英国文学史
多选
1. Romance, which uses verse or prose to describe the adventures and life of the knigh
ts, is the popular literary form in ___C _. A. Romanticism B. Renaissance
C. medieval period
D. Anglo-Saxon period
2. Among the great Middle English poets, Geoffrey Chaucer is known for his producti on of___D
A. Piers Plowman
B. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
C. Confessio Amantis
D. Th
e Canterbury Tales
3. Generally, the Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th cent uries, its essence is____D___.
A. science
B. philosophy
C. arts
D. humanism
5. Which of the following statements best illustrates the theme of Shakespeare…s Sonn et 18? C
A. The speaker eulogizes (praise) the power of
B. The speaker satirizes human vanity
C. The speaker praises the power of artistic creation
D. The speaker meditates on man …s salvation
6. ―The Fairy Queen‖ is the masterpiece written by__C__. A. John Milton B. Geoffr ey Chaucer C. Edmund Spenser D. Alexander Pope
7. Which of the following work did Bacon NOT write? D
A. Advancement of Learning
B. Novum Organum
C. De Augmentis
D. Areopagitica
8. The most distinguished literary figure of the 17th century was
（B） who was a critic, poet, and playwright.
A. Oliver Goldsmith
B. John Dryden
C. John Milton
D. S.T. Coleridge
9. Which of the following has / have associations with John Donne…s poetry? B
A. reason and sentiment
B. conceits and wits
C. the euphuism
D. writing in the rhymed couplet
10. Henry Fielding has been regarded by some as ―___B___‖, for his contribution to the
establishment of the form of the modern novel. A. Best writer of the English novel B. The father of English novel
C. The most gifted writer of the English novel
D. conventional writer of English nove l
11. John Milton…s masterpiece—Paradise Lost was written in the poetic style of __ B _.
A. rhymed stanzas
B. blank verse
C. alliteration
D. sonnets
12. The Houyhnhnms depicted by Jonathan Swift in Gulliver…s Travels are ____A_.
A. horses that are endowed with reason
B. pigmies that are endowed with admirable qualities
C. giants that are superior in wis dom
D. hairy, wild, low and despicable creatures, who resemble human beings not only in
appearance but also in some other ways 13. Gothic novels are mostly stories of___C_ ____, which take place in some haunted or dilapidated Middle Age castles. A. love an d marriage B. sea adventures
C. mystery and horror
D. saints and martyrs
14. William Wordsworth, a romantic poet, advocated all the following EXCEPT __D_
A. the use of everyday language spoken by the common people
B. the expression of t he spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings
C. the use of humble and rustic life as s ubject matter
D. the use of elegant wording and inflated figures of speech
15. Charles Dic kens… works are characterized by a mingling of ___A____ and pathos.
A. humor
B. satire
C. passion
D. metaphor
16. In __B____ …s hands, ―dramatic monologue‖ reaches its maturity and perfection.
A. Alfred Tennyson
B. Robert Browning
C. William Shakespeare
D. George Eliot
18. The bard of imperialism was
（B）, who glorified the colonial expansion of Great Britain in his
works.
A. R. L. Stevenson
B. Rudyard Kipling
C. H. G. Wells
D. Daniel Defoe
19. ―art for art…s sake‖ was put forth by ___A___.
A. aestheticism
B. naturalism
C. realism
D. neo-romanticism
20. Which of the following is taken from John Keats…―Ode on a Grecian Urn‖? D
A. ―I fall upon the thorns of life! I bleed!‖
B. ―They are both gone up to the church to pray.‖
C. ―Earth has not anything to sho w more fair.‖
D. ―Beauty is truth, truth beauty.‖
43. Gothic novels are mostly stories of__C___, which take place in some haunted or d ilapidated
Middle Age castles. A. love and marriage B. sea adventures C. mystery and horror D. saints and martyrs
44. ―The father of English novel‖ is ___A_______.
A. Henry Fielding
B. Daniel Defoe
C. Jonathan Swift
D. John Donne
45. The greatest Scottish poet in the pre-romanticism is ____D____.
A. William Wordswoth
B. Oliver Goldsmith
C. Thomas Gray
D. Robert Burns
46. ___A___ is written by William Blake, a great poet in the pre-romanticism.
A. The Songs of Innocence
B. Reliques of Ancient English poetry
C. Songs and Sonnets
D. Kubla Khan
47. The Rights of Man, a pamphlet, was written by __D____, in which he advocated t hat politics
was the business of the whole mass of common people and not only of a government oligarchy.
A. John Milton
B. Jonathan Swift
C. Robert Burns
D. Thomas Paine
48. William Wordsworth， a romantic poet，advocated all the following EXCEPT (D).
A. the use of everyday language spoken by the common people
B. the expression of t he spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings
C. the use of humble and rustic life as s
ubject matter
D. the use of elegant wording and inflated figures of speech
49. Which of the following is taken from John Keats…―Ode on a Grecian Urn‖? D
A. ―I fall upon the thorns of life! I bleed!‖
B. ―They are both gone up to the church to pray.‖
C. ―Earth has not anything to sho w more fair.‖
D. ―Beauty is truth，truth beauty.‖ 50. ―If Winter comes，can Spring be far behind.‖ is an epigrammatic line by D
A. John Keats
B. William Blake
C. William Wordsworth
D. P. B. Shelley
51. ―Ode on a Grecian Urn‖ shows the contrast between the___B___ of art and the__ __ of
human passion.
A. Glory, ugliness
B. permanence, transience
C. transience, sordidness
D. glory, perm anence
52. One of the great essay writers of the early 19th century is B
A. Jane Austen
B. Charles Lamb
C. Walter Scott
D. George Eliot
53. Tales form Shakespeare was written by ___D__.
A. Charles Lamb
B. William Hazlitt
C. Charles Lamb and Mary Lamb
D. Wordsworth and Coleridge
54. Charles Dickens… works are characterized by a mingling of ____A___ and pathos.
A. humor
B. satire
C. passion
D. metaphor
55. In Chapter III of Oliver Twist, Oliver is punished for that ―impious and profane o ffence of
asking for more‖. What did Oliver ask for more? A. More time to play B. More food t o eat C. More books to read D. More money to spend
56. In ___B___ …s hands, ―dramatic monologue‖ reaches its maturity and perfection.
A. Alfred Tennyson
B. Robert Browning
C. William Shakespeare
D. George Eliot
57. The success of Jane Eyre is not only because of its sharp criticism of the existing s ociety, but
also due to its introduction to the English novel the first __D____ heroine. A. explorer B. peasant C. worker
D. governess 家庭女教师
58. The three trilogies of __A___ …s Forsyte novels are masterpieces of critical realis m in the early
20th century.
A. John Galswortry
B. Arnold Bennett
C. James Joyce
D. H. G. Wells
59. The Victorian Age was largely an age of___C___ eminently represented by Dicke ns and
Thackeray.
A. poetry
B. drama
C. novel
D. prose
61. The work __B___ written by Alfred Tennyson was about the question of higher ed ucation of women.
A. Crossing the Bar
B. The Princess
C. Break, Break, Break
D. Ulysses
65. A typical Forsyte, according to John Galsworthy, is a man with a strong sense of__
_A____,
who never pays any attention to human feelings. A. property B. justice C. morality D. humor
66. ____D__is considered to be the best-known English dramatist since Shakespeare，and his
representative works are plays inspired by social criticism. A. Richard Sheridan B. Oli ver Goldsmith C. Oscar Wilde
D. George Bernard Shaw
67. ―art for art…s sake‖ was put forth by _A_____.
A. aestheticism
B. naturalism
C. realism
D. neo-romanticism
68. James Joyce is the author of all the following novels EXCEPT___B_____.
A. Dubliners
B. Jude the Obscure
C. A portrait of the Artist as a Young Man
D. Ulysses
1. In 1066, ____, with his Norman army, succeeded in invading and defeating England.
A. William the Conqueror
B. Julius Caesar
C. Alfred the Great
D. Claudius
2. In the 14th century, the most important writer (poet) is ____ .
A. Langland
B. Wycliffe
C. Gower
D. Chaucer 3. The prevailing form of Medieval English literature is ____.
A. novel
B. drama
C. romance
D. essay 4. The story of ___ is the
culmination of the Arthurian romances.
A. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
B. Beowulf
C. Piers the Plowman
D. The Canterbury Tales 5. William Langland?s ____ is written in the form of a dream vision.
A. Kubla Khan
B. Piers the Plowman
C. The Dream of John Bull
D. Morte d?Arthur
6. After the Norman Conquest, three languages existed in England at that time. The N ormans spoke _____.
A. French
B. English
C. Latin
D. Swedish
7. ______ was the greatest of English religious reformers and the first translator of th
e Bible.
A. Langland
B. Gower
C. Wycliffe
D. Chaucer
8. Piers the Plowman describes a series of wonderful dreams the author dreamed, thro ugh which, we can see a picture of the life in the ____ England. A. primitive B. feud al C. bourgeois D. modern
9. The theme of ____ to king and lord was repeatedly emphasized in romances.
A. loyalty
B. revolt
C. obedience
D. mockery
10. The most famous cycle of English ballads centers on the stories about a legendary outlaw called _____.
A. Morte d?Arthur
B. Robin Hood
C. The Canterbury Tales
D. Piers th e Plowman
11. ______, the “father of English poetry” and one of the greatest narrative poets of E ngland, was born in London in about 1340.
A. Geoffrey Chaucer
B. Sir Gawain
C. Francis Bacon
D. John Dryden 12. Chauce r died on October 25th, 1400, and was buried in ____.
A. Flanders
B. France
C. Italy
D. Westminster Abbey 13. Chaucer?s earlies t work of any length is his _____, a translation of the French Roman de la Rose by Ga illaume de Lorris and Jean de Meung, which was a love allegory enjoying widespread popularity in the 13th and 14th centuries not only in France but throughout Europe.
A. The Romaunt of the Rose
B. “A Red, Red Rose”
C. The Legend of Good W omen
D. The Book of the Duchess
14. In his lifetime Chaucer served in a great variety of occupations that had impact on the wide range of his writings. Which one is not his career? ____. A. engineer B. c ourtier C. office holder D. soldier E. ambassador F. legislator (议员)
15. Chaucer composes a long narrative poem named _____ based on Boccaccio?s poe m “Filostrato”.
A. The Legend of Good Women
B. Troilus and Criseyde
C. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
D. Beowulf
Key to the multiple choices： 1-5 ADCAB 6-10 ACBAB 11-15 ADAAB
简答题
1.Metaphysical poetry: Metaphysical poetry is a kind of realistic, often ironic and wi tty, verse combining intellectual ingenuity and psychological insight written partly in r eaction to the conventions of Elizabethan love poetry by such seventeenth-century po ets as John Donne, George Herbert, Richard Crashaw, Thomas Traherne, and Andrew Marvell. One of its hallmarks is the metaphysical conceit, a particularly arresting and ingenious type of metaphor.
2. In your opinion, why does Satan in Paradise Lost choose the Garden of Eden for his battlefield? (7 points)
Answer: 1) Paradise Lost was written by John Milton. (1points)
2) The Garden of Eden is the most perfect of spot ever created by God (2 points)
3) There live in innocent bliss God…s masterpiece, the first man and woman, Adam and Eve, who are allowed by God to enjoy /revel in the supreme beauties of Paradise, provided they do not eat the fruit that grows on the tree of the knowledge of good and evil; (3 point) 4) Satan desires to tear them away from the influence of God and to m ake them instrumental in his struggle against God…s authority. (1 point)
4.Write a summery of Pride and Prejudice and make a short comment on the theme.
the main plot（7分；主要情节表述不全或不连贯者酌情扣分）and result (1分)； (Unfortunately for the Bennets, if Mr. Bennet dies their house will be inherited by a distant cousin whom they have never met, so the family's future happiness and se curity is dependant on the daughters making good marriages. Life is uneventful until t
he arrival in the neighborhood of the rich gentleman Mr. Bingley, who rents a large ho use so he can spend the summer in the country. Mr. Bingley brings with him his sister and the dashing (and richer) but proud Mr. Darcy. Love is soon in the air for one of th e Bennet sisters, while another may have jumped to a hasty prejudgment. For the Ben net sisters many trials and tribulations stand between them and their happiness, includ ing class, gossip and scandal.)Theme: exploration of the marriage, property and intrig ue between the main and minor characters; delicate probing of the values of gentry/ m arriage, class, money) 5) grammar and structure (3分).
5. What are the characteristics of metaphysical玄学派poetry? (定义见1)
答：①（用语）the diction is simple, the imagery is from the actual,② (形式)the form is frequently an argument with the poet…s beloved, with god, or with hims elf.③（主题：love, religious, thought）④Artistic features: conceits or imagery奇思妙喻 and syllogism三段论
6. What the theme of "I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud"?
答： Theme:1.Nature embodies human beings in their diverse circumstance. It is n ature that give him ―streng th and knowledge fullof peace‖ 2.It is bliss to recolled the beauty of nature in poet mind while he is in solitude.
7. What does ―West Wind mean in Shelley…s Ode to the West Wind?
The author express his eagerness to enjoy the boundless freedom from the reality. Co mpare the west wind to destroyer of the old who drives the last signs of life from the t rees, and preserver of the new who scatter the seads shich sill come to life in the sprin g. This is a poem about renewal, about the wind blowing life back into dead things, i mplying not just an arc of life (which would end at death) but a cycle, which only start s again when something dies.
术语Terms
1. Popular ballads: a story hold in 4-line stanzas with second and fourth line rhymed. Ballads are anonymous narrative songs that have been preserved by oral transmission .
2. Enlightenment: Enlightenment is an intellectual movement in Europe in 18th cent ury.
It was an expression of the struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism. The enlighte ners fought against class inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other feudal survivals. It was so called because it considered the chief means for the betterment of the society was the ―enlightenment‖ or ―education‖ of the people.
3. Sentimentalism: it came into being as a result of a bitter discontent on the part of certain enlighteners in social reality. (The representatives of
sentimentalism continued to struggle against feudalism but they vaguely sensed at the
same time the contradictions of bourgeois progress that brought with it enslavement and ruin to the people. ) The philosophy of the enlighteners, through rati onal and materialistic in its essence, did not exclude sences, or sentiments, as a means of perception and learning. Moreover, the cult of nature and , a cult of a "natural man" whose feelings display themselves in a most human and natural manner, contrary to t he artful and hypocritical aristocrats.
4. Neo-classicism（古典主义）:
It was initiated by Dryden, culminated in Pope and continued by Johnson. Neo-classic ists modeled themselves on classical, ancient Greek and Latin authors. They wanted t o achieve perfect form in literature. They general tended to look at social and political life critically. They emphasize on intellect rather than imagination. They observed fix ed laws and rules in literary creation. Poets preferred heroic couplet. In drama, they ad hered to three unities, time, place and action. They emphasized on the didactic functio n of literature.
5. Realism: Realism is a mode of writing that gives the impression of recording or ref lecting‖ faithfully an actual way of life. The term refers, sometimes confusingly, both t o a literary method based on detailed accuracy of description (i. e. verisimilitude) and to a more general attitude that rejects idealization, escapism, and other extravagant qu alities of romance in favor of recognizing soberly the actual problems of life.
6. Gothic novel: (哥特式小说)
Gothic novel, a type of romantic fiction that predominated in the late eighteenth centu ry, was one phase of the Romantic movement. It is futile to struggle against one's fate. The mysterious element plays an enormous role in the Gothic novel;it is so replete wit h bloodcurdling scenes and unatural feelings that it is justly called "a novel of horror". Its principal elements are violence, horror, and the supernatural.
7. Lake poets:（湖畔诗人）
refer to the first generation of romanticism including Wordsworth Coleridge and Sout hey. They once lived around the lake districts and traversed the similar attitude toward literature, politics and society, beginning as radicals and ending in conservatives.
8. Romanticism is a movement that flourished in literature, philosophy, music and art in Western culture during most of the nineteenth century, beginning as a revolt agains t classicism. There have been many varieties of Romanticism in many different times and places. Many of the ideas of English romanticism were first expressed by the poet s William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge.
9. Dramatic monologue is a type of poem writing style in which a character, at some specific and critical moment, addresses an identifiable but silent audience, thereby uni ntentionally revealing his or her essential temperament and personality.
10. Aestheticism: 唯美主义
The basic theory of the Aesthetic movement is ―art for art…s sake‖. Aestheticism plac es art above life, and holds that life should imitate art, not art imitate life. According t o the aesthetes, all artistic creation is absolutely subjective as opposed to objective. Ar t should be free from any influence of egoism. Only when art is for art…s sake, can it b e immortal. This was one of the reactions against the materialism and commercialism of the Victorian industrial era, as well as a reaction against the Victorian convention of art for morality…s sake, or art for money…s sake. The representatives are Oscar Wilde a nd Walter Pater.
11. Stream of consciousness: a kind of style with a carefully modulated poetic flow a nd brought into prose fiction something of the rhythms and the imagery of lyric poetry.
易考话题
1.圣经创世神话与世俗创世神话的区别：
1，《圣经》创世神话中，创造宇宙和人类的神是男性，而且完全像个家长。而在世俗神话中，创造人和世界的神往往是女性，或有女性神参与，而且常常伴随有性交的隐喻或暗指。
女娲补天（the goddess mending the sky）
女娲这类神都很关怀、呵护人类。而圣经里的上帝严格要求人追随他，遵守他的法律，发洪水来绝灭人类，形象截然不同。
2，《圣经》的创世神话中，男性上帝是使用语言来创造了世界，也就是说，他把世界万物用话“说”了出来。
《圣经》的创世神话中隐含的社会和政治内容：
伊甸园the Garden of Eden并非彻底意义的超然世界，人类初始的故事已经涉及到一系列与他们存活相关的话题，比如生死、劳作、政治和经济等，这些内容在开天辟地之初都已经有了埋伏。
3，上帝创世还牵涉到男女平权的问题。
指出死亡是对人类的惩罚，给与了人类超越死亡、回归上帝的可能。超越无意义的来回生死循环，把握自己命运，在人生中做出一点业绩的一种心理安慰。
使人类更能承受精神痛苦，满足人类心理需求，使人类能够通过信仰弥补种种遗憾，并且承受生活中的平庸与重负。
2.中西方神话差异
一、起源不同
中国神话起源于各个部族的图腾崇拜totemism，历史悠久，始祖神和天神合一，每个部族都有自己的始祖神，所以在中国无法找到一个统治神界的至高无上的神，而西方神话产生较晚，而且不同于中国的农耕文化的海洋文化，各氏族融合较好，形成一个完整统一的神界体系。
二、神的形象和变化不同
1、中国神开始经常是人兽beast的结合体，体现对图腾的崇拜。西方神话大部分神是以完美人的形象出现，是人格化的神。
2、变化不同，中国的神有从男性向女性变化、从半人半兽向全人转变的趋势，而西方神话很少有这种情况；
三、本性不同
1、中国神话强调团体意识和奉献精神，西方神话个性张扬、强调原欲original desire。
2、中国神话更注重实用性，西方神话更注重灵魂救赎。
根本上讲不同是由于中国人强调个体应服从整体、西方更注重自我价值的区别，造成了神话的不同。
3.诺亚方舟
Noah's Ark is the vessel, which, according to the Book of Genesis, was built by the Pa triarch Noah at God's command to save himself, his family and the
world's animals from a worldwide deluge. The narrative features in a number of Abra hamic religions including Judaism, Christianity and Islam.The biblical account, told i n the Book of Genesis 6-9, tells how God sends a great flood to destroy the earth beca use of man's wickedness and because the earth is corrupt. God tells Noah, a righteous man in his generation, to build a large vessel to save his family and a representation of the world's animals. God gives detailed instructions for the Ark, and after its completi on, sends the animals to Noah. God then sends the Flood which rises until all the mou ntains are covered and every living thing died. Then "God remembered Noah," the wa ters abate, and dry land reappears. Noah, his family, and the animals leave the Ark, an
d God enter a covenant to never again send a flood to destroy th
e Earth.
4.巴别塔Babel
巴别塔故事首先讲的是城市文明的开端。
建造塔Under Construction，1，为张扬名声，即人类的存在,2，塔有指点方向之义。3，人类不想分散，想集中和团结起来。4，要让塔通天，要能接到天上。
“巴别塔”从另一个意义上可以看作是人类第一个乌托邦理想。
语言的双重性，是沟通的工具，又是分裂割离的手段。
后现代主义的多元解读无一不是在强调语言的重要性。声称语言之外没有存在。多元论pluralism挑战了存在决定意识（existence determines consciousness）的观点。巴别塔故事是世界多元化的开端。
在巴别塔故事中，人类争取协调一致的努力却反讽地走向了相反的方向。这个努力造成了最大的分裂，这个故事讲的是人类不认识自己的局限性，以为可以主宰一切。因此，人类要知道自己在自然里的地位，不要狂妄。巴别塔的故事，也显示了人类的局限和改变现实的艰难。
5.远大前程
(1) Expectations (dreams)
1. ill-founded illusions and final disillusions
2. Those characters who dream the most, hope the most, and plan the most are ultimately wounded the most by their dreams, hopes, and plans. Likewise, when characters realize their dreams, they do not find the happiness that they expected.
3. Cinderella pattern (with god-mother or father, prince or princess, unexpected help and sudden change of fate, and final union of the prince and princess)
(2) Society and Class
In the world of this novel, society is divided among class lines, creating impenetrable barriers between social classes.
Society enforces strict boundaries between classes, lifestyles, and regions, making it nearly impossible for people to move between these designations.
When characters attempt to break through these barriers, they only find loneliness and loss.
(3) Growing up
Pip?s development from an innocent, honest and sympathetic boy to a vain, selfish, snobbish young gentleman and finally to disillusioned, experienced grown-up.
The painful experience in the struggle to grow up, to “climb up”or to succeed in the commercialized world.
Three stages of human development: Innocence, experience and higher stage of
innocence
This is a process of both gaining and losing.
(4) Revenge (love turned into hatred)
Love is closely tied to hatred, and, therefore, to revenge and to destruction.
Humiliated and heartbroken, Miss Havisham was determined to make a revenge against the man who jilted her on the day of her wedding. In her plan of revenge, she brought up Estella as a beautiful, cold-hearted weapon of revenge upon all male folk in the world. The seeking of revenge is considered a worthless pursuit. It is shown that revenge not only harms the life of the individual seeking it but also the lives of those who have not harmed the revenge seeker in any way.
大三_英国文学史(绝对标准中文版)
英国文学源远流长，经历了长期、复杂的发展演变过程。在这个过程中，文学本体以外的各种现实的、历史的、政治的、文化的力量对文学发生着影响，文学内部遵循自身规律，历经盎格鲁-撒克逊、文艺复兴、新古典主义、浪漫主义、现实主义、现代主义等不同历史阶段。下面对英国文学的发展过程作一概述。 一、中世纪文学（约5世纪-1485） 英国最初的文学同其他国家最初的文学一样，不是书面的，而是口头的。故事与传说口头流传，并在讲述中不断得到加工、扩展，最后才有写本。公元5世纪中叶，盎格鲁、撒克逊、朱特三个日耳曼部落开始从丹麦以及现在的荷兰一带地区迁入不列颠。盎格鲁-撒克逊时代给我们留下的古英语文学作品中，最重要的一部是《贝奥武甫》（Beowulf），它被认为是英国的民族史诗。《贝奥武甫》讲述主人公贝尔武甫斩妖除魔、与火龙搏斗的故事，具有神话传奇色彩。这部作品取材于日耳曼民间传说，随盎格鲁-撒克逊人入侵传入今天的英国，现在我们所看到的诗是8世纪初由英格兰诗人写定的，当时，不列颠正处于从中世纪异教社会向以基督教文化为主导的新型社会过渡的时期。因此，《贝奥武甫》也反映了7、8世纪不列颠的生活风貌，呈现出新旧生活方式的混合，兼有氏族时期的英雄主义和封建时期的理想，体现了非基督教日耳曼文化和基督教文化两种不同的传统。 公元1066年，居住在法国北部的诺曼底人在威廉公爵率领下越过英吉利海峡，征服英格兰。诺曼底人占领英格兰后，封建等级制度得以加强和完备，法国文化占据主导地位，法语成为宫廷和上层贵族社会的语言。这一时期风行一时的文学形式是浪漫传奇，流传最广的是关于亚瑟王和圆桌骑士的故事。《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》（Sir Gawain and the Green Knight，1375-1400）以亚瑟王和他的骑士为题材，歌颂勇敢、忠贞、美德，是中古英语传奇最精美的作品之一。传奇文学专门描写高贵的骑士所经历的冒险生活和浪漫爱情，是英国封建社会发展到成熟阶段一种社会理想的体现。 14世纪以后，英国资本主义工商业发展较快，市民阶级兴起，英语逐渐恢复了它的声誉，社会各阶层普遍使用英语，为优秀英语文学作品的产生提供了条件。杰弗利·乔叟（Geoffrey Chaucer， 1343-1400）的出现标志着以本土文学为主流的英国书面文学历史的开始。《坎特伯雷故事》（The Canterbury Tales）以一群香客从伦敦出发去坎特伯雷朝圣为线索，通过对香客的生动描绘和他们沿途讲述的故事，勾勒出一幅中世纪英国社会千姿百态生活风貌的图画。乔叟首创英雄诗行，即五步抑扬格双韵体，对英诗韵律作出了很大贡献，被誉为"英国诗歌之父".乔叟的文笔精练优美，流畅自然，他的创作实践将英语提升到一个较高的文学水平，推动了英语作为英国统一的民族语言的进程。 二、文艺复兴时期文学（15世纪后期-17世纪初） 相对于欧洲其他国家来说，英国的文艺复兴起始较晚，通常认为是在15世纪末。文艺复兴时期形成的思想体系被称为人文主义，它主张以人为本，反对中世纪以神为中心的世界观，提倡积极进取、享受现世欢乐的生活理想。托马斯·莫尔（Thomas More， 1478-1535）是英国最主要的早期人文主义者，他的《乌托邦》（Utopia）批评了当时的英国和欧洲社会，设计了一个社会平等、财产公有、人们和谐相处的理想国。Utopia现已成为空想主义的代名词，但乌托邦是作者对当时社会状况进行严肃思考的结果。《乌托邦》开创了英国哲理幻想小说传统的先河，这一传统从培根的《新大西岛》（The New Atlantis）、斯威夫特的《格列佛游记》（Gulliver's Travels）、勃特勒的《埃瑞璜》（Erewhon）一直延续到20世纪
英国文学史及选读 复习要点总结概要
《英国文学史及选读》第一册复习要点 1. Beowulf: national epic of the English people; Denmark story; alliteration, metaphors and understatements (此处可能会有填空,选择等小题 2. Romance (名词解释 3. “Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”: a famous roman about King Arthur’ s story 4. Ballad(名词解释 5. Character of Robin Hood 6. Geoffrey Chaucer: founder of English poetry; The Canterbury Tales (main contents; 124 stories planned, only 24 finished; written in Middle English; significance; form: heroic couplet 7. Heroic couplet (名词解释 8. Renaissance(名词解释 9.Thomas More—— Utopia 10. Sonnet(名词解释 11. Blank verse(名词解释12. Edmund Spenser “The Faerie Queene” 13. Francis Bacon “essays” esp. “Of Studies” (推荐阅读,学习写正式语体的英文文章的好参照,本文用词正式优雅,多排比句和长句,语言造诣非常高,里面很多话都可以引用做格言警句,非常值得一读 14. William Shakespeare四大悲剧比较重要,此外就是罗密欧与朱立叶了,这些剧的主题,背景,情节,人物形象都要熟悉,当然他最重要的是 Hamlet 这是肯定的。他的sonnet 也很重要,最重要属 sonnet18。 (其戏剧中著名对白和几首有名的十四行诗可能会出选读 15. John Milton 三大史诗非常重要,特别是 Paradise Lost 和 Samson Agonistes。对于 Paradise Lost 需要知道它是 blank verse写成的,故事情节来自 Old Testament,另外要知道此书 theme 和 Satan 的形象。
英国文学史作品作者
Geoffrey Chaucer: the legend of good women 良妇传说the house of fame 名誉堂 the parliament of fowls 百鸟会Troilus and Cressie 特罗勒斯与克莱西 the Canterbury tales 坎特伯雷故事集 Thomas More Utopia Edmund Spenser the fairy queen William Shakespeare four great tragedies: Hamlet Othello king Lear Macbeth Four great comedies: the merchant of Venice a midsummer night’s dream twelfth night 第十二夜as you like it 皆大欢喜 Francis Bacon the advancement of learning 学术的进展the Novum Organum 求学之新器the De Augmentis 新工具essays 随笔Maxims of the Law 法律准则 Reading on the Stature of Uses 谈使用法则Of Studies 论读书 John Donne the flea 跳蚤 John Milton paradise lost 失乐园 John Bunyan the pilgrim’s progress 天路历程 John Dryden all for love an essay of dramatic poesy Daniel Defoe Robinson Crusoe 鲁宾逊漂流记 Jonathan swift a tale of a tub 木桶的故事the battle of books 书战 a modest proposal 一个小小的建议Gulliver’s travels 格列佛游记 William Blake poetical sketches 诗歌札记songs of innocence 天真之歌 Songs of experience 经验之歌prophecies 预言the lamb the chimney sweeper The marriage of heaven and hell 天堂与地狱的婚姻 Robert burns a red red rose auld Lang Syne 友谊地久天长 William Wordsworth lines composed a few miles above tinterm abbey 丁登寺 The prelude 序曲the excursion 漫游sonnets 十四行诗 I wandered lonely as a cloud composed upon Westminster bridge She dwelt among the untrodden ways 她在人迹罕至的路边 The solitary reaper 孤独的割麦女 Samuel Taylor Coleridge the rime of the ancient mariner 古舟子咏 Christabel 克里斯塔贝尔Kubla khan 忽必烈汗 George Gordon Byron childe Harold’s pilgrimage 恰尔德哈罗德游记Cain 该隐 Don Juan 唐璜she walks in beauty when a man hath no freedom to fight for at home Percy Bysshe Shelley queen Mab 麦布女王the Cenci 钦契Prometheus unbound 解放了的普罗米修斯ode to the west wind in defense of poetry 诗辩 John Keats on first looking into Champman’s homer 初读查普曼译荷马史诗 Endymion 恩底弥翁ode to a nightingale ode to a Grecian um 希腊古瓮颂 Lamia, Isabella, the eve of st. Agnes, and other poems 女妖、伊莎贝尔、圣爱尼节前夜及其他Jane Austen sense and sensibility 理智与情感pride and prejudice 傲慢与偏见persuasion 劝导Emma 艾玛Mansfield park 曼斯菲尔德庄园Northanger abbey 诺桑觉寺 Charles Dickens sketches by boz 博兹札记Pickwick papers 匹克威克外传Oliver twist 奥利弗退斯特Nicholas nickleby 尼古拉斯尼克贝old curiosity shop 老古玩店 Bamaby rudge 巴纳比拉奇American notes 旅美札记martin chuzzlewit 马丁朱兹尔维特A Christmas carol 圣诞颂歌the chimes 钟声the cricked 炉边的蟋蟀dombey and son 董贝父子David Copperfield 大卫科波菲尔bleak house 荒凉山庄hard times 艰难时世Little dorrit 小杜丽 a tale of two cities 双城记great expectations 远大前程
(完整)英国文学史知识点,推荐文档
一、The Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066) 1、这个时期的文学作品分类：pagan(异教徒) Christian(基督徒) 2、代表作：The Song of Beowulf 《贝奥武甫》( national epic 民族史诗) 采用了隐喻手法 3、Alliteration 押头韵（写作手法） 例子：of man was the mildest and most beloved, To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise. 二、The Anglo-Norman period (1066-1350) Canto 诗章 1、romance 传奇文学 2、代表作：Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (高文爵士和绿衣骑士) 是一首押头韵的长诗 三、Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) 杰弗里.乔叟时期 1、the father of English poetry 英国诗歌之父 2、heroic couplet 英雄双韵体：a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韵) lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格) 3、代表作：the Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷的故事(英国文学史的开端) 大致内容：the pilgrims are people from various parts of England, representatives of various walks of life and social groups. 朝圣者都是来自英国的各地的人,代表着社会的各个不同阶层和社会团体 小说特点：each of the narrators tells his tale in a peculiar manner, thus revealing his own views and character. 这些叙述者以自己特色的方式讲述自己的故事，无形中表明了各自的观点，展示了各自的性格。 小说观点：he believes in the right of man to earthly happiness. He is anxious to see man freed from superstitions(迷信) and a blind belief in fate(盲目地相信命运). 他希望人们能从迷信和对命运的盲从中解脱出来。 4、Popular Ballads 大众民谣：a story hold in 4-line stanzas with second and fourth line rhymed(笔记) Ballads are anonymous narrative songs that have been preserved by oral transmission(书上). 歌谣是匿名叙事歌曲,一直保存着口头传播的方式
英国文学史及作品选读
英国文学史及作品选读 （模拟试题二） Ⅰ. Multiple Choice（1′×20=20分） 1．______can be justly termed England’s national epic. A. The Canterbury Tales B. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight C. The Song of Beowulf D. The Romance of the Rose 2. Among of the following dramas, which is one of Shakespeare’s four tragedies? A.Macbeth B.As You Like it C. Twelfth Night D. The Merchant of Venice 3. _______ is called as “ father of English novels” A. William Shakespeare B. Christopher Marlowe C. Daniel Defoe D.John Donne 4. It was ____who made blank verse the principal vehicle of expression in drama. A. Thomas Wyatt B. William Shakespeare C. Edmund Spenser D. Christopher Marlowe 5. Absoulute monarchy in England reached its summit during the reign of ____, especially Britain’s sea power was established. A.James I B. Henry VIII C. Queen Elizabeth D. Charles I 6. Hamlet, the most popular of Shakespeare's plays for readers and theater audiences, tells about the story of Hamlet, Prince of _______, and son of the dead king, who seeks revenge for his father’s death. A. England B. Norway C. Scotland D. Denmark 7. Which comment on John Donne is wrong? A. He is the leading figure of metaphysical poetry. B. His poetry is characterized by mysticism and peculiar conceit. C. John Donne’s poetry is characterized regularity among irregularity D. He never shows positive attitude towards love. 8. Robinson Crosue can be termed as____. A. a self-dependent person B. a person with colonial mind C. an adventuous person D. all of the above 9. Robert Burns is the representative of _____. A. Sentimentalism B. Pre-Romanticism C. Romanticism D. English Renaissance 10. William Blake’s ____ paint a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy tone. A.Poetical Sketches B. The Book of Thel C. Songs of Experience D. Songs of Innocence 11. The notorious “Peterloo Massacre” happened in _____. A. English Romantic period B. English Renaissance C. period of Restoration D. Neo-classical period 12. Lyrical Ballads are made by ____. A. Wordsworth and Shelley B. Wordsworth and Southey C. Wordsworth and Coleridge D. Shelley and Byron 13. According to____, poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings which originates in emotion and recollected in tranquillity.
(完整)最全面英国文学史知识点总结,推荐文档
英国文学史 I. Old English Literature & The Late Medieval Ages
英国文学史
Charlotte Bronte 24 Charlotte’s works are all about the struggle of an individual consciousness towards self-realization, about some lonely and neglected young women with a fierce longing for love, understanding and a full, happy life. In her mind, man’s life is composed of perpetual battle between sin and virtue, good and evil. Besides, she is a writer of realism combined with romanticism. On one hand, she presents a vivid realistic picture of the English society by exposing the cruelty, hypocrisy and other evils of the upper classes, and by showing the misery and suffering of the poor. On the other hand, her writings are marked throughout by an intensity of vision and of passion. Idylls of the King 53 Idyll is a short poem describing an incident of country life in terms of idealized innocence and contentment, or any such episode in a poem or prose work. The term is virtually synonymous with pastoral poem. The title of Tennyson’s Idylls of the King, a sequence of Arthurian romance, bears little relation to the usual meaning. The Ring and the Book 64 The publication of the Ring and the Book established Browning’s position as one of the greatest English poets. My Last Duchess 63 Dramatic monologue is a kind of poem in which a single fictional or historical character other than the poet speaks to a silent “ audience” of one or more persons. Such poems reveal not the poet’s own thoughts but the mind of the impersonated character, whose personality is revealed unwittingly. It is in Browning’s hands that this poetic form reaches its maturity and perfection. “ Pippa Passes”, “ My Last Duchess,”The Bishuop Orders His Tomb”, “ The Ring and the Book” What does Wordsworth’s poem “ the Solitary Reaper” tell us about Romanticist? 1To romanticists. Poetry i s an expression of an individual’s feelings and experiences no matter how fragmentary and momentary these feelings and experiences are. 2 Romanticists take delight only in sound effect, the theme of a work is not their concern. 3Romanticists are not patient people; they would leave before the revelation of the theme. 4 Poetry should present the apparent and tangible. 2. The Romantic period is an age of poetry. Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron and Keats are the major poets. They started a rebellion against the neoclassical literature, which was later regarded as _______. A. the poetic romance B. the poetic movement C. the poetic revolution D. the poetic reformation 4. William Wordsworth, a romantic poet, advocated all the following except __________. the using of everyday language spoken by the common people the expression of the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings the humble and rustic life as subject matter elegant wording and inflated figures of speech
浅谈比较文学论文范文
浅谈比较文学论文范文 摘要：“语言”和“文学”这两个术语是韦斯坦因视为决定学科独立与否的关键性词汇，“语言”和“文学”将比较文学集成为立体浑成的有机体，既有历时的发展脉络，也有共时的彼此观照，呈现出稳定中的变化、变化中的稳定色彩。 关键词：比较文学;语言 一、“文学”之维和“语言”一样 “文学”/“文学性”也是韦斯坦因确立比较文学研究对象的重要一环。在完成了什么算是“比较的”文学的回答之后，对于什么样的文学可以进入比较文学研究，韦斯坦因也作了深入细致的探讨。在韦斯坦因看来，“文学”/“文学性”也和“语言”一样，有着丰饶的立体构成和深邃的理论价值，它既指文学和比较文学研究的对象范畴，也指研究对象所具有的美学价值和学术价值。在其重要理论著作《比较文学与文学理论》中，韦斯坦因对“文学”作了言简意赅的探讨:在英语和法语中，“文学”一词原来是“学 问”learning或者“博学”eruditi on的意思。例如，伏尔泰谈到夏普兰时，就说他有“渊博的学问”une littérature immense。直到18 世纪，研究的焦点才从主观的人转到了客观的作品上。但即便在这一较晚的发展阶段，文学所包括的还是所有出版物，不管它们在实质上是什么类型的作品在英、法、德诸语言中，“文学”常常用来指那些非文学的作品。 在 18 世纪，非功利的作品常常被称为“诗”poesy或诗类。直到 19 世纪，才将实用性作品与非实用性作品作了系统的区分。只有当这种区分获得了普遍性的时候，“文学”才获得其真正的含义。正如西蒙?格诺在《七星百科辞典》的序言中告诉我们的，“在搞技术的人们逐渐把他们的专业提到科学这一高度”的时代，“文学是与功能性地使用书面语言完全不同的写作方式”。但我们不应忘记，直到世纪之交，诺贝尔文学奖还多次授予那些杰出的自然科学家和哲学家呢。由上，韦斯坦因总结，文学可分为“科学的”和“美学的”两部分里面也有像科幻小说这种属于两可的情况，但是，因为有诸如历史小说、散文、日记、自传等杂交类型的出现，这一领域往往不能划出准确的界限。他说:“从理论上讲，如果希望充分考虑文学研究，就应当限制研究非文学现象，而集中探讨文学现象。但在实际研究中，不可避免地要把研究的范围扩展到文学界限之外。” 韦斯坦因主张一种“收”与“放”两相结合的“文学”研究。所谓“收”，是指他对“文学”范围的考察和规范，他所强调的立基于文学基础上的比较研究，他的“文学”研究所指，乃为出色的语言艺术品和文学性相结合的作品，而非一切文字作品，韦斯坦因和韦勒克一样，强调文学艺术品的美学价值，他说:“文学研究如果降格成为材料的堆砌，它就丧失了尊严，因为不再判断其美学价值了。”所以他认为，研究莎士比亚戏剧的历史渊源，应该是英国文学史家和批评家关注的题目;研究《高老头》中金钱的作用，则是传奇学者和经济史学家感兴趣的题目。此外，他将尼采定位为“诗人”，认为他可以进入文
英国文学史资料汇编
I. Old English Literature & The Late Medieval Ages
英国文学史名词解释
1. Ballad(民谣) A ballad originally is a song intended as an accompaniment to a dance or a popular song. In the relatively recent sense, now most widely used, a ballad is a single, spirited poem in short stanzas, in which some popular story is graphically narrated. The ingredients of ballads usually include a refrain, stock descriptive phrases, and simple, terse dialogue. 2. Alliteration(头韵) It refers to a repeated initial consonant to successive words and it is the most striking feature in its poetic form. In alliterative verse, certain accented words in a line begin with the same consonant sound. There are generally 4 accents in a line, three of which show alliteration, and it is the initial sound of the third accented syllable that normally determiners the alliteration. In old English verse, alliteration is not an unusual or expressive phenomenon but a regular recurring structural feature of the verse. 3. Sonnet (十四行诗) It is a poem of 14 lines (of 11 syllables in Italian and 10 in English), typically in rhymed iambic pentameter. Sonnets characteristically express a single theme or idea. The sonnet was introduced to England by Sir T. Wyatt and developed Henry Howard (Earl of Surrey) and was thereafter widely used notably in the sonnet sequences of Shakespeare, Sidney, and Spenser. 4. Tragedy(悲剧) The word is applied broadly to dramatic works in which events move to a fatal or disastrous conclusion. It is concerned with the harshness and apparent injustice of life. Often the hero falls from power and his eventual death leads to the downfall of others. The tragic action arouses feelings of awe in the audience. 5. Lyric(抒情诗) As a genre, it was the tradition of popular song flourishing in all the medieval literatures of Western Europe. In England lyric poems flourished in the Middle English period, and in the 16th century, heyday of humanism. This tradition was enriched by the direct imitation of ancient models. During the next 200 years the links between poetry and music was gradually broken, and the term “lyric” came to be applied to short poems expressive of a poet’s thoughts or feelings. 6. Epic(史诗) It is a poem that celebrates in the form of a continuous narrative the achievements of one or more heroic personages of history or tradition. Among the great epics of the world may be mentioned the Iliad, Odyssey, Aeneid, and Paradise Lost. 7. Renaissance(文艺复兴) The word “renaissance” means rebirth or revival. It is commonly applied to the movement or period of great flowering of art, architecture, politics, and the study of literature, usually seen as the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the Modern worn world. It came about under the influence of Greek and Roman models. It began in Italy in the late 14th century, reached the highest development in the early 16th century, and spread to the rest of Europe in the 15th century and afterwards. Its emphasis was humanist: that is , on regarding the human figure and reason without a necessary relating of it to the superhuman.