翻译的定义

翻译的定义
翻译的定义

翻译的定义

集团标准化小组:[VVOPPT-JOPP28-JPPTL98-LOPPNN]

翻译的定义

英国《牛津英语词典》给t r ans l ate下的定义是:t o turn from one lan g uag e in t o a no t her(从一种语言转

换成另一种语言);

美国《新编韦氏国际词典(第三版)》给tra nsl ate下

的定义:t o tu rn i nt o on e’s own o r an o the r

language (转换成本族语或另一种语言)。

我国《辞海》和《汉语大词典》给翻译下的定义:“把

一种语言文字的意义用另一种语言文字表达出来。”

刘宓庆在他的《现代翻译理论》一书中,将“语际意

义”概括为六种:概念(主题)意义、语境意义、形式意义、风格意义、形象意义、文化意义。

美国翻译理论家奈达在给翻译所下的定义中,把翻译中

的“意义”概括成“语义”和“文体”,他说:

Translating consi s ts i n r e pro du c ing in t he

receptor language the eq u iva lent of the source- language message,fir s t i n te rm s of mean ing and secondly in terms of s tyl e.(所谓翻译,是指在译语中用最切近而又自然的对等语再现源语的信息,首先在语义上,其次是文体上。)

张今:“翻译是两个语言社会之间的交际过程和交际工具,它的目的是促进本语言社会的政治、经济和(或)文化进步,它的任务是要把原作中包含的现实世界的逻辑映象或艺术映象,完好无损地从一种语言移注到另一种语言中去。”

季羡林在谈到翻译对中国文化的重要意义时,提出了一

个十分精辟的观点。他说文化(文明)的发展可以分为五个阶段:诞生、成长、繁荣、衰竭、消逝。这是一个普遍规律,任何文化都不能永存。然而,中华文化似乎是个例外。五千年

来,虽然经理了不少波折,走过了不少坎坷的道路,但是中华文化却一直没有消逝。原因何在呢?他的答复是:“倘若拿河流来作比,中华文化这一条长河,有水满的时候,也有水少的时候,但却从未枯竭。原因就是有新水注入。注入的次数大大小小是颇多的。最大的有两次,一次是从印度来的水,一次是从西方来的水。而这两次的大注入依靠的都是翻译。中华文化之所以能常葆青春,万应灵药就是翻译。翻译之为用大矣哉!”

综合各家之言,我们尝试给翻译下这样一个定义:翻译是把一种语言(或语言变体)表达的意义用另一种语言(或语言变体)传达出来,以达到沟通思想情感、传播文化知

识、促进社会文明,特别是推动译语文化兴旺昌盛的目的。

翻译的分类:

首先,就所涉及的语言而论,翻译大体上可以分为语内翻译(intr aling ual tra n sla t ion)和语际翻译(interlingual tra n sla t ion)两大类;

第二,就其活动方式而言,翻译可分为口译(interpretation)和笔译(t ran s lat i on)两类;

第三,就翻译材料的文体而言,翻译可分为应用文体、科技文体、论述文体、新闻文体和艺术文体五大类;

第四,就处理方式而言,翻译可分为全译、节译、摘译、编译和译述等类。

翻译策略的分类和介绍

翻译策略的分类和介绍 引言 一般的翻译教材在讨论翻译问题时,都离不开讨论翻译方法与技巧。我国在八十年代初出版的统编翻译教程(即张培基等编著的教程),主要是讲述常用的翻译方法与技巧,其中包括:词义的选择、引伸和褒贬;词类转译法;增词法;重复法;省略法;正反、反正表达法,分句、合句法;被动语态的译法;名词从句的译法;定语从句的译法;状语从句的译法;长句的译法,和习语、拟声词、外来词语等特别语词的译法等。 九十年代出版的翻译教程也基本上沿用这些方法与技巧,或在此基础上有些改进,例如,柯平编著的《英汉与汉英翻译教程》,除了提出与张培基教程大同小异的方法外,还提出了变通和补偿手段:加注、增益、视点转换、具体化、概略化、释义、归化和回译。 ( ) 性” 关于直译之争持续了几个世纪,赞同者坚定不移,反对者(也即意译的赞同者)坚持已见,互不让步。其实,英文和中文“直译”的定义都不是十分确定,既可指逐词译 ( ),也包括逐句译()。直译作为一种翻译策略常见用于以下领域的翻译:()用于翻译科技资料;()用于外语教学,让学生了解两种语言结构的差异;()也用于文学翻译,是文学翻译中直译的高手,在他看来,“只有直译才是真正的翻译”(见)。 然而,在现代文学译者中,赞同直译的人为数不多,其中的主要原因之一如所说,“因为没有哪两种语言是完全相同的,无论是符号所指的意义或语言符号的排列方式都会有差异。可以说,语际之间没有绝对的一致。因而,也就没有绝对准确的翻译”(:)。

八十年代初,张培基等学者在当时的统编教材《英汉翻译教程》中这样下定义:“所谓直译,就是在译文语言条件许可时,在译文中既保持原文的内容,又保持原文的形式——特别指保持原文的比喻、形象和民族、地方色彩等。但直译不是死译或硬译。……应当指出,在能够确切地表达原作思想内容和不违背译文语言规范的条件下,直译法显然有其可取之处。直译法一方面有助于保存原著的格调,亦即鲁迅所说的保持‘异国情调’和‘洋气’,另一方面又有助于不断从外国引进一些新鲜、生动的词语、句法结构和表达方法,使我们的祖国语言变得日益丰富、完善、精密”(张培基等:)。 九十年代出版的翻译教程,对直译又有了不同的阐释:“直译指翻译时要尽量保持原作的语言形式、包括用词、句子结构、比喻手段等等,同时要求语言流畅易懂”(范仲英:)。一般说来,采用直译所产生的译文看起来肯定有翻译的痕迹,读起来也不是那么通顺。如 () ’ 原文玩了个文字游戏,很风趣,凡是了解艾尔弗雷德·希契科克曾导演的读者,看到这句话时,大概都会忍俊不禁。但是这样的文字游戏却造成翻译上的极大困难,如直译成“艾尔弗雷德·希契科克使一位淑女失踪”,其意思就会与原文相悖。王先生采用意译的方法,表达了原文的一层意义,说明了一个事实,可惜其双头语的形式消失了,原文的风趣味道也完全丧失了。对此,王先生深有感触地说,“每种语言都有自己的特性,都有自己独有的声音、文学、修辞手法和社会习惯,这是无法移植的。古书说,‘橘逾淮而北为枳’。橘子好吃,枳可是酸苦的。翻译正是如此。一篇好文章,翻译过来往往读不得。你可以把大意译出,可是原文那些音乐和形象性,原作者那些言外之意和弦外之音,你会丢了一大半”(王宗炎:)。

新概念英语第四册原文翻译详细笔记

Finding fossil man 发现化?石?人 Why are legends handed down by storytellers useful? We can read of things that happened 5,000 years ago in the Near East, where people first learned to write. But there are some parts of the world where even now people cannot write. The only way that they can preserve their history is to recount it as sagas -- legends handed down from one generation of storytellers to another. These legends are useful because they can tell us something about migrations of people who lived long ago, but none could write down what they did. Anthropologists wondered where the remote ancestors of the Polynesian peoples now living in the Pacific Islands came from. The sagas of these people explain that some of them came from Indonesia about 2,000 years ago. But the first people who were like ourselves lived so long ago that even their sagas, if they had any, are forgotten. So archaeologists have neither history nor legends to help them to find out where the first 'modern men' came from. Fortunately, however, ancient men made tools of stone, especially flint, because this is easier to shape than other kinds. They may also have used wood and skins, but these have rotted away. Stone does not decay, and so the tools of long ago have remained when even the bones of the men who made them have disappeared without trace. 读到flint 打?火?石anthropomorphic ?人格 化拟1anthropo ?人类 的让步?一?一trace back date back read of read about a trace of ?一些

简述翻译的定义及其历史演变

1.简述翻译的定义及其历史演变 学者候林平将历史上人们对“翻译”定义为三个阶段,每个阶段有不同的定义: (1)第一阶段是传统语文研究阶段,这时候对翻译的定义是比喻式的,鸠摩罗什认为翻译“有似嚼饭与人,非徒失味,有令呕秽也”,傅雷认为翻译“如临画”“如伯乐相马” (2)第二阶段是现代语言学研究阶段。英国的翻译理论家卡特福德将翻译视为不同语言文本材料的替代。美国语言学家奈达,则如下定义:所谓翻译是指从语义到文体在译语中用最切近而又最自然的对等语再现原文信息。 (3)第三阶段是当代多学科研究阶段: 在《翻译语言学》理论中,卡特福德开宗明义,翻译是一项对语言进行操作的工作:即用一种语言的文体代替另一种语言的文本过程。 关于翻译的定义中国较为熟悉的有以下几种: 1)翻译是用一种语言把另一种语言在内容与形式不可分割的统一中业已表达出来了的东西准确而完整的表达出来。 2)翻译是把一种语言的言语产物在保持内容也就是意义不变的情况下改变为另外一种语言的言语产物过程。 3)所谓翻译,是指从语义到文体在译语中用最切近而又最自然的对等语再现原语的信息。 西方的翻译在历史上前后曾出现六次高潮或可分为六个阶段: 第一阶段是公元三世纪中叶罗马对希腊古典作品的翻译,这是欧洲也是整个西方历史上第一次大规模的翻译活动,它开创了翻译的局面。 第二个翻译高潮涌现于罗马帝国后期至中世纪初期,以形形色色的《圣经》译本的出现为标志。 第三阶段发生于中世纪中期,西方翻译家云集,西班牙的托莱多,把大批作品从阿拉伯语译成拉丁语,其中有大量用阿拉伯文翻译的希腊典籍。 第四阶段发生于文艺复兴时期,翻译活动达到前所未有的高峰,翻译活动深入到思想、政治、哲学、宗教等各个领域。 第五阶段发生于文艺复兴后,17世纪下半叶至20世纪上半叶,翻译家不仅翻译古典著作,而且对近代和当代作品也有很大兴趣,如莎士比亚等,东方文学译品也相继问世。 第六个大发展阶段在二战结束至今。二战后西方经济稳定为翻译事业提供物质基础,由于时代的演变翻译特点发生巨大变化,这一时期的翻译从范围规模作用直至形式都与过去任何时代大不相同,取得很大进展。机器翻译的出现是对几千年来传统手工翻译的挑战,也是人类翻译史上具有深远意义的革命。 翻译事业在我国也有着悠久的历史: 第一次翻译的高潮出现在东汉至北宋时期,这一时期的翻译活动以佛经为主,佛经的翻译开启了我国历史上第一次大规模的文字翻译活动。 第二次高潮出现在明朝后期至鸦片战争期间,翻译的内容主要涉及西欧各国的基督经籍、科技、哲学、文学等著作。 第三次高潮出现在五四运动至新中国成立时期,期间翻译活动促进了马克思主义理论在中国的广泛传播。 第四次高潮是新中国成立至今,新中国的成立,使得我国的翻译事业得到了大解放,翻译活动也进而进入一个最兴盛,最繁荣的发展新时期。

新概念英语第四册课文详解(L1-25)

Lesson 1 Finding fossil man 第一课发现化石人 by ROBIN PLACE from Finding fossil man 1-1. We can read of things that happened 5,000 years ago in the Near East, where people first learned to write. 【译文】我们能读到五千年前近东发生之事,那里的人最先学会了书写。 【单词和短语】 read:此处为不及物动词,意为“读到,获悉”(to find out information from books,newspapers etc.),后接of或about,例如: He reads about the war. 他读到关于战争的消息。 Did you read of their accident in the newspapers? 你在报上看到他们遭遇意外事故的消息了么? 5,000 years:五千年。另学习millennium,意为“一千年”,复数为millennia。5,000 years即为5 millennia。 the Near East:近东,指地中部沿岸地区,包括亚洲西南部和非洲东北部,有时还包括巴尔干半岛。 1-2. But there are some parts of the world where even now people cannot write. 【译文】但时至今日世上某些地方的人还不会书写。 【单词和短语】 even now:此处意为“甚至到现在”,例如: Even now he won’t believe me. 他甚至到现在还不相信我。 even now另有两解,一为“就在此刻”,例如:

英语翻译的基本常识解析

翻译的基本知识 一、翻译的定义 奈达: Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. —— Eugene A. Nida 二、翻译的标准 奈达: The receptors of a translation should comprehend the translated text to such an extent that they can understand how the original receptor must have understood the original text. ——Eugene A. Nida Eugene A. Nida (November 11, 1914 – August 25, 2011) was the developer of the dynamic-equivalence Bible-translation theory. 四、翻译的方法 1 . 直译(Literal translation) 例子: C.O.D. (cash on delivery) 货到付现 blue chip 蓝筹股 一箭双雕hit two hawks with one arrow

意译(Free translation) 例子:WPA 水渍blue chip 绩优股一箭双雕kill two birds with one stone 一、广告的定义Advertising is the non-personal communication of information usually paid for and usually persuasive in nature about products, services or ideas by identified sponsors through the various media. —— American Marketing Association 二、广告的分类 1.理性广告(Rational ads)情感广告(Emotional ads) 三、广告的组成部分 1.Headline Subhead Text (body) Logo slogan I’m lovin’ it! (麦当劳)我就喜欢! Good to the last drop. (Maxwell coffee) 滴滴香浓,意犹未尽。 Just do it. (耐克运动鞋)只管去做。 We lead, others copy. (Ricoh 复印机)我们领先,别人模仿。Minolta, finest to put you finest. (美能达相机) 第一流的美能达,第一流的你。 I’m More satisfied. (摩尔香烟)摩尔香烟,令我更爱。Have a Break. Have a Kit-Kat. (奇巧巧克力)

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翻译练习: 1. Saddam Hussein pinn ed newly minted “Mother of All Battles” medals to their chests and showered them with gifts of land and autos. 2. He held that a man of learning, if he does not wish to degrade himself, must never cease to participate in public affairs. 3. So long, chicken. Hello! Tofu. Tofu and a host of other products made from the mighty soybean are pushing aside meat, milk and even ice cream on grocery store shelves these days as scientists rave about the health benefits of soy. 4. The governments at all levels are so competent, economical and efficient that nobody fails to speak well of them. 5. Tell him that he shall be punished if he does not take himself away. 6. Only objects struck by the light are visible. 7. I have read your articles. I expected to meet an older man. 8. It is now thought that the more work we give our brain, the more work they are able to do. 9. We shall all miss him, but we wish him a long and happy retirement. 10. The study found that non-smoking wives of men who smoke cigarettes face a much greater than normal danger of developing lung cancer. 11. Nothing is more futile and more self-defeating than the bitterness of spurned love, the vengeful feeling that someone else has “come between” oneself and a beloved. 12. Why should I quarrel with my bread and butter? 13. Mr. Wilson talks a lot but Mrs. Wilson wears the trousers in their house. 13. Add 15-30 minutes per night until you feel alert and rested each day. If you are a “night owl,” sleep a bit later; if you are a “lark”, go to bed earlier. 1

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