来安方《新编英美概况》笔记和典型题详解(美国—总括)【圣才出品】
第1章总括
1.1 复习笔记
Ⅰ. The United States and the Americans
1. Name, Size and Position
2. Government Principles and System
3. The Federal Government
4. State Governments
5. Local Governments
6. Population
7. The Melting Pot
8. Distribution of People
9. Class Structure
Ⅱ. Geographical Features, Climate and Natural Resources
1. The Atlantic Seacoast and the Appalachian Mountains
2. The Great Mississippi River Basin
3. The Rockies west to the Pacific Ocean
4. Climate and Weather
5. Rivers and Lakes
6. Forests
7. Mineral Resources
8. New Problems
Ⅲ. National Economy and Cities
1. General Introduction
2. The Market Sector
3. The Corporate Sector
4. The Public Sector
5. Economic and Trade Relations with China
6. Industry and Cities
7. Agriculture and Husbandry
8. Transportation and Communication
9. Current Problems
Ⅰ. The United States and the Americans (美国和美国人) 1. Name, Size and Position (名称，大小和位置)
(1)Full Name (全称)
The United States of America美利坚合众国
(2)Size (国土大小)
The total area of America is some 9.4 million square kilometers, which makes it the fourth largest country in the world.美国的总面积约9400000平方公里，是世界第四大国。(3)Position (位置)
The United States is situated in the south of North America and its southern tip reaches the subtropical zone. The United States has two land neighbors: Canada and Mexico.
美国位于北美南部，南部尖端位于亚热带地区。美国有两个陆地邻国：加拿大和墨西哥。
2. Government Principles and System (政府的原则和制度)
(1)Government Principles (政府原则)
The U.S. government is said to be based on three principles.
据说美国政府有三个原则。
①The first principle is that the government derives its power from the consent of the
governed.
第一个原则是，政府的权力来源于被统治者的认可。
②The second principle is that the power of the government must be limited by a fundamental
law, the Constitution.
第二个原则是，政府的权力必须受基本法的限制，即宪法。
③The third principle is that the government should be granted adequate power for achieving
its appropriate purpose.
第三个原则是，政府应被授予适当的权力以实现目的。
(2)Government System (政府系统)
Its government system can be viewed from three aspects, they are: the principles of government, the check and balance system, and federalism.
它的政府体系可以从三个方面来看，他们是：政府的原则，牵制和协调制度，联邦制。
3. The Federal Government (联邦政府)
The American system of government is called federalism. Under this system the powers are divided between the federal government and the state government. Both governments are supreme within the sphere of their authority.
美国的政府系统被称为联邦制。在这个制度下，联邦政府和州政府进行权力的划分。两个政府在各自的权限范围内权力相当。
(1)The Power of Federal Government (联邦政府的权力)
The federal government is granted the power to deal with problems which no single state could deal with effectively.联邦政府有权处理州政府无法有效地处理的问题。
(2)Constituent (组成成分)
The federal government is comprised of three branches—the legislative, the executive, and the judicial.
联邦政府由三个分支组成——立法，行政，司法。
4. State Governments (州政府)
(1)Task (任务)
The task of the state government is to look after the well-being of the residents and protect their natural rights.
州政府的任务就是保证居民幸福，保护他们的自然权利。
(2)Three State Organizations and their Duties三个州组织和他们的职责
①Each state has a state assembly, known as the state legislature and elected directly by the
constituents. The work of the state legislature is to make state laws.
每个州都有被称为国家立法机关的州议会，它们通过直接选举产生。州议会的工作是制定每个州的法律。
②To execute the laws made by the state legislature, each state has a governor who is also
elected directly by the people of the state.
每个州都有一个由国家人民直接选举产生的州长执行由国家立法机关制定的法律。
③each state has its own system of law courts to try and punish offenders who have violated
the state laws.
每个州都有自己的法庭系统，惩罚那些违反国家法律的罪犯。
5. Local Governments (地方政府)
American local governments are not controlled by the federal government, but by the state government. The federal government has no right to interfere in local affairs except by passing national laws.
美国地方政府不受联邦政府控制，而是由州政府管辖。联邦政府无权干预地方事务，除非通过国家法律。
6. Population (人口)
(1)The United States of the America is the third most populous county in the world after China
and India.
美国是世界人口第三大国，仅次于中国和印度。
(2)Immigration accounts for a major source of population growth. Almost 20 million people or 7.8%
of the total population were immigrants in 1992.
人口增长的一个主要来源是移民。1992年，总人口的7.8%，近20000000人是移民。
7. The Melting Pot (大熔炉)
Since the United States is a nation of many ethnic groups, it is also known as a “melting pot,” meaning immigrants from different nations all over the world have mixed to make up the American nation.
因为美国是一个多民族的国家，它也被称为“大熔炉”，意思是来自世界各地不同国家的移民混合组成的国家。
8. Distribution of People (人口的分布)
The United States is an urban nation. More than 97% of its people rely on cities for a living. The most densely-populated region is the northeastern part of the country. To the west of the Great Plains are the Rocky Mountains. The population here is thin. From the Middle West down the Mississippi River is a great plain. Except for large cities, the whole area is empty.
美国是一个城市国家。超过97%的人靠城市为生。人口最密集的地区是该国东北部。大平原的西部是落基山脉。这里人口稀少。中西方沿着密西西比河向下是一个大平原。除了
大城市地区，整个区域都是空的。
9. Class Structure (阶级结构)
The Upper, Middle, and Lower Classes上，中，下层阶级
(1)Upper-class Americans constitute a powerful pressure group in the United States and they have
a great influence on the government policy.
美国的上层阶级构成了一个强大的集团，他们对政府的政策有很大的影响。
(2)The middle class is mainly composed of white-collar workers. The middle class is the largest
bloc of consumers in the United States.
中产阶级主要由白领构成。中产阶级是美国最大的消费者团体。
(3)Most of the lower-class people are blacks, Hispanics and new immigrants.
最下层阶级的人都是黑人，西班牙裔和新移民。
Ⅱ. Geographical Features, Climate and Natural Resources (地理特征，气候和自然资源)
1. The Atlantic Seacoast and the Appalachian Mountains (大西洋海岸和阿巴拉契亚山脉)
(1)The Atlantic Seacoast (大西洋海岸)
The Atlantic Seacoast, the nearest place from America to Europe, was the first settlement for the early immigrants. It is also known as the tidewater region.
大西洋海岸是美国离欧洲最近的地方，是早期移民的第一个定居点。它也被称为潮水地区。
(2)The Appalachian Mountains (阿巴拉契亚山脉)
These are old mountains with rounded tops and wooded hills, usually not exceeding an elevation of 800 meters.
它们是一些圆顶的古老山脉和树木繁茂的小山，山脉高度通常不超过海拔800米。
2. The Great Mississippi River Basin (密西西比河流域)
The Great Mississippi River Basin refers to the large area walled in by the Appalachian Mountains on the east side and the Rocky Mountains on the west side.
密西西比河流域是指阿巴拉契亚山脉东侧和落基山脉西侧围起来的大片地区。
3. The Rockies west to the Pacific Ocean (太平洋以西的落基山脉)
To the west of the Mississippi River Basin are the Rocky Mountains. These majestic mountains stretch all the way from Mexico to the Arctic. They are high, sharp and rugged. Their tops of bare rock are often capped with snow. The whole tremendous system of the Rockies includes many mountain ranges. To the west of the Rockies are the Sierra Nevada Mountains and the Cascade Mountains.
密西西比河盆地西部是落基山脉。这些宏伟的山脉从墨西哥一路延伸到北极。他们高而锋利坚固。他们赤裸的岩顶经常被白雪覆盖。落基山脉包括许多山。落基山脉的西部是内华达山脉和喀斯喀特山脉。
4. Climate and Weather (气候和天气)
(1)There are usually several fierce blizzards and ice storms each year. The long winter makes
spring very short in New England.
新英格兰通常每年都会有凶猛的暴风雪和冰雹。漫长的冬季使得新英格兰的春天非常短
暂。
(2)The other states down the Atlantic Coast from New York to Virginia have a similar climate to
that of New England except that the average temperature is a little higher.
除了平均温度高一点之外，从纽约到弗吉尼亚州的大西洋海岸以下的其他国家气候与此类似。
(3)The southeastern part of the United States enjoys a warm climate and abundant rainfall.
美国东南部气候温暖，降水丰富。
(4)The southeastern part of the United States, especially Florida, is often harassed by hurricane in
late summer and fall.
美国东南部，特别是佛罗里达州在夏末和秋季往往会被飓风骚扰。
(5)The state on the upper reaches of the Mississippi River system has a typical continental climate.
密西西比河流域上游地区具有典型的大陆性气候。
5. Rivers and Lakes (河流和湖泊)
(1)Mississippi (密西西比河)
①Position (位置)
The Mississippi flows from its northwestern source in the Rockies to the Gulf of Mexico.
密西西比河从落基山脉西北部的河源向墨西哥湾流动。
②Significance (意义)
The Mississippi River, also known as the “father of w aters” or “old man r iver”, is the most important and largest river of the country.
密西西比河，又称“水之父”或“老人河”，是美国最重要和最大的河流。
(2)Missouri (密苏里)
Position (位置)
from southwest Montana, join Mississippi at St. Louis
从蒙大纳西南部到圣路易斯的密西西比
(3)Ohio (俄亥俄)
①Position (位置)
From east of Pittsburgh, join Mississippi at Cairo
在开罗的匹兹堡东部流入密西西比河
②Significance (意义)
The American Ruth; coking coal; steel industry; water transportation
被称为美国鲁斯；炼焦煤，钢铁工业所在地；水上交通
(4)Colorado (科罗拉多河)
①Position (位置)
From Rocky Mountains to the Gulf of California
从落基山脉到加利福尼亚湾
②Significance (意义)
Drain; vital sources of life for the southwestern corner
排水；西南角生命的重要来源
(5)Lakes (湖泊)
Lake Superior (largest), Lake Michigan (entirely in the U.S.), Lake Huron, Lake Erie, Lake Ontario
苏必利尔湖（最大），密歇根湖（完全在美国境内），休伦湖，伊利湖，安大略湖
6. Forests (森林)
About one third of America’s land area or 750 million acres is now still forest land of which more than 500 million acres are commercial forests. Some 75%of commercial timber is produced in the eastern part of the country.
美国约有三分之一的土地面积或75亿亩现林地，其中有50多亿亩的商业森林。大约75%的商业木材产于该国东部地区。
7. Mineral Resources (矿产资源)
The United States is rich in mineral resources. It ranks among the countries with the greatest reserves of coal, iron ore and oil. It also abounds in lead, copper, zinc, gold, aluminum, phosphate rock, and silver.
美国有丰富的矿产资源。它的煤炭、铁矿石和油的储量在全球赫赫有名。它还蕴藏有大量的铅，锌，铜，金，铝，磷，和银。
8. New Problems (新的问题)
(1)Excessive explorations and large consumption have exhausted many resources that are not
renewable.
过多的挖掘和大量的消耗使得许多不可再生的资源已经枯竭了。
(2)Disappearance of the frontier deprived the nation of its safety valve provided by unrealized
cheap land.
边界的消失剥夺了未实现的廉价土地提供的安全阀。
(3)Alaska is rich in oil. But in terms of agriculture it is still an” ice box. ”
阿拉斯加有丰富的石油。但在农业方面仍然是一个“冰盒”。
(4)Now about 90 of the 100 minerals most necessary to the country are partially imported from
abroad.
这个国家最必需的90%的矿物现在都是从国外进口。
Ⅲ. National Economy and Cities (国民经济和城市)
1. General Introduction (简介)
The United States has less than 6% of the world’s population but it produces about 28% of the total world output. The U.S. currency (US dollar) is used as an international currency. Generally speaking, the U.S. economy consists of three sectors: the market sector, the corporate sector, and the public (government) sector.
美国的人口不到世界人口的6%，但它的产量占世界总产量的28%。美国的货币是一种国际货币。一般来说，美国经济由三部分组成：市场部门，企业部门，以及公共部门（政府）。
2. The Market Sector (市场部门)
What people call the market sector is composed of small businesses. They generate about 35% of the U.S. gross national product and provide some 30 million jobs for Americans.
人们所说的市场部门是由小企业组成的。他们创造了美国国民生产总值的35%，为美国人提供了大约3亿个工作岗位。
3. The Corporate Sector (公司部门)
走遍美国文本及笔记15-1
ACT 1-1 “没有特别的理由。” 【故事梗概】 Richard整日在外奔波忙碌，Marilyn在家照顾婴儿，生活缺少浪漫气息。在他们结婚五周年纪念日的前几天，Richard建议两个人把孩子托给母亲照料，到新婚时度蜜月的地方去重拾最初的欢乐。 [Richard hands Marilyn a bouquet of roses.] Marilyn: What's this for? Richard: Just because. How's the baby? Marilyn: Fast asleep. Richard: I'm sorry I missed him. I had to work late. Marilyn: What are the flowers for, Richard? Richard: Five years of happiness. Happy anniversary. Marilyn: But our anniversary isn't until Saturday. Richard: I couldn't wait. Besides, we are not going to be here Saturday. Marilyn: We're not? Richard: Uh-uh. Marilyn: Where are we going to be? Richard: If you had your choice of all the places in the world, where would you choose to spend our anniversary? Marilyn: The Watermill Inn. I loved that place when we went on our honeymoon. Richard: Perfect! You picked the right place. Marilyn: I don't understand. Richard: You and I, Mrs. Stewart, are going to spend a second honeymoon at the Watermill Inn. 【语言点精讲】 1. What's this for? 这是为什么？这是干什么？
英美文学学习笔记-The_Romantic_Period-EL1
Chapter 3 The Romantic Period-the English Literature A basic introduction to the romantic period. 1) Began in 1798 with the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge's Lyrical Ballads and to have ended in 1832 with Sir Walter Scott's death and the passage of the first Reform Bill in the Parliament. 2) what are the characxteristics of the Romantic literature? A) In poetry writing, the Romantics employed new theories and innovated new techniques, for example, the preface to the second edition of the "Lyrical Ballads"acts as a manifesto for the new school B)The Romantics not only extol the faculty of Ballads acts as a manifesto for the new school. B) The Romantics not only extol the faculty of imagination, but also elevate the concepts of spontaneity and inspiration. C) They regarded nature as the major source of poetic imagery and the dominant subject. D) Romantics also tend to be nationalistic. 3) The Romantic period is an age of poetry. Blake, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, shelley and Keats are the major Romantic poets. They started a rebellion against the neoclassical literature, which was later regarded as the poetic revolution. 4) We can say that Romanticism actually consitutes a change of direction from attention to the outer 1) Literarily Blake was the first important Romantic poet , shwoing a contempt for the rule of reason,i th l i l t diti f th 18th t d t i th i di id l'i i ti )y y g world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit. In essence it designates a literary and philosophical theory which tends to see the individual as the very center of all life and all experience.William Blake opposing the classical tradition of the 18th century, and treasuring the individual's imagination.2) The Songs of Innocence is a lovely volume of poems, presenting a happy and innocent world, though not without its evils and sufferings; his Songs of Experience paints a different world, a world of misery,poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy tone . 3) particularly the practice of selling young children into apprenticeships, a practice which provides the context for the opening lines of the "Chimney Sweeper." The two "Chimney Sweeper" poems are good examples to reveal the relation between an economic circumstance,i.e.the exploitation of child labor,examples to reveal the relation between an economic circumstance, i.e. the exploitation of child labor,and an ideological cir cumstance, i.e. the role played by religion in making people compliant to exploitation. The poem from the Songs of Innocence indicates the conditions which make religion a consolation, a prospect of "illusory happiness;" the poem from the Songs of Experience reveals the true nature of religion which helps bring misery to the poor children. 4) Blake's Marriage of Heaven and Hell marks his entry into maturity(天堂与地狱的结合一诗标志着他创作上的成熟). 5) The Bok of Urizen, The Book of Los, The Four Zoas, and Milton (尤来森之书，洛斯之书，四个左义斯，弥尔顿）。 The Tyger The Chimney Sweeper ( from Songs of Innocence/Experien ce)
常耀信《美国文学简史》(第3版)笔记和考研真题详解(9-14章)【圣才出品】
第9章地方色彩小说?马克?吐温 9.1复习笔记 I.Local Colorism（地方色彩主义） The vogue of local color fiction was the outgrowth of historical and aesthetic forces that had been gathering energy since early19th century.Local colorism as a literary trend first made its presence felt in the late1860s and early seventies.It is a variation of American literary realism. Local colorists were consciously nostalgic historians of a vanishing way of life,recorders of a present that faded before their eyes.They concerned themselves with presenting and interpreting the local character of their regions.They tended to idealize and glorify,but they never forgot to keep an eye on the truthful color of local life.Major local colorists are Bret Harte,Hanlin Garland, Harriet Beecher Stowe,Kate Chopin and Mark Twain. 地方色彩小说的流行是自19世纪早期以来历史和艺术力量凝聚的产物。作为一种文学潮流，地方色彩主义在19世纪60年代晚期和70年代早期初展头角。它是美国现实主义文学的一个分支。 地方色彩主义作家是怀念正在消逝的生活方式的历史家，他们记录了在他们眼前逝去的现在。他们致力于展示描述自己地方的特色，倾向于赞颂地方生活并将其理想化，但是他们又注意不失地方生活的真实色彩。主要的地方色彩主义作家包括布莱特·哈特、汉林·加兰德、哈里耶特·比彻·斯托、凯特·肖邦及马克·吐温等。 II.Mark Twain(1835-1910)（马克·吐温） 1.Life（生平） Mark Twain,pen name of Samuel Langhorne Clemens,is a great literary giant of America. He was brought up in the small town of Hannibal,Missouri,on the Mississippi River.He was twelve when his father died and he had to leave school.He was successively a printer’s apprentice,a tramp printer,a silver miner,a steamboat pilot on the Mississippi,and a frontier journalist in Nevada and California.This knocking about gave him wide knowledge of humanity. With the publication of his frontier tale,he became nationally famous.His first novel The Gilded Age was an artistic failure,but it gave its name to the American of the post-bellum period.The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn was his masterwork.Mark Twain was essentially an affirmative writer.But toward the latter part of his life,due to some tragic events,he changed to an almost
英美文学笔记6
美国文学史及选读（第二册）笔记 The Literature of Realism 陈银2014/4/5 Lecture 6 （Jack London） Naturalism Definition Naturalism was a new and harsher realism in the late 19th century . Naturalists dismissed the validity of comforting moral truths. They attempted to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness, presenting characters of low social and economic classes who were determined by their environment and heredity. In presenting the extremes of life, the naturalists sometimes displayed an affinity to the sensationalism of early romanticism, but unlike their romantic predecessors, the naturalists emphasized that the world was amoral, that men and women had no free will, that lives were controlled by heredity and environment, that the destiny of humanity was misery in life and oblivion in death. In American literature, Jack London , Stephen Crane, Frank Norris and Theodore Dreiser are representatives of naturalism. Themes 1. Walcutt identifies survival, determinism, violence, and taboo as key themes. 2. The "brute within" each individual, composed of strong and often warring emotions: passions, such as lust, greed, or the desire for dominance or pleasure; and the fight for survival in an amoral, indifferent universe. The conflict in naturalistic novels is often "man against nature" or "man against himself" as characters struggle to retain a "veneer of civilization" despite external pressures that threaten to release the "brute within." 3. The forces of heredity and environment as they affect--and afflict--individual lives. 4. Nature as an indifferent force acting on the lives of human beings. 5. An indifferent, deterministic universe. Naturalistic texts often describe the futile attempts of human beings to exercise free will, often ironically presented, in this universe that reveals free will as an illusion American Naturalism ?Representatives: ?Stephen Crane, Frank Norris, Jack London and Theodore Dreiser. ?These writers’ detailed description of the lives of the downtrodden and the abnormal, their frank treatment of human passion and sexuality, and their portrayal of men and women overwhelmed by blind forces of nature still exert a powerful influence on modern writers. Jack London (1876-1916) “I would rather be ashes than dust! 我宁愿化作灰烬，也不要做尘埃。 I would rather be a superb meteor, every atom of me in magnificent glow, than a sleepy and permanent planet. 我愿做一颗华丽的流星，愿我的每一颗粒都呈现那动人的光辉，而不做那沉睡并永远不灭的行星。 The proper function of man is to live, not to exist. I shall not waste my days in trying to prolong them. I shall use my time.” 人的恰当功能是活，而不是生。我不会用延长日子，把时光浪费，我要利用时间。
走遍美国文本及笔记17-1
ACT 1-1 “想让影集出版会遇到不少困难吗？” 【故事梗概】 一天晚上，Richard坐在家里的楼梯上，他在看一些他给各表演艺术中心拍摄的照片。Marilyn走下楼来，她停下脚步帮助Richard审查这一批照片。 Marilyn: What are you doing'? Richard: [He looks at his photographs.] I think I've got them. Marilyn: You think you've got what? Richard: Performing arts - performing arts centers. I think I've got them all, but I'm not sure. Marilyn: [She looks at the photographs.] I think you have got it, Richard. Lincoln Center, home of the Metropolitan Opera, the New York City Ballet, the New York Philharmonic. Richard: Shubert Alley center of the theater on Broadway. Marilyn: And Carnegie Hall. And the Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in Washington. Richard: And the Music Center in Los Angeles. And the others. I do have it all. Marilyn: You have been working on this for some time, Richard. I'm glad you feel you've finally put it all together. What now? Richard: Now for the hard part. Marilyn: Oh, you think you're going to have a hard time getting the album published? Richard: Well, it won't be easy. 【语言点精讲】 1. I think I've got them． 我认为该拍的我都拍到了。get的意思较多。这里表示“抓住了事物的本质或要点，得到了所期的收获”。
常耀信《美国文学简史》笔记和考研真题详解(美国浪漫主义 欧文 库柏)【圣才出品】
第3章美国浪漫主义欧文库柏 3.1 复习笔记 I. Overview of American Romanticism（美国浪漫主义简介） In the history of American literature, the Romantic period is one of the most important periods. It stretched from the end of the eighteenth century through the outbreak of the civil war. 美国文学中的浪漫主义时期开始于18世纪末，到南北战争爆发为止，是美国文学史上的重要阶段。 1. Background（背景） (1) A nation bursting into new life cried for literary expression. The buoyant mood of the nation and the spirit of the times seemed in some measure responsible for the spectacular outburst of romantic feeling. The literary milieu proved fertile and conductive to the imagination. Magazine appeared in ever-increasing numbers. They played an important role in facilitating literary expansion. (2) Foreign influences added incentive to the growth of romanticism. The Romantic Movement, which had flourished earlier in the century both in England
走遍美国文本及笔记19-1
ACT 1-1 “领结总是这么难打吗？” 【故事梗概】 Susan和Harry今天要结婚了。Philip, Richard和Robbie在帮助Harry打领结。但是他们似乎都不知道领结的打法。 Harry: [He looks in the mirror at his bow tie.] It looks wrong. Philip: Hmmm. It is wrong. Richard: Are they always that difficult to make? Philip: The truth is…yes. I'll try again. Robbie: At this rate, the wedding will take place tomorrow. Philip: Not to worry. OK. Here we go. [He tries again to tie Harry's bow tie.] Harry: I'm worried, Philip. What if we can't tie the tie? Richard: [joking] If we can't tie the tie, then there can't be a wedding. Robbie: You'd better not make Harry any more nervous than he is. [to Harry ] Don't worry. We'll figure a way. [Grandpa enters the room.] Grandpa: How're you doing, fellas? Harry: [nervously] Not so good, Grandpa. We can't get this bow tie tied. Nobody knows how to do it. Do you? Grandpa: No. I never could, either. 【语言点精讲】 1. He looks in the mirror at his bow tie. 他在看镜子里的领结。 bow tie: 领结，蝶形领结。 2. Are they always that difficult to make? 领结总是这么难打吗？ that: 那样，如此。that再这里起状语副词作用，相当于so，是美国人常用的非正式语言。
常耀信《美国文学简史》笔记和考研真题详解(美国戏剧)【圣才出品】
第19章美国戏剧 19.1 复习笔记 I. Overview of American drama（美国戏剧概述） American drama began in 1916 when the Provincetown Players produced Eugene O’Neil’s first play, Bound East for Cardiff. It is true that there were no great masters in the theater comparable in stature to such major figures in fiction as Melville or James, but there had been people who did spadework for the rise of American drama in the 1920s. There was a renaissance of drama in the 1920s. American drama began the process of developing itself into a department of American literature equal in significance to both poetry and the novel. The theater of the Depression was not depressing. Like other branches of literature the drama was preoccupied with social concern. The staging of Tennessee Williams’The Glass Menagerie on Broadway in 1945 was an even of unusual significance, as it marked American drama’s coming of age. The late fifties saw a temporary decline in dramatic productions, but in the next decade, American drama picked up a good deal of fresh energy. With the passage of time there has appeared the increasingly more obvious tendency to “decentralize”from Broadway with more and more plays stages Off-Broadway and Off-Off-Broadway. And from the end of the sixties.
美国文学笔记
美文学美国部分——浪漫主义时期 Part two: American Literature Chapter 1 The Romantic Period浪漫主义时期 1. From the end of the 18th century to the outbreak of he Civil War. It started with the publication of Washington Irving’s The Sketch Book and ended with Whitman’s L eaves of Grass. It is also called “the American Renaissance”.浪漫主义时期开始于十八世纪末，到内战爆发为止，华盛顿.欧文出版的《见闻札记》标志着美国文学的开端，惠特曼的《草叶集》是浪漫主义时期文学的压卷之作。（也可称为“美国德文艺复兴”） 2. The desire for an escape from society and a return to nature became a permanent convention of American literature.对逃离社会，回归自然的渴求成为美国文学的一个永恒的话题。 3. The American Puritanism as a cultural heritage exerted great influences over American moral values.美国清教作为一种文化遗产，对美国人的道德观念产生了很大的影响。 4. Besides, a preoccupation with the Calvinistic view of original sin and the mystery of evil marked the works of Hawthorne, Melville and a host of lesser writers. 在霍桑，麦尔维尔以及其他一些小作家的作品种加尔文主义的原罪思想和罪恶的神秘性都得到了充分的表现。 5. The most clearly defined Romantic literary movement in this period is New England Transcendentalism.美国浪漫主义文学运动足能标炳的是新英格兰的超验主义运动。 6. This Transcendentalist group includes two of the most significant writers America has produced so far, Emerson and his young friend, Henry David Thoreau, whose writing has a strong impact on American literature.超验主义文学的主要代表是爱默生和梭罗，他们的作品对美国文学产生了很大的影响。 7. Basically, Transcendentalism has been defined philosophically as “the recognition in man of the capacity of knowing truth intuitively, or of attaining knowledge transcending the reach of the senses.”超验主义承认“人类具有本能了解或认识真理的能力，能够超过感官获取知识”。 8. Emerson once proclaimed in a speech, “Nothing is at last sacred but the integrity of you own mind.” Other concepts that accompanied Transcendentalism include the idea that nature is ennobling and the idea that the individual is divine and, therefore, self-reliant.爱默生曾说过：“只有人心灵的尊严才是最神圣的”。超验主义还认为自然是高尚的，个人是神圣的，因此人必须自助。 9. It ranges from the comic fables of Washington Irving to the Gothic tales of Edgar Allen Poe, from the frontier adventures of James Fenimore Cooper to the narrative quests of Herman Melville, from the psychological romances of Nathaniel Hawthorne to the social realism of Rebecca Harding.美国浪漫主义时期的小说富有独创性，多样性，与华盛顿.欧文的喜剧性寓
美国文学简史名词解释定义
American Puritanism: Puritanism was a religious reform movement that arose within the Church of England in the late sixteenth century. Under siege from church and crown, it sent an offshoot in the third and forth decades of the seventeenth century to the northern English colonies in the New World--- a migration that laid the foundation for the religious, intellectual, and social order of New England, Puritanism, however,was not only a historically specific phenomenon coincident with the founding of New England; it was also a way of being in the world---a style of response to lived experience---that has reverberated through American life ever since. Doctrinally, Puritans adhered to the Five Points of Calvinism as codified at the Synod of Dort in 1619:(1) unconditional election ( the idea that God had decreed who was damned and who was saved from before the beginning of the world); (2) limited atonement ( the idea that Christ died for the elect only); (3) total depravity (humanity's utter corruption since the Fall); (4) irresistible grace (regeneration as entirely a work of God, which cannot be resisted and to which the sinner contributes nothing); and (5) the perseverance of the saints (the elect, despite their backsliding and faintness of heart , cannot fall away from grace). American Dream: The American Dream is the faith held by many in the United States of America that through hard work, courage, and determination one can achieve a better life for oneself, usually through financial prosperity. These were values held by many early European settlers, and have been passed on to subsequent generations. Nowadays the American Dream has led to an emphasis on material wealth as a measure of success and\ or happiness. Gothic tradition: Gothic novel or Gothic romance is a story of terror and suspense, usually set in a gloomy old castle or monastery. In an extended sense, many novels that do not have a medievalized setting, but which share a comparably sinister, grotesque, or chaustrophobic atmosphere have been classed as Gothic. It contributed to the new emotional climate of Romanticism. Historical novel: a novel in which the action takes place during a specific historical period well before the time of writing ( often one or two generations before, sometimes several centuries), and in which some attempt is made to depict accurately the customs and mentality of the period. The central character---real or imagined---is usually subject to divided loyalties within a larger historic conflict of which readers know the outcome. The pioneers of this genre were Walter Scott and James Fenimore Cooper American Romanticism:Romanticism refers to an artistic and intellectual movement originating in Europe in the late 18th century and characterized by a heightened interest in nature, emphasis on the individual's expression of emotion and imagination, departure from the attitudes and forms of classicism, and rebellion against established social rules and conventions. The romantic period in American literature stretched from the end of the 18th century through the outbreak of the Civil
常耀信《美国文学简史》笔记和考研真题详解(纽约派诗人 沉思型诗歌 黑山派诗人)【圣才出品】
第22章纽约派诗人?沉思型诗歌?黑山派诗人 22.1 复习笔记 I. The New York School（纽约派诗人） 1. Features of the New York School（纽约派诗歌的特点） The so-called New York School became well known with the publication of Donald Allen’s 1960 anthology. The poets of the New York School were different in their separate pursuits, but their poetry reveals something they shared in common. (1) For one thing, they were all vehemently up against the dominant New Critical values such as the impersonal presentation of images, and tried to assert their individual poetic voice. (2) They also introduced the popular and the low features of life into their writings like popular songs, comic strip figures, and Hollywood movies. (3) Thirdly, they exhibited a huge sense of humor, offering room as their poems did for elements like the vulgar and the sentimental. (4) Finally, they experimented with Surrealism, for a while. 所谓的纽约派是随着唐纳德·艾伦1960年发表的文集而出名的。纽约派诗人的追求各异，但他们的诗歌都有相同的特点。