英语中的被动语态

被动语态

英语动词有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。例如：

He wrote a novel.（主语he 是动作wrote 的执行者，是主动语态。）

The classroom was cleaned by him yesterday.（主语the classroom 是动作的承受者，是被动语态。）

知识点概述

一、被动语态的构成

英语动词的被动语态由助动词be+及物动词的过去分词构成。助动词be 必须与主语的人称和数量保持一致，并有时态的变化。例如：

The man was fooled by the two boys.

The book has been translated into several languages.

被动语态的句子结构：主语+ be +过去分词

1、一般现在时

谓语：pp.are is am +??

???

例句：One lesson is learned each week.

Foreign languages are studied everywhere in China.

2、一般过去时

谓语：

pp.were was +?

?? 例句：This hospital was set up just two years ago.

3、一般将来时

谓语：PP.be to going are is am shall/will

+????

??????????

例句：This question will be answered by the headmaster tomorrow.

4、过去将来时

谓语：.PP be to going were was would +???

??????? 例句：The physics teacher said that two experiments would be done the next week.

5、现在完成时

谓语：pp.been have has +?

?? 例句：As has been pointed out , the housing problem in our district has basically been solved.

6、过去完成时

谓语：had been + pp.

例句：When I got to the ticket office, all the tickets had been sold out.

7、现在进行时

谓语：pp.being are is am +??

???

例句：The patients in ward 12 are being taken care of by Miss Hoover.

8、过去进行时

谓语：pp.being were was +?

?? 例句：She said her house was being painted.

注：及物的短语动词相当于一个及物动词，可以有被动语态，这类短语动词有：turn on, turn off, find out ,laugh at ,look after, talk about, think of /about over, bring about, (引起；导至) put away, make out (认出)，make up (编；补尝)，look down upon,

pay attention to ,face up to (面对)

二、被动语态的用法

（1）动作的执行者不知道是谁或难以说明时常用被动语态。例如：

Street lights are often turned on at six in winter.

The new test book will be used next term.

（2）当动作的承受者比起动作的执行者来说更能引起人们的关心而需要加以强调时，要用被动语态。例如：

This kind of bicycle is not sold in our shop.

The thief was caught by a policeman yesterday.

（3）含有双宾语的句子，主动句中的间接宾语或者直接宾语都可变为被动语态中的一个主语，另一个保留不变。变为主语的若是主动句中的直接宾语在变为间接宾语前则需加介词to 或for 。

例如：The pianist gave the pupils some advice.

间接宾语 直接宾语

→The pupils were given some advice by the pianist.

→Some advice was given to the pupils by the pianist.

(4)在主动语态句中动词make、have、let、see、watch、hear、feel等后接动词不定式作宾语补足语，动词不定式不加to。但变成被动语态时后面的不定式都须加上to。

例如：The boss made them work ten hours a day.

→They were made to work ten hours a day.

A boy saw him enter the house.

→He was seen to enter the house.

三、被动语态的时态

初中英语教材中出现了五种时态的被动语态及带有情态动词的被动语态。

（1）一般现在时

构成：助动词be + 动词的过去分词

例如：This kind of car is made in shanghai.

English is spoken in many countries.

(2)一般过去时

构成：助动词was/were + 动词的过去分词

例如：The bridge was built in 1992.

Was this novel written by his father?

(3)一般将来时

构成：will/be going to do + be + 动词的过去分词

例如：These books are going to be posted tomorrow.

The baby will be taken good care of in the hospital.

(4)现在完成时

构成：助动词have/has + been + 动词的过去分词

例如：Has his work been finished?

We haven’t been invited to the party.

(5)现在进行时

构成：be + being + 动词的过去分词

例如：A new bridge is being built in my hometown.

The problem is being discussed by the students.

(6)带有情态动词的被动语态

构成：情态动词+ be + 动词的过去分词

例如：Can this walkman be repaired here?

Your composition must be handed in tomorrow.

二、复习时需要注意的要点

（1）由主动语态改为被动语态的步骤：

①主动语态中的宾语变为被动语态句中的主语；

②主动语态句中的动词改为相应的被动语态；

③主动语态句中的主语变为被动语态句中by的宾语。

（2）主动语态句中的谓语动词带有双宾语，即直接宾语和间接宾语时，转换方法有两种：

①把间接宾语转化为主语，保留直接宾语

②把直接宾语转化为主语，保留间接宾语。此时，一般需在间接宾语前加适当的介词。

（3）在短语see sb. do sth. 中，动词see后跟不带to的不定式作宾补。改为被动语态时要加上to。用于这一结构的谓语动词一般是表示知觉的动词如see, hear等，以及使役动词make, let等。

实战演练

一、例题选讲

例1 Jack (be) in hospital now. He (send) there yesterday.

答案：Is, was sent

提示：由于now表示的是现在，会想到用现在进行时，而这里的动词be表示状态，不能用进行时，句子的主语he是动作的承受者，要用被动语态。

例2 Macao (return) to China on December 20, 1999.

答案：returned

提示：本句有一个明确的时间状语，要用一般过去时。句意是“1999年12月20日澳门回归祖国”。return既可作及物动词，也能作不及物动词。由于本

句立足于“澳门在1999年回归”，不强调“由谁归还”这一动作，所以

一般用主动语态。

例3 My bike (move) away from this side. I asked the man why this (do).

答案：has been moved, had been done

提示：第一句主要陈述此事与现在有关，用现在完成时，第二句从句中的动作发生在主句前，主句用一般过去时，从句要用过去完成时。这两句中的动作

均有被动意义，要用被动语态。

例4 A lot of water (waste) every day. It’s a serious problem

答案：is wasted

提示：表示每天都如此的习惯性状态，用一般现在时，水是“被浪费的”，要用被动语态。

例5 When wet clothes are hung up near a fire, steam can soon be seen (rise) from them.

答案：rising

提示：这道题是被动语态，要求用非谓语动词作主语补足语，现在分词和动词不定式都是非谓语动词，两者都可以作宾语补足语或主语补足语，但用法不

同。现在分词作补语时，表示动作正在进行。此句是表示水蒸气正在从湿

衣服上升起，用现在分词表示。

例6 A strange man was seen (enter) the office ten minutes ago.

答案：to enter

提示：这道题也是被动语态，要求用非谓语动词形式填空。用动词不定式作补语表示动作的全过程。句中的“进入”，是十分钟前看到的动作的全过程，

用不定式表示。在主动句中省略“to”，在被动句中要加“to”。

一般现在时的被动语态

英语语态有主动语态和被动语态两种。主语是动作的执行者，叫主动语态。如：We clean the classroom.我们打扫教室。

主语是动作的承受者，叫被动语态。

如：The classroom is cleaned (by us).教室被（我们）打扫。

1．被动语态的构成：助动词be+及物动词的过去分词+（by+宾语）

其中by意为“被……；由……”，表动作的执行者。

如：The glass is broken by that boy.玻璃杯是那个男孩打破的。

be有人称、数和时态的变化，其肯定式、否定式、疑问式的变化规则与be作为连系动词时完全一样。

如：English is widely spoken around the world. （肯定式）

English is not widely spoken around the world. （否定式）

Is English widely spoken around the world? （疑问式）

Yes, it is./No, it isn’t.

2．被动语态的用法：（1）在没有指明动作的执行者或者不知道动作执行者的情况下，可用被动语态。如：This coat is made of cotton.这件大衣是棉制的。

（2）要强调动作的承受者而不是执行者时，用被动语态。如：Her bike is stolen.她的自行车被偷了。

3．主、被动语态的转换：

主动语态：主语+及物动词谓语动词+宾语（+其它）

被动语态：主语+be+及物动词的过去分词+by+宾语（+其它）

注意：（1）主动、被动互转时，时态不变。（2）主动句的主语是代词的主格形式，变成被动态by的宾语时，要用宾格形式。如：

(1)People grow rice in the south. Rice is grown (by people) in the south.

(2)She takes care of the baby. . The baby is taken care of (by her).

动词一般过去式的构成

a.规则动词过去式的变化可速记为直、去、双、改四字诀。

①一般情况下在动词原形后直接加-ed。如：wanted，played。

②以不发音的字母e结尾的动词，去掉e再加-ed。如：hoped，lived。

③重读闭音节单词需双写最后一个辅音字母再加-ed。如：stopped。

④以辅音字母+y结尾的动词变y为i，再加-ed。如：studied，worried。

不规则动词过去式和过去分词

A. 原形与过去式和过去分词完全相同.

cost----cost----cost cut----cut----cut

put----put----put set----set----set

let----let----let hit----hit----hit

shut----shut----shut hurt---hurt----hurt

read---read----read 读音/e/

lie---lied---lied 说谎lay---laid---laid 放置，下蛋lay--- lain 躺下，位于，平放

eg. The hens don’t _______eggs during such cold weather.

She _____ her books on the table. ____

B. 过去式与过去分词完全相同

1. 过去式和过去分词中含有ought, aught, 读音是〔:t〕

bright----brought----brought think----thought----thought

buy----bought----bought

catch----caught----caught teach ---- taught ----taught

2. 动词原形中的e为o，变成过去式和过去分词。

get----got----got sell----sold----sold

tell----told----told

3. 动词原形中i为a, …

sit----sat----sat spit----spat----spat

4. 动词原形中i为o, …

win----won----won

shine----shone/ shined----shone / shined

5. 动词原形中an为oo, … stand----stood---stood

understand----understood----understood

6. 动词原形中的ay为ai,…

say----said----said pay----paid----paid

7. a）动词原形中的d为t,…

send----sent----sent lend----lent----lent

spend----spent----spent build----built----built

b ) 动词原形最后一个字母改为t , … smell----smelt----smelt

lose----lost----lost

c ) 动词原形后加一个字母t, … learn----learnt----learnt

mean----meant----meant 读音/e/

d ) 动词原形中的ee去掉一个字母e, 然后在词尾加t. 字母e发音/e/ feel----felt----felt sleep----slept----slept

sweep---swept----swept

keep---- kept----- kept

其它meet----met----met have----had----had

hold----held----held

make----made----made dig----dug----dug

hear----heard----heard

find----found----found hang----hung ----hung

C.原型与过去分词相同

come----came----come run----ran----run

become----became----become

D. 原形，过去式，和过去分词完全不同

1. 把动词原形中i改为a变成过去式，改成u变成过去分词．

begin ---- began -----begun drink---drank----drunk

ring----rang-----rung

swim----swam----swum sing----sang----sung

2. 把动词原形中o改为e变成过去式，在原形词尾加n变成过去分词．blow----blew----blown grow----grew----grown

know---knew---known

throw ---- threw ---- thrown fly ----flew /flu:/ ----flown ( 和以上相似)

3. 以下动词的过去分词都以en结尾，故把它们分为一类．

a ) 把动词原形中i改为o变成过去式，在词尾加n变成过去分词．

drive----drove----driven rise---rose---risen

write---wrote---written (双写t )

ride----rode----ridden (双写d )

b ) 把动词原形中ea改为o, 在词尾加e变成过去式，在过去式后加n变成过去分词．

speak----spoke----spoken steal----stole----stolen

break----broke----broken

c ) 把动词原形中的个别字母或字母组合改为o变成过去式, 在过去式后加n变成过去分词．

wake----woke----woken freeze----froze----frozen

choose----chose----chosen forget----forgot----forgotten （双写t，加en ）

d) 其它过去分词以en结尾的动词

eat----ate----eaten beat---- beat ---- beaten

fall----fell----fallen

give----gave----given see----saw----seen

take----took----taken

mistake---- mistook----- mistaken hide----hid----hidden （双写

E. 没有过去分词的动词

can ----- could may---- might shall---- should will ---- would 其它

am, is ---- was----- been are-----were----- been

do-----did----- done

draw-----drew----- drawn go-----went----- gone

show----showed----shown

wear--- wore ---- worn

三、练习

Ⅰ.把下列主动语态改为被动语态:

1．We often use a recorder in our English class.

2．They will show a new film next week.

3．When did they build the house?

4．I saw the boy enter the room.

5．Will they show a new film next week?

6．Have they posted the letter yet?

7．We often see him help his classmate.

8．You must turn off the light before you go to be.d

9．Who is repairing the bike?

10．The student should learn all the texts by heart.

Ⅱ.选择填空:

1.The reading room ________ yesterday afternoon.

A. cleaned

B. is cleaned

C. was cleaning

D. was cleaned

2.The workers were made ________ ten hours a day.

A. work

B. to work

C. working

D. worked

3.Food ________ in a cool place in summer.

A. must keep

B. mustn’t keep

C. must be kept

D. mustn’t be kept

4.His father ________ to work in Hong Kong 3 years ago.

A. sent

B. was sent

C. has sent

D. has been sent

5.The pen ________ well.

A. writes

B. is written

C. was written

D. writing

6.Great changes ________ in the town since 1988.

A. have taken place

B. have been taken place

C. has taken place

D. has been taken place

7.Our compositions must ________ next Monday.

A. be hand in

B. be handed in

C. handed in

D. be handing in

8.The child will ________ back to his parents next month.

A. sent

B. send

C. be sent

D. be sending

9.________ his work ________ yet?

A. have…been finished

B. has …been finished

C. has …finished

D. have…finished

10.The classroom ________ now

A. is cleaning

B. is being cleaning

C. is being cleaned

D. is cleaned

Ⅲ.用适当时态和语态的动词填空:

1．Can he ________ (speak) English?

2．What language ________ (speak) in that country?

3．The film ________ (show) many times since last Sunday.

4．These TV sets ________ (make) in SiChuan.

5．It has got so dark. Would you please ________ (turn) on the light?

6．A new hospital ________ (build) in this area now.

7．________ the book ________ (return).

8．Rice ________ (grow) in the south.

9．The window ________ (not break) by the boy.

10．I ________ (tell) he ________ (not come) just now.

Ⅳ．将下列句子改为被动语态，并根据情况保留或去掉动作的执行者

1. They will say nothing more about this matter.

2. They have made some flowers of silk.

3. He wrote a poem.

4. The students are planting some trees and flowers.

5. They are to open up a new business next week.

6. Children couldn’t have done all this damage.

7. All of us will see him off at the airport.

8. They feed the tigers at the zoo three times a day.

9. You must hand in your homework before five.

10. People say that she is a good teacher.

Ⅴ. 用所给动词的正确形式填空

1. English __ (speak) in many countries.

2. Information in short-term memory __ (can, not, keep) very long.

3. After that, one of the lights __ (turn off) and the rat had to wait for a short time.

4. Just a few years ago, tomatoes __ (believe) to have magical powers, making people who ate them fall in love.

5. It is said new copies of the book __ (print) now.

6. The old house __ (pull) down next month.

7. In the old days, the children __ (take care of) by the mother because she did not work outside the house.

8. Needless to say, the second list of words __ (can, remember) more easily than the first one.

9. She __ (send) to another village when I got there.

10. The teacher said that we __ (give) another chance some time next month if we failed in the exam.

参考答案

I、1.A recorder is often used in our English class.

2.A new film will be shown by then next week.

3.When was the house built by them?

4.The boy was seen to enter the room.

5.Will a new film be shown by them next week?

7.He is often seen to help his classmate.

8.The light must be turned off before you go to bed.

9.Who is the bike being repaired by?

(By whom is the bike being repaired?)

10.All the texts should be learned by heart by the students.

II、

1.D

2.B

3.C

4.B

5.A

6.A

7.B

8.C

9.B 10.C III、

1.speak

2.is spoken

3.has been shown

4.are made

5.turn

6.is being built

7.Has returned 8.is grown 9.wasn’t broken

10.was told didn’t come

Ⅳ．1. Nothing more will be said about this matter.

2. Some flowers of silk have been made by them.

3. A poem was written by him.

4. Some trees and flowers are being planted by the students.

5. A new business is to be opened up next week.

6. All this damage couldn’t have been done by children.

7. He will be seen off at the airport by all of us.

8. The tigers at the zoo are fed three times a day (by them).

9. Your homework must be handed in before five (by you).

10. It is said that she is a good teacher. (That she is a good teacher is said by them.)

Ⅴ. 1. is spoken 2. cannot be kept 3. was turned off 4. were believed 5. are being printed 6. will be pulled 7. were taken care of

8. can be remembered 9. had been sent 10. would be given