviculturists remove eggs from the nests of parrots and incubate them under laboratory conditions. Most commercial incubators heat the eggs fairly evenly from top to bottom, thus ignoring the bird's method of natural incubation, and perhaps reducing the viability and survivability of the hatching chicks. When incubators are not used, aviculturists sometimes suspend wooden boxes outdoors to use as nests in which to place eggs. In areas where weather can become cold after eggs are laid, it is very important to maintain a deep foundation of nesting material to act as insulator against the cold bottom of the box. If eggs rest against the wooden bottom in extremely cold weather conditions, they can become chilled to a point where the embryo can no longer survive. Similarly, these boxes should be protected from direct sunlight to avoid high temperatures that are also fatal to the growing embryo. Nesting material should be added in sufficient amounts to avoid both extreme temperature situations mentioned above and assure that the eggs have a soft, secure place to rest. 1. What is the main idea of the passage ? (A) Nesting material varies according to the parrots' environment. (B) Humidity is an important factor in incubating parrots' eggs. (C) Aviculturists have constructed the ideal nest box for parrots. (D) Wild parrots' nests provide information useful for artificial incubation. 2. The word "They" in line 2 refers to

全真TOEFL试题集(阅读PDF高清版)

智课网TOEFL备考资料全真TOEFL试题集(阅读PDF高清版) 摘要：全真TOEFL试题集内容丰富，包含了历年托福阅读真题以及每篇阅读里面的核心词汇，并附有详细的答案，害怕的不了托福阅读高分吗？全真 TOEFL 试题集说白了就是ETS的真题集，都是阅读的，分享给大家。全真TOEFL试题集内容速览文件大小:1.77 MB (1,856,971 字节) 文件类型:pdf 全真TOEFL试题集部分内容： Reading Test 5 1 Lasers are often the preferred tools of surgeons in the modern operating room. A. sole C. favored B. best D. required 2 In 1981 presidential adviser Virginia Knauer was selected to be director of the office of Consumer Affairs. A. rumored C. chosen B. supposed D. willing

3 People fishing on a lake must wait calmly so as not to scare the fish away. A. considerately C. alertly B. hungrily D. quietly 4 When department stores have an oversupply of good, they frequently cut prices to encourage sales. A. conceal C. damage B. review D. reduce 以上就是关于全真TOEFL试题集的部分内容，托福阅读做题量不在多，关键在于你所选择的材料和你是否把这些真题真正弄懂，好资料我们已经上传，供大家下载，接下来就靠大家努力啊! 相关字搜索：全真TOEFL试题集-阅读

2017托福独立口语真题(完整版)

2017年01月07日托福口语考题回忆 Task 1 The university wants to provide student more entertainments and three choices provided below, which do you prefer and why. l A theater performance by the student actors l A concert provided by professional musician l A lecture from a professor Task 2 Friends may disagree with each other, and still maintain friendship. Do you agree with or disagree with this idea, why? 2017年01月14日托福口语考题回忆 Task 1 You will need to accomplish an assignment to do a presentation. Which will you choose? 1. Act out a scene from a play(with a partner) 2. Explain your review of a novel you recently you read 3. Read a selection of poem Task 2 Someone choose to work in a small company or organization with a few workers. Others prefer to work in a large company or organization with thousands of employees. Which do you think is better? 2017年2月18日托福口语考题回忆 Task 1 1. Which of following aspects do you think contributes most to country's success 1.many business opportunities 2.well rounded medical care system 3.a developed educational system Task 2 Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? With the popularity of the technology that focuses on entertainment, people read fewer books than before. 2017年02月25日托福口语考题回忆 Task 1 Your friend will move to a school and worried about making new friends there. What kind of advice will you give him to help him make new friend in the new school? Why? Task 2 Many people prefer to read books in electronic format on a computer screen or other devices. Some other people prefer to read books on paper printed copies. Which way do you prefer? Why? 2017年02月26日托福口语考题回忆 Task 1 The student is asked to write final project about the famous Historical city Which you're located in. Which we do you choose? 1 video the famous building 2 visit the old people 3 Research and write paper

托福真题：《1997年10月托福考试阅读理解全真试题》-托福真题

托福真题：《1997年10月托福考试阅读理解全真试题》-托福真题《1997年10月托福考试阅读理解全真试题》 Question 1-7 Hotels were among the earliest facilities that bound the United States together. They were both creatures and creators of communities, as well as symptoms of the frenetic quest for community. Even in the first part of the nineteenth century, Americans were already forming the habit of gathering from all corners of the nation for both public and private, business and pleasure purposes. Conventions were the new occasions, and hotels were distinctively American facilities making conven- tions possible. The first national convention of a major party to choose a candidate for President (that of the National Republican party, which met on December 12, 1831, and nominated Henry Clay for President) was held in Baltimore, at a hotel that was then reputed to be the best in the country. The presence in Baltimore of Barnum s City Hotel, a six-story building with two hundred apartments helps explain why many other early national political conventions were held there. In the longer run, too. American hotels made other national conventions not only possible but pleasant and convivial. The growing custom of regularly assembling from afar the representatives of all kinds of groups - not only for political conventions, but also for commercial, professional, learned, and avocational ones - in turn supported the multiplying hotels. By mid-twentieth century, conventions accounted for over a third of the yearly room occupancy of all hotels in the nation, about eighteen thousand different conventions were held annually with a total attendance of about ten million persons. Nineteenth-century American hotelkeepers, who were no

2019托福阅读考试真题(3)

2019托福阅读：模拟试题及答案解析（6）【托福】 Although only 1 person in 20 in the Colonial period lived in a city, the cities had a disproportionate influence on the development of North America. They were at the cutting edge of social change. It was in the cities that the elements that can be associated with modern capitalism first appeared — the use of money and commercial paper in place of barter, open competition in place of social deference and hierarchy, with an attendant rise in social disorder, and the appearance of factories using coat or water power in place of independent craftspeople working with hand tools. "The cities predicted the future," wrote historian Gary. B. Nash, "even though they were but overgrown villages compared to the great urban centers of Europe, the Middle East and China." Except for Boston, whose population stabilized at about 16,000 in 1760, cities grew by exponential leaps through the eighteenth century. In the fifteen years prior to the outbreak of the War for independence in 1775, more than 200,000 immigrants arrived on North American shores. This meant that a population the size of Boston was arriving every year, and most of it flowed into the port cities in the Northeast. Philadelphia's population nearly doubted in those years, reaching about 30,000 in 1774, New York grew at almost the same rate, reaching about 25,000 by 1775. The quality of the hinterland dictated the pace of growth of the cities. The land surrounding Boston had always been poor farm country, and by the mid-eighteenth century it

托福阅读真题100篇原文+题目(一)

托福阅读真题100篇原文+题目(一) 托福阅读在备考的过程中，大家可以多找一些真题来进行练习 PASSAGE 1 By the mid-nineteenth century, the term icebox had entered the American language, but icewas still only beginning to affect the diet of ordinary citizens in the United States. The ice tradegrew with the growth of cities. Ice was used in hotels, taverns, and hospitals, and by someforward-looking city dealers in fresh meat, fresh fish, and butter. After the Civil War (1861-1865),as ice was used to refrigerate freight cars, it also came into household use. Even before 1880, halfthe ice sold in New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, and one-third of that sold in Boston andChicago, went to families for their own use. This had become possible because a new householdconvenience, the icebox, a precursor of the modern refrigerator, had been invented. Making an efficient icebox was not as easy as we might now suppose. In the early nineteenthcentury, the knowledge of the physics of heat, which was essential to a science of refrigeration,was rudimentary. The commonsense notion that the best icebox was one that prevented the icefrom melting was of course mistaken, for it was the melting of the ice that performed the cooling.Nevertheless, early efforts to economize ice included wrapping the ice in blankets, which kept theice from doing its job. Not until near the end of the nineteenth century did inventors achieve thedelicate balance of insulation and circulation needed for an efficient icebox. But as early as 1803, an ingenious Maryland farmer, Thomas Moore, had been on the righttrack. He owned a farm about twenty miles outside the city of Washington, for which the villageof Georgetown was the market center. When he used an icebox of his own design to transport hisbutter to market, he found that customers would pass up the rapidly melting stuff

历年托福考试阅读真题汇总含答案

0308 托福试题阅读（55minutes） Question 1-11 If food is allowed to stand for some time, it putrefies .When the putrefied material is examined microscopically ,it is found to be teeming with bacteria. Where do these bacteria come from , since they are not seen in fresh food? Even until the mid-nineteenth century, many people believed that such microorganisms originated by spontaneous (5 ) generation ,a hypothetical process by which living organisms develop from nonliving matter. The most powerful opponent of the theory of spontaneous generation was the French chemist and microbiologist Louis Pasteur(1822-1895).Pasteur showed that structures present in air closely resemble the microorganisms seen in putrefying materials .He did (10) this by passing air through guncotton filters, the fibers of which stop solid particles. After the guncotton was dissolved in a mixture of alcohol and ether, the particles that it had trapped fell to the bottom of the liquid and were examined on a microscope slide .Pasteur found that in ordinary air these exists a variety of solid structures ranging in size from 0.1 mm to more than 1.0 mm .Many of these bodies resembled the reproductive (15)structures of common molds, single-celled animals, and various other microbial cells . As many as 20 to 30 of them were found in fifteen liters of ordinary air ,and they could not be distinguished from the organisms found in much larger numbers in putrefying materials .Pasteur concluded that the organisms found in putrefying materials originated from the organized bodies present in the air .He postulated that

18年托福阅读真题附答案

The Extinction of the Dinosaurs million years ago) and the Paleocene period (65..C55 million years ago) in part by the types and amounts of rocks and fossils they contain or lack. Before the limit of 65 million years ago，marine 2.strata are rich in calcium carbonate due to accumulations of fossils of microscopic algae deposited on the sea floor. Above the 65-million-year limit，sea-floor sediments contain much less calcium carbonate ，and fossils of several families of mollusks are no longer found. In continental sediments ，dinosaur fossils ，though frequent before 65 million years ago ，are totally absent. By 3.contrast，new families of mammals appear，including large mammals for the first time. Scientists wondered for many years about what could have caused the dinosaurs' rapid disappearance at the end of the Cretaceous period，coming up with a great variety of theories and scenarios. For some, it could have been due to unfavorable genetic changes triggered by a dramatic increaseby a factor of 10，100，1，000 in cosmic-ray particles reaching the Earth after a supernova explosion somewhere in the neighborhood of the solar system. For these high-energy particles to affect life，they would have to get through the protective barrier of the Earth's magnetosphere ，the region of the upper atmosphere controlled by Earth's magnetic field. That could have happened if the cloud of particles from the supernova explosion reached the Earth during a period when the magnetosphere was weakened ， something that may happen when the Earth's magnetic field changes direction. And we know that the magnetic north and south poles of the Earth switch on the average twice every million years. However，this is not the only possible explanation for dinosaur destruction . 4.Other theories have raised the possibility of strong climate changes in the tropics (but they then must be explained) . Certainly，if climate changes，the changed distributions of temperature and rainfall modify the conditions that favor one ecosystem over another. The extinction of a particular family，genus，or species may result from a complicated chain of indirect causes and effects. Over thirty years ago ，scientist Carl Sagan quoted one suggestion that the demise of the dinosaurs resulted from the disappearance of a species of fern plant that was important for dinosaur digestion. Other theories involved a worldwide cold wave following the spread of a layer of cold but not very salty water in the world's oceans ，which floated on the surface because，with its low salinity，the water was less dense. 5.Proponents of another theory that remains under consideration today postulate that the extinction of the dinosaurs corresponds to a period of intense volcanic activity. It's not a question of just one or even of a thousand eruptions comparable to the explosion of Krakatoa in 1883，one of the largest volcanic events in modern times ，but rather of a prolonged period of activity. On the Deccan plateau in India，basalt (volcanic) rocks cover more than 500，000 square kilometers (nearly 200，000 square miles)，and correspond to massive lava outflows occurring precisely at the end of the Cretaceous. This sort of outflow could correspond to volcanic activity similar to the activity that drives sea-floor spreading ，with lava emerging from elongated fractures in the crust rather than from craters. 6.The volcanic convulsion that buried the Deccan plateau in lava must also have changed the composition of the atmosphere and severely affected climate. Initially，there must have been strong sudden cooling resulting from the blocking of sunlight by sulfate aerosol veils in the