英语语法奠基课--如何划分句子成分
高中英语语法奠基课--如何划分句子成分[编写说明]语法知识零碎、规则多、变化繁，怎样复习才高效？在同步学习小语法的
基础上，一轮复习应高屋建瓴巧整合，明规则、总规律，让考生知其然更知其所以然；应该明考点、知考向，针对努力攻重点。本书以专题为编排单位、以考点为突破口，采用讲练结合的方式，做到点点突破、省时高效。
语法奠基课一学会划分句子成分是学好语法的必备技能目前的英语教学往往存在对句子成分不够重视的问题，以至于不少考生在这方面比较薄弱。殊不知正确分析句子成分和判断句子结构是学好英语的必备基础，这不仅对语法填空和短文改错等题型的解答有直接的影响，而且对写好作文、理解完形填空和阅读理解中出现的
略。但在某些特定的句式里，如：疑问句、倒装句、祈使句、感叹句等，句子主语也可以位于谓语动词之后或省略。能够充当主语的主要有名词(短语)、代词、数词、动名词(短语)、动词不定式(短语)和从句等。
[例1])Like anything, it is possible to have too much of both, ________is not good for the health. [分析]which空格处所填词引导非限制性定语从句并在从句中充当主语，且指代前面整个主句的内容，故应填关系代词which。
[练1]________ (ignore) the difference between the two research findings will be one of the worst mistakes you make.
解析：Ignoring/To ignore句意：忽视这两个研究结果的不同将会是你犯的最严重的错误之一。分析句子结构可知，句中谓语为will be，设空处在句中作主语，故用动词不定式或动名词形式。
[名师指津]当主语为从句时，为避免头重脚轻，可用it作形式主语，从而将真正的主语后置。
二、谓语——坚决服从主语“领导”，执行命令雷厉风行
谓语描述主语的行为动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：
1．简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。
Her father works in Nanjing.
2．复合谓语：(1)由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成；(2)由系动词加表语构成。
They must have finished their tasks.
[例2]Later, engineers ________ (manage) to construct railways in a system of deep tunnels (隧道), which became known as the Tube.
[分析]managed空格处在句中充当主句的谓语动词，根据时间状语later和定语从句的谓语动词became可知此处应用动词的一般过去时，且engineers与manage之间为主动关系，故填managed。
[练2]Fast food_______ (be) full of fat and salt; by eating more fast food people will get more salt and fat than they need in their diet.
解析：is本句是由分号连接的两个并列分句，其中空格处所在的第一分句为主系表结构；主语是“Fast food”，为不可数名词短语，所以系动词应填be的第三人称单数形式，且此处叙述的是客观事实，故填is。
三、宾语——一直受到压制，有时“翻身农奴把歌唱”
宾语表示谓语动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词的后面，受到主语的限制和制约。宾语一般由名词、宾格代词、动名词、动词不定式或从句充当，根据需要也可用it
作形式宾语。在被动结构中才会“翻身农奴把歌唱”。
1．双宾语(间接宾语＋直接宾语)
Mr. Smith gave him a lot of valuable advice on how to improve his writing.(him为间接宾语；advice为直接宾语)
2．复合宾语(宾语＋宾语补足语)
Doctors often advise us to pay more attention to our diets and mental health and to take regular examinations.(us为宾语；“to pay more attention ... regular examinations”为宾语补足语) [例3]But Sarah, who has taken part in shows along with top models, wants ________(prove) that she has brains as well as beauty.
[分析]to prove根据句子结构可知，此处应该使用不定式作动词want的宾语。
[练3]We choose this hotel because the price for a night here is down to D|S20, half of ________it used to charge.
解析：what句意：我们选择这家宾馆，因为这里一晚的价格降到了20美元，这是他们以前要价的一半。分析句子结构可知，空格处既引导宾语从句，又在从句中作charge的宾语，故应填what。
四、表语——最会察言观色，就看“主子”脸色
表语一般位于系动词(如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等)之后，用以说明主语这个“主子”的身份、特征或状态等，一般由名词、名词性代词、形容词、分词、数词、动词不定式、动名词(短语)、介词短语、副词及表语从句等充当。
[例4]However, be_____________ (care) not to go to extremes.
[分析]careful句意：小心不要走极端。系动词be后应用形容词careful作表语。
[练4]The teachers here are kind and helpfully.
解析：helpfully→helpful该句是“主系表”结构，其中连词and连接并列的表语，故后者需要用形容词形式。
五、定语——鞍前马后搞服务，全心全意勤务兵
修饰或限定名词或代词的词、短语或从句被称为定语。定语服务于它所修饰或限定的名词或代词，可由形容词、数词、形容词性物主代词、介词短语、非谓语动词或定语从句等充当。定语有前置和后置两种情况，如短语结构、从句等作定语时，常置于被修饰词之后。[例5]But something made her look closer, and she noticed a __________(shine) object.
[分析]shiny/shining分析句子结构可知，空格处在句中作定语修饰名词object，故应用形容词形式。shiny“发光的”，shining“发光的，发亮的”。
[练5]It was a relief and I came to a suddenly stop just in the middle of the road.
解析：suddenly→sudden本句为and连接的并列分句，stop在第二分句中作宾语，为名词词性，修饰名词应用形容词sudden。
六、状语——行踪飘忽不定，却对动词“情有独钟”
修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分叫作状语。一般表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、原因、条件、让步、方式、程度等意义。状语可由副词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词、状语从句等充当。
状语在句子中的位置很灵活，所以说它“行踪飘忽不定”。常见情况为：通常在句子基本结构后，强调时放在句首；修饰形容词或副词时，通常位于被修饰词之前；表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头，强调时放在句首，地点状语一般放在时间状语之前；一些表示频度的副词(如often, almost等)作状语通常位于be动词、助动词、情态动词之后、实义动词之前。
高考中一般考查副词修饰动词的用法，所以说它对动词“情有独钟”。
[例6]Steam engines were used to pull the carriages and it must have been________ (fair) unpleasant for the passengers, with all the smoke and noise.
[分析]fairly此处修饰形容词unpleasant，故用副词fairly作状语。
[练6]It is _________(certain) fun but the lifestyle is a little unreal.
解析：certainly此处应该使用副词形式作状语，修饰形容词fun。
七、补语——始终寄人篱下，永远成不了“主人”
补语也叫补足语，主要起补充说明的作用，最常见的是宾语补足语和主语补足语，所以
说它寄人篱下，成不了“主人”。宾语补足语可由名词、形容词、副词、动词不定式、分词、介词短语或从句充当。
[例7]When summer comes, they will invite their students pick the fresh vegetables!
[分析]pick前加to本句为含时间状语从句的主从复合句，主句谓语动词为invite, “their students”是宾语，“pick the fresh vegetables”是宾语补足语，根据invite的固定用法“invite sb. to do sth.”可知，此处应在pick前加to。
[练7]Listening to music at home is one thing, going to hear it _______(perform) live is quite another.
解析：being performed句意：在家听音乐是一回事，去现场听正在被演奏的音乐完全是另一回事。空格处为hear的宾语补足语，宾语it与perform之间为被动关系，且动作正在进行，故填being performed。
八、同位语——总是玩失踪，特殊场合还是显露原形
一个名词(或其他形式)对另一个名词或代词进行解释或说明作用，这个名词(或其他形式)就是同位语。英语句子表达中一般情况下是没有同位语的，所以说它“爱玩失踪”。如果要对前面的名词的具体内容作进一步的说明，这时候就需要同位语，可谓“显露原形”。[例8]Mr. and Mrs. Zhang all work in our school.
[分析]all→both或去掉all all在句中充当主语Mr.and Mrs. Zhang的同位语，因为主语是两个人，故同位语应用both而非all。此处将all去掉也可以。
[练8]Mr. Johnson cares for us student very much.
解析：student→students名词student在句中作us的同位语成分，故根据us的意义可知，student需要用复数形式。
[专题过关训练]
1．Instead, he hopes that his business will grow steady.
[改错]steady→steadily
[理由]grow在此句中为实义动词，并非连系动词，故应用副词形式修饰。
2．My uncle tells me that the key to his success is honest.
[改错]honest→honesty
[理由]从句中的主语是“the_key”，与表语构成同位关系，所以此处应用名词作表语。3．We can choose between staying at home and take a trip.
[改错]take→taking
[理由]between_..._and是固定结构，and前后连接的是并列成分，因此and后需用动名词作宾语，和staying并列。
4．At last, I will be on my own, but I still want to have my parents to turn to whenever need help.
[改错]need前加I
[理由]让步状语从句中缺少主语。
5．The position of the classroom with its view made me felt like I was dreaming.
[改错]felt→feel
[理由]make后用不带to的不定式作宾语补足语。
Ⅱ.运用句子成分知识，将下列句子补充完整
1．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ满分作文)我写信邀请你参观中国剪纸艺术展，它将于6月16日星期六在我们学校礼堂举行。
I’m writing to invite you_to_visit_the_Chinese_paper-cutting_art_exhibition,_which will be held in_our_school_hall_on_June_16th_Saturday.
2．(2017·全国卷Ⅰ满分作文)唐诗是中国传统文学的象征，在中国文化中起重要作用，因此你很有必要掌握它。
Tang Poetry is a symbol of Chinese traditional literature and plays_an_important_part_
in_Chinese_culture,_so it’s necessary for_you_to_have_a_good_knowledge_of_it.
3．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ满分作文)我确信它会吸引你，因为你对运动一直很热心。
I’m sure it will_attract/appeal_to_you, for you have_been_enthusiastic_about_sports.
4．就我个人而言，我更喜欢“长江之行”，长江是中国最长的河流并且是中华文明的
母亲河之一。
Personally, I prefer the tour along the Yangtze, the_longest_river_in_China_and_one_of_the_mother_rivers_of_Chinese_civilization.
5．爬山将大约需要两个小时。
About 2 hours will_be_spent_climbing the mountain.
语法奠基课二依据句子成分，学会分析长难句一些复杂的长难句一方面是制约考生快速理解文意、准确解题的“拦路虎”，另一方面又是彰显考生写作功底的“走秀台”，在某种程度上来说，对长难句的分析与掌握已成为区分考生成绩优劣的“分水岭”。其实，长难句并不可怕，在正确划分句子成分的基础上，运用一定的“拆分”技巧，化繁为简、化长为短，其意立马显现。所以，无论是从学语法的角度，还是从英语综合素养的角度，都有必要给考生补上这欠缺的一课。
一、长难句的常见形式
1．复合句
这些句子往往较长，一个从句套着另一个从句，环环相扣，使得考生搞不清楚整个句子结构。其实，不管句子有多长、多复杂，它只由两部分构成，即主干和修饰成分。主干是整个句子的骨架，主要指主谓宾结构(如：I want a ticket.)或主系表结构(如：The man is a teacher.)。而修饰成分在句中只起修饰或补充主干的作用，它既可以是单词，也可以是短语，更常见的则是从句，尤其是定语从句和状语从句。
一般来说，复合句中的从句都是很常见的，考生比较熟悉的，但很多时候不少考生分不清单词、短语和从句之间的相互关系，这样会导致整个句子分析混乱。这时，考生应通过仔细分析，将每个修饰成分划出来，找出句子的主干，这样整个句子结构就清晰了。
[例1]What Winter knows of the 19-year-old who saved his life is only that he died in a car accident and that his family was willing to honor his wishes and donate his organs for transplantation (移植)．
[分析]此句的主语为“What Winter knows of the 19-year-old who saved his life”，是一个主语从句，其中主语从句里面又包含了一个由who引导的定语从句；is为主干句的系动词，后面的that引导两个并列的表语从句。
[名师指津]分析长难句时找出主干句的谓语是至关重要的一步。
[例2]Pasteur discovered that heating the wine gently for a few minutes after it had fermented (发酵) would kill off the yeast (酵母菌) that was left in the wine, with the result that the wine would remain fresh for much longer.
[分析]此句的主语为Pasteur，谓语是discovered，第一个that引导的是宾语从句。在宾语从句中after引导状语从句，第二个that引导定语从句。第三个that引导同位语从句。
[名师指津]that在长难句里面用得非常多，所以正确理解that引导的不同从句非常重要。
2．分隔结构
为了调整语气和增加补充信息，更主要的是为了平衡句子结构，避免头重脚轻，使语意严密，结构紧凑，可将语法关系密切的两个句子成分用其他语法成分分隔开来，这就是所谓的分隔结构。高考试题中出现较多的是插入语、用破折号插入的新话题或补充信息。此外，还有一些句子成分(一般是定语)过长而出现后置，也可以看作是插入现象，只不过它只是句子原有成分位置的调整，没有新增信息。
[例3]The idea of returning to the basics in the classroom — a notion (概念，观点) which, incidentally (顺便说一下), has been quietly supported for years by many respected teachers — is finally gaining some currency (流行) with school administrators (管理者)．
[分析]两个破折号中间的内容是对前面的补充说明。
[名师指津]分析长难句时务必注意这些非限制性修饰成分，它们打断了原来的行文逻辑，插入补充了一些额外的信息。
3．成分省略
在英语句子中，用词简洁是一条重要的修辞原则。省略主要是为了避免重复，突出关键词并使上下文紧密连接。成分省略一般和从句相结合，一正一反，使句子富于变化，增强表现力。例如在以than, as引导的比较状语从句中，一些成分往往被省略，而这会给理解带来一定的影响，而且这类句子出现频率较高，考生需要熟记。
[例4]I look forward to seeing these views taken further, and to their being challenged by the other participants.
[分析]and后省略了重复成分look forward，读题时应将被省去的部分补全理解。
[名师指津]补充完整省略成分，才能正确理解语境。
4．改变语序
改变语序主要针对倒装句式。这种打破相对固定的常规语序的做法，或是为了强调句子表达的重心，或是强调一种表达语气，如虚拟语气、否定语气等。这些句子往往和一些副词、连词相关，有明显的标志。
[例5]The professor marched into the lecture hall, placed upon his desk a large jar (罐子) filled with dried beans (豆), and invited the students to guess how many beans the jar contained.
[分析]此句正常语序为：...placed a large jar filled with dried beans upon his desk ...
[名师指津]还原为正常语序是理解语境的关键所在。
二、长难句的突破策略
1．结构分析法
所谓结构分析法，就是通过语法分析，迅速弄清句子的结构，把握住句子的基本框架。基本步骤是：首先，判断该句是简单句、并列句还是复合句；然后，找出句子的核心成分，分清主语和谓语，再分清句子的附属成分。
方法一：较复杂单句的处理方法——找主谓语，即找主干成分
较复杂单句在高考试卷中经常出现，所以应引起同学们的足够重视。
①However, many scientists who specialize in ageing are doubtful about it and say the human body is just not designed to last past about 120 years.
[分析]此句的主语为“many scientists”，主语后跟一个由who引导的定语从句。主句有两个谓语，即are doubtful和say, say后面又接了一个宾语从句。
②Some companies have made the manufacturing of clean and safe products their main selling point and emphasize it in their advertising.
[分析]此句的主语为“Some companies”，句中有两个谓语，即have made和emphasize。
③At the press of a button, a microcomputer locks all other floors chute (道) doors and sets the recycling container turning until the right box comes under the chute.
[分析]此句的主语为“a microcomputer”，也有两个谓语，即locks 和sets。
方法二：并列复合句的处理方法——找并列连词
①The hot sun had caused the dough (面团) to double in size and fermenting yeast made the surface shake and sigh as though it was breathing.
②Miss Germaine’s mother looked anxious through the wedding and Mr. Cordell’s parents are reported to be less than delighted.
[分析]第①句中的and和第②句中的and都是并列连词，各自连接两个并列单句。
方法三：主从复合句的处理方法——找从属连词
Whereas a woman’s closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage, it wasn’t unusual to hear a man say he didn’t know his friend’s marriage was in serious trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa.
[分析]Whereas引导了一个从句，即“a woman’s closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage”，而“it wasn’t unusual to hear a man say”为主句，其中it为形式主语，真正的主语为不定式。“he didn’t know his friend’s marriage was in serious trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa”为省略从属连词that 的宾语从句，从句中又含有not ... until引导的时间状语从句，时间状语从句所在的主、从句中又各含有一个宾语从句：“his friend’s marriage was in serious trouble” (省略连接词that)；与“if he could sleep on the sofa” (从属连词if)。
方法四：并列和主从复合句并存的处理方法
——先读懂并列复合句，再看主从复合句
If you ask people to name one person who had the greatest effect on the English language, you will get answers like “Shakespeare” “Samuel Johnson”，and “Webster”，but none of these men had any effect at all compared to a man who didn’t even speak English — William, the Conqueror.
[分析]首先找到并列连词but，推知：If you ask ... “Webster”为but连接的第一分句，“none of these men ... the Conqueror”为第二分句；第一分句中含if引导的条件状语从句，从句中又含有who引导的定语从句；第二分句中含who引导的定语从句。
2．意群阅读法
一个句子可根据意思和语法结构分成若干小段，每一小段称之为一个意群。意群可以是一个词，一个词组或短语，也可以是一个并列句的分句或复合句的主句、从句等。此方法有助于提高阅读速度和理解的准确性。例如：
①When two cars travelling at 30 mh hit each other，②an unbelted driver would meet the windshield (挡风玻璃) ③with a force equal to diving headfirst (头向前地) into the ground from a height of 10 meters.
[分析]①是状语从句，②是主句，③是with引导的介词短语作状语。这样，把整个句子划为3个意群，可以大大提高阅读速度。
[专题过关训练]
1．This trend, which was started by the medical community (医学界) as a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side effects such as overweight and heart disease — the very thing the medical community was trying to fight.
[分析]which was started by the medical community as a method of fighting heart disease是非限制性定语从句，破折号后面的the very thing the medical community was trying to fight是对overweight和heart_disease的补充说明。
[翻译]作为医学界为了抵抗心脏病而发起的这股潮流也有一些难以预料的副作用，如过度肥胖和心脏病，而这正是医学界试图抵制的。
2．The damage is usually more serious on the first plant, but the neighbors, relatively speaking, stay safer because they heard the alarm and knew what to do.
[分析]but连接两个并列分句。第二分句中，“relatively speaking”是插入语，“because they heard the alarm and knew what to do”是原因状语从句。
[翻译]通常对第一株植物的伤害更严重，但是相对来说，邻居们会更安全，因为它们听到了警报并知道做什么。
3．If someone knocks and it’s not an important matter, excuse yourself and let the person know you’re busy so they can get the hint (暗示) that when the door is closed, you’re not to be disturbed.
[分析]“If someone knocks and it’s not an important matter”是if引导的条件状语从句。so后面表示结果，在此部分中“that when the door is closed, you’re not to be disturbed”是“the hint”的同位语从句，该从句中又含有when引导的时间状语从句。
[翻译]如果有人敲门且不是什么重要的事情，就给自己找个借口，并让那个人知道你很忙，这样他们就能得到暗示，那就是当门关着时，你不想被打扰。
4．(2017·天津高考阅读理解A)Suppose you’re in a rush, feeling tired，not paying attention to your screen, and you send an email that could get you in trouble.
[分析]连词and连接两个并列复合句，第一个分句中，suppose后是省略了that的宾语从句。第二个分句中，“that could get you in trouble”为定语从句，修饰先行词an_email。
[翻译]假设你很忙，感觉很累，注意力不在电脑屏幕上，这时你发了一封可能会使你陷入麻烦中的邮件。
5．Therefore, when a person from one of these cultures is speaking and suddenly stops, what may be implied (暗示) is that the person wants the listener to consider what has been said before continuing.
[分析]句中when引导一个时间状语从句；主语从句what_may_be_implied为主句的主语，that引导表语从句，在这个表语从句中，what引导的从句作consider的宾语。
[翻译]因此，当一个来自这些文化群体之一的人在讲话的时候突然停住了，可能那个人是在继续(讲话)之前暗示听众去思考他之前说了什么。