英文essay outline怎么写(附上范例)
撰写essay之前，好的outline对你撰写正文内容具有很强的指导作用。不管你要撰写的是什么类型的文章，outline 都是非常必要（通常情况下也是必须的）。接下来的内容对撰写提纲有很大帮助。
1.明确文章的主旨。
一篇文章都有其所要表达主旨。选择一个最终主旨不仅能引导你主题的方向，还有助于你有逻辑的组织文章。比如你在写论文，写下能够概括文章主旨的中心思想，以帮助你确定主旨：
?比较和对照两个事物。
?列出因果
?阐明或分析一个特殊方面
?列出单个或两者的论证
?提供证据并得出结论
?列出问题然后提供解决方案
2.收集辅助材料。
这些被收集来的材料可能来自引用他人成果、数据统计、理论、实验结果等。通过收集材料，明确这些材料使用，这些东西可能会体现在essay outline中。
3.决定如何安排辅助论证来支撑主旨。
举例：如果你在呈现一个历史概述，你可以按年代来排序；如果你在辩论文学方面内容，你可能要按主题排序；如果你处在某观点立场的两级徘徊时，你可以先列出和你立场有矛盾的证据，然后用反论证消除达到有说服力的结果。
4.撰写主题提纲或者句子提纲。
如果文章非常灵活多变，那么你可以用利用一些短语作为主题大纲；用句子大纲阐述细节。
?一般来说你可以尝试先用主题提纲来开始你的提纲撰写，然后再逐步转变成句子提纲。
5.确定主要类别。
根据文章的主旨和找到的辅助材料来决定把全文的大主题分散整理到不同逻辑类别。这些类别将会被标记成罗马数字来形成提纲的第一步。
?当写文章时，通常会用一个大点去代表一个段落：比如，一、文章的开头段，二、主体段落的第一段，等等。例如，如果描写飞机历史发展史的概论，每一个大点就该包括各个飞机历史上的时期。
6.确定论点。
每个分类至少想两个论点，根据你文章的主旨和你之前收集的论据材料来选择你的分论点。这些分论点就是你提纲的第二个层级。一般它们是用英文字母标示的。（比如A、B、C 等等）
?让你的第二层级比你的第一层级缩进1.27到2.54厘米
?还是用飞机发展史历史的例子，每一个分点就可以描写那个时代的发动机型号
7.根据需要确定中心论点的分论点。
如果有必要的话，你可以在中心论点上确定分论点。这么做会最大化你文章的逻辑性。再把这些分论点放在你提纲的第三层，并用阿拉伯数字标示。（1、2、3、4 等等）
?为了方便标识，你可以在下一层用小写罗马字符（i、 ii、 iii、 iv等等），接着用小写英文字母（a、b、 c、d等等），最后可以用回阿拉伯数字（1、2、3、4，等等）
?在写提纲时基本上不需要四个层级。如果出现这类状况，试着合并论点。
8.把材料放进提纲里。
通过使用罗马数字的分级来整理你的分类，论点和分论点以便向读者阐明你的主旨。
经过上面几部，essay outline基本成型了。先忙提供一篇essay outline范文供参考！
essay outline 范例
I. Thesis: Japanese theater rose from a popular to elite and then returned to a popular art form. ?II. Early theatrical forms
A. Bugaku
B. Sarugaku
C. Primitive Noh
D. Authors and Audience
?III. Noh theater
A. Authors
B. Props
1. Masks
a. women
b. demons
c. old men
2. Structure of Stage
C. Themes
1. Buddhist influence
2. The supernatural
D. Kyogen interludes
E. Audience
IV. Kabuki
A. Authors
B. Props
1. make-up
2. special effects
C. Themes
1. Love stories
2. Revenge
D. Audience
V. Bunraku (puppet) theater
A. Authors
B. Props
C. Themes
1. Love stories
2. Historical romances
D. Audience
VI. Conclusion
汉字六种构字法
一、象形 《说文解字》：“象形者，画成其物，随体诘（jié）诎（qu），日月是也。”根据实物 的形状，画出实物外形的特征。 象形是汉字造字之基础。汉字的造字从图画开始。指事、会意，形声都是在象形的基 础上进行变化的。 象形字在《说文解字》中有364个。如：日、月、车，牛、虎、犬、止、目、人、女、行、贝、鼎、皿眉、高、夕，自,齿,瓜、羊、舟。 象形字多为名词，动词形容词很少。实物中有些形状难画，而有些抽象意义又画不出来，有很大局限性，于是“指事”方法就产生了。 正面象形：大、目、自 侧面象形：女、马、人、虎、高 俯视象形：车、舟
仰视象形：日、月 特征象形：牛、羊、止 底面象形：燕、（逆） 二、指事 《说文解字》：“指事者，视而可识，察而见意，上下是也。”看字的形状可以知道某种实物形状，再仔细观察指点的部分就知道字的含意了。 指事字，《说文解字》中收集了129字，如：上,下,中,亦（腋）、厷（肱）、本、 末、朱,寸、刃,甘,。
三、会意 《说文解字》：“会意者，比类合谊，以见指（hui），武信是也。”将两个字合为一个字，呈现新的意义。会意造字比指事造字要广泛一些，《说文解字》中共收1167个， 比指事字多1038个。 会意字又分两类： 1、象形会意。 如秉、及、友、休、并、莫、斗、执、武、牧、看、饮、初、典、毓、依、安、北、 突。
2、象义会意。 如信、男、明、劣、尘、森 四、形声 《说文解字》：“形声者，以事为名，取譬相成，江河是也。”按事设形，再取谐声合成。特总是形旁表义，声旁标音，注入了音标的成分，给造字提供了广阔的空间。《说文解字》收形声字7697个，占字的大多数。形声字是汉字从表意走向表音的突破。 1、形声字的形旁有提示字义的功能，帮助人们理解字义。如
英文summary写作范例
Article Children Must be Taught to Tell Right from Wrong William Kilpatrick Many of today 's young people have a difficult time seeing any moral dimension （ 道德层 面 ） to their actions. There are a number of reasons why that 's true, but none more prominent than a failed system of education that eschews （ 回避 ） teaching children the traditional moral values that bind Americans together as a society and a culture. That failed approach, called “decision - making, ” was introduced in schools 25 years ago. It tells children to decide for themselves what is right and what is wrong. It replaced “character education. （ 品格教 育 ）” Character education didn 't ask children to reinvent the moral wheel （ 浪费时间重新发明早已存 在的道德标准）; instead, it encouraged them to practice habits of courage, justice and self-control. In the 1940s, when a character education approach prevailed, chewing gum; today they worry about robbery and rape. Decision-making curriculums pose thorny （ 棘手的 ） ethical dilemmas to students, with the impression that all morality is problematic and that all questions of right and wrong are in dispute. Youngsters are forced to question values and virtues they 've never acquired in the first place or upon which they have only a tenuous （ 薄弱的 ） hold. The assumption behind this method is that students will arrive at good moral conclusions if only they are given the chance. But the actual result is moral confusion. For example, a recent national study of 1,700 sixth- to ninth-graders revealed that a majority of boys considered rape to be acceptable under certain conditions. Astoundingly, many of the girls agreed. This kind of moral illiteracy is further encouraged by values-education （价值观教育 ） programs that are little more than courses in self-esteem （ 自尊 ）. These programs are based on the questionable assumption that a child who feels good about himself or herself won 't want to do anything wrong. But it is just as reasonable to make an opposite assumption: namely, that a child who has uncritical self-regard w ill conclude that he or she can 't do anything bad. Such naive self-acceptance results in large part from the non-directive （ 无指导性的 ）, non-judgmental （ 无是非观的 ）, as-long-as-you-feel-comfortable-with-your-choices mentality （ 思 想） that has pervaded （ 渗透） public education for the last two and one-half decades. Many of today 's drug education, sex education and values -education courses are based on the same 1960s philosophy that helped fuel the explosion in teen drug use and sexual activity in the first place. Meanwhile, while educators are still fiddling with （ 胡乱摆弄 ） outdated “feel - good ” approaches, New York, Washington, and Los Angeles are burning. Youngsters are leaving school believing that matters of right and wrong are always merely subjective. If you pass a stranger on the street and decide to murder him because you need money —if it feels right —you go with that feeling. Clearly, murder is not taught in our schools, but such a conclusion —just about any conclusion —can be reached and justified using the decision-making method. It is time to consign （ 寄出 ） the fads （风尚 ） of “decision - making ” and “non- judgmentalism ” to the ash heap of failed policies, and return to a proved method. Character education provides a much more realistic approach to moral formation. It is built on an understanding that we learn morality not by debating it but by practicing it. Sample teachers worried about students leaving them
英语即兴演讲稿范文_非常精彩【精品】
英语即兴演讲对演讲人员的英语水平要求较高，这就需要演讲人员在平常的学习生活中进行大量的英语知识积累。下面是为大家整理了英语即兴演讲稿，欢迎大家阅读。 Good evening ,Ladies and Gentlemen: Thank you very much for choosing to e in such a cold night.Today my topic is about choice and process.A research shows that a man has to make 73 choices one day.With so many choices one day, people easily get so confused and afraid of making wrong choice that they hesitate and finally miss the true part of life. In my opinion, the following part is of much more importance than the choice. There is no absolute right or wrong choice but wonderful or boring life, which the process makes the difference. Life is a box of chocolate,you never know what you will get. Forrest Gump made no decision by and for himself but he ac plished great success with his strong will in the process. The process is not the road itself but the attitudes and feelings ,the caution, courage and persistance we have as we encounter new experience and unexpected obstacles. Take myself as an example, I changed my major when I became a postgraduate. After the choice,days have been harsh for me.I cannot understand the new lessons at all. For they are closely related to mathmatics which I learned nothing about before. However wuth the belief that this is the great chance for me to experience new ideas and challenge myself,I persisted. I asked for help from every channel and re onized my life. Gradually I could understand some parts and even found maths interesting.Moreover, I learned to act instead of plaining. In retrospect,the choice left no trace in my mind but the happiness and bitterness of the past four months be es an unf etable experience in my life. We should learn to stick to our life no matter how difficult the life is and we should learn to love others .It is the flim tellsx me . It is a story talks about a black girl named Precious .Precious isx fat and not beautiful. Her bad temped mother never workx, always cheated others to relieve her ,and atex while watching TV all day.What is worse ,Precious was only 16,but she had pregnant for twice .Out of assumption ,her child is her farther ''s child .Living in this life ,she alawys imagine to avoid facing her life .Fortunately,with the help and careneof the teacher and doctor ,her life became not so bad . Precious has a tough life ,and if she gives up her life and does not join the adult cation ,she will not meet the teacher and her life may not be changed .When we xfaced with the difficulty x,avoidingx is not a good way for us. It can not solve the problems.What we need to do is that analying the cause and trying to changed our place .So we should be brave and face the trap directly.
summary 范文
Original: My neighbor's children love playing hide-and-seek as all children do, but no one imagine that a game they played last week would be reported in the local newspaper. One afternoon, they were playing in the vacant lot down the corner. Young Paul, who is only five years old, found the perfect place to hide. His sister, Natalie, had shut her eyes and was counting to ten when Paul noticed the storage mail box at the corner and saw that the metal door was standing open. The mailman had just taken out several sacks of mail and had carried them to his truck which was standing at the curb a few feet away. Paul climbed into the storage box and pulled the door closed so hard that it locked. Soon realizing what he had done, he became frightened and started crying. Meanwhile, Natalie was looking for him everywhere but could not find him. It was lucky that she happened to pause at the corner for a minute and heard her brother's cries. She immediately ran to tell the mailman who hurried back from his truck to unlock the metal door. Paul was now free, but he had had such a bad scare that he could not stop crying. The mailman, however, soon found a way of making him laugh again. He told him that the next time he wanted to hide in a mail box, he should remember to put a stamp on himself! Summary: The children were playing hide-and-seek in a vacant lot one afternoon. Finding that the storage mailbox had been left open, Paul hid and locked himself in it accidentally. His sister, Natalie, heard his cries and realized where he was hiding, so she immediately told the mailman to unlock the metal door. After letting him out, the mailman made him stop crying by telling him to put a stamp on himself the next he wanted to hide in a mailbox. Original: Why do some animals die out? In the past two hundred years people have caused many kinds of animals to die out--to become extinct. People keep building houses and factories in fields and woods. As they spread over the land, they destroy animals' homes. If the animals can't find a place to live, they die out. Sixteen kinds of Hawaiian birds have become extinct for this reason. Other animals, such as the Florida Key deer, may soon die out because they are losing their homes.Hunters have caused some animals to become extinct, too. In the last century, hunters killed all the passenger pigeons in North America and most of the buffalos. Today they are fast killing off hawks and wolves. Pollution is killing many animals today, too. As rivers become polluted, fish are poisoned. Many die. Birds that eat the poisoned fish can't lay strong, healthy eggs. New birds aren’t born. So far, no animals have become extinct because of pollution. But some, such as the bald eagle and the brown pelican, have become rare and may die out. Scientists think that some animals become extinct because of changes in climate. The places where they live become hotter or cooler, drier or wetter. The food that they eat cannot grow there any more. If the animals can't learn to eat something else, they die. Dinosaurs may have died out for this reason. Summary:
英文即席演讲稿范例
Impromptu speech topics range from topic issues of video clips and cartoon pictures to general statement, quotations, and questions similar to the writing tests ones in TOEFL or IELTS. The following are student impromptu speech samples. Read or listen to it carefully and summarize the ways of composing effective impromptu speech. Video topic issue Has the Internet narrowed or increased the distance between people? Why? ----Bu Yang 2002 （决赛2分钟） OK. I'm gonna first tell you a story. Last year, I was working for a media company. Whenever I check my in the office, I get a lot of s from all around the world. I get s from people who live on the other side of the globe, from the other side of the earth, but I also get s from people who's just sitting on the other side of my office. I bring up this example because I believe it shows well the advantages and disadvantages the Internet serves as a tool for people communicating. Of course, if two people are very distant away from one another, when they are very far away from one another, is a very important powerful tool. The Internet serves as a very good powerful tool. If you need to tell the other person something, you just type in words and write an . And then, within seconds, the is sent to the other side of the earth. That's, of course, very powerful.But when people are sitting so close, they are living so close to one another, it's not a large distance, we shouldn't use Internet so much as a communicating tool. Take my example that I mentioned earlier, employers, they have to send s back and forth even when they are sitting in the same office, when they are supposed to walk just a few steps away and tell the other person what they would like to tell them. But they, instead, send s. And we have to check the every now and then because every five minutes or every ten minutes we get information to tell us what we are supposed to do. Of course, what this will lead us to is low efficiency when you are working, also not concentrated when you are working. It also leads to a communication breakdown. Cartoon topic issue What do you think of cosmetic surgery? Is it a good thing or a bad thing? -----Hu Minxia 2003 （决赛1分钟） It’s an interesting topic, isn’t it? Here firstly, I would like to define cosmetic surgery. By cosmetic surgery, we exclude those who are severely injured or burned and have to receive medical treatments. We only refer to those who are physical healthy and just want to look better by
七年级上册语文 汉字六书(六种造字法)
国学之六书 根据字体的构形及书写风格，汉字的字体演变主要经历了甲骨文、金文、小篆、隶书、楷书、草书、行书几个发展阶段。 六书是汉字构字的基本原理： 在《周礼》中就提到了六书，只是没有说明具体内容。到了东汉，许慎在《说文解字》中，详细阐述了“六书”构造原理：象形、指事、会意、形声、转注、假借。 ①象形。象形是描绘事物形状的造字法。象形字是独体字，不能再拆开分析。它在汉字中占得数量不多，但却是构成汉字的基础。 ②指示：指示就是用象征性符号或在象形字上加提示符号来表示某个字的造字法。指示字同象形字一样，也是独体字。 ③会意：会意是用两个或两个以上的独体字根据意义之间的关系合成一个字，综合表示这些构字成分合成的意义，这种造字法叫会意。 出——出去一看，山外有山。明——日月齐照，大放光明。 尖——上小下大，形似山尖。休——一人倚树，立足休息。 采——手在树上，采摘东西。林——乔木丛生，成为树林。 众——三人团结，众志成城。艳——色彩丰富，鲜艳美丽。 尘——小土为尘，尘土飞扬。灾——室中失火，酿成火灾。 裕——有衣有谷，富裕之家。苗——田间长草，植物幼苗。 掰——用手分物，掰为两截。泪——眼睛流水，泪水汪汪。 功——出工有力，就会成功。歪——不端不正，东倒西歪。 ④形声：由表示字义类属的偏旁和表示字音的偏旁组成新字，这种造字法叫形声。用形声法造出的字就是形声字，现代汉字大部分是形声字。 大致有八种类型： 左形右声（河、冻）、右形左声（功、期）、上形下声（芳、爸）、下行上声（货，贷）、外形内声（囤、匣）、内形外声（问、闻）、形占一角（栽、飓）、声占一角（厅、旗）。 ⑤转注：指同一部首内读音相近而且字义基本相同的字互相解释，互相借用。如：“老”和“考”。 ⑥假借：指本来没有这个字，按它的读音，借用一个同音字来代替。如“反”和“返”。对于字形的考察包括：根据拼音写汉字、仿写汉字、改正错别字等。
一篇英语summary范文英语Summary写
一篇英语summary范文英语Summary写第一步：阅读 A.认真阅读给定的原文材料。如果一遍不能理解，就多读两遍。阅读次数越多，你对原文的理解就越深刻。 B.给摘要起一个标题。用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子作为标题。也可以采用文中的主题句作为标题。主题句往往出现在文章的开头或结尾。一个好标题有助于确定文章的中心思想。 C.现在，就该决定原文中哪些部分重要，哪些部分次重要了。对重要部分的主要观点进行概括。 D.简要地记下主要观点——主题、标题、细节等你认为对概括摘要重要的东西。 第二步：动手写作 A. 摘要应该只有原文的三分之一或四分之一长。因此首先数一下原文的字数，然后除以三，得到一个数字。摘要的字数可以少于这个数字，但是千万不能超过这个数字。
B. 摘要应全部用自己的话完成。不要引用原文的句子。 C. 应该遵循原文的逻辑顺序。这样你就不必重新组织观点、事实。 D. 摘要必须全面、清晰地表明原文所载的信息，以便你的读者不需翻阅原文就可以完全掌握材料的原意。 E. 写摘要时可以采用下列几种小技巧： 1) 删除细节。只保留主要观点。 2) 选择一至两个例子。原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子，你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。 3) 把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子，那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可。 4) 避免重复。在原文中，为了强调某个主题，可能会重复论证说明。但是这在摘要中是不能使用的。应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。
5) 压缩长的句子。如下列两例： “His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.” 可以概括为：”He was very brave in battle.” “He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.”可以概括为：“He was in financial difficulties.” 6) 你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。请看下面的例子： “Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Mount Huang, were visited by only a few people in the past. Today, better wages, holidays with pay, new hotels on these mountains, and better train and bus services, have brought them within reach of many who never thought of visiting them ten years ago.”
英语主题即兴演讲稿大全
英语主题即兴演讲稿大全 ----WORD文档，下载后可编辑修改---- 下面是小编收集整理的范本，欢迎您借鉴参考阅读和下载，侵删。您的努力学习是为了更美好的未来！ 英语主题即兴演讲稿篇一no love among relatives has become a normal phenomenon which needn't to be fussed about. what's worse is when love is contaminated by money. sooner or later we will get hurt. the sooner we get out of this net of love, the more we can preserve beautiful memories. we are not living in vacuum, and the society is formed of various kinds of people. as long as we want to live, study, or work, we have to contact, communicate and cooperate with others. those who enjoy common interests, mutual understanding, common undertakings and common benefits become friends. some friends are called fair-weather friends, because they are together just for entertaining themselves by eating, drinking, and gossiping. once there's nothing to eat and drink, their friendship is finished. some are spiritual friends who share common ambitions, pursuits and education. “t hey enjoy talking and laughing with the great talents and never make friends with the good-for-nothings”. the best examples would be yu boya and zhong ziqi of the ancient times who are famous
英文Summary写作方法、范例及常用句式
摘要是对一篇文章的主题思想的简单陈述。它用最简洁的语言概括了原文的主题。写摘要主要包括三个步骤：（1）阅读；（2）写作；（3）修改成文。 第一步：阅读 A．认真阅读给定的原文材料。如果一遍不能理解，就多读两遍。阅读次数越多，你对原文的理解就越深刻。 B．给摘要起一个标题。用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子作为标题。也可以采用文中的主题句作为标题。主题句往往出现在文章的开头或结尾。一个好标题有助于确定文章的中心思想。C．现在，就该决定原文中哪些部分重要，哪些部分次重要了。对重要部分的主要观点进行概括。 D．简要地记下主要观点——主题、标题、细节等你认为对概括摘要重要的东西。 第二步：动手写作 A. 摘要应该只有原文的三分之一或四分之一长。因此首先数一下原文的字数，然后除以三，得到一个数字。摘要的字数可以少于这个数字，但是千万不能超过这个数字。 B. 摘要应全部用自己的话完成。不要引用原文的句子。 C. 应该遵循原文的逻辑顺序。这样你就不必重新组织观点、事实。 D. 摘要必须全面、清晰地表明原文所载的信息，以便你的读者不需翻阅原文就可以完全掌握材料的原意。 1 / 19
E. 写摘要时可以采用下列几种小技巧： 1) 删除细节。只保留主要观点。 2) 选择一至两个例子。原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子，你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。 3) 把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子，那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可。 4) 避免重复。在原文中，为了强调某个主题，可能会重复论证说明。但是这在摘要中是不能使用的。应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。 5) 压缩长的句子。如下列两例： “His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.” 可以概括为：”He was very brave in battle.” “He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.” 可以概括为：“He was in financial difficulties.” 6) 你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。请看下面的例子：“Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Mount Huang, were visited by only a few people in the past. Today, better wages, holidays with pay, new hotels on these mountains, and better train and bus services, have brought them within reach of many who never thought of visiting them ten years ago.” 2 / 19
最新演讲稿之英语即兴演讲万能素材
英语即兴演讲万能素材 【篇一：英语演讲比赛即兴演讲最佳模版】 英语演讲比赛即兴演讲最佳模版 education should be equally devoted to eiching the personal lives of students and to training students to be productive workers. 教育应该平衡的一方面丰富学生的个人生活，一方面把学生培养成训练有素的工作者。 in my view, preparing students for the mundane aspects of work should be secondary to providing a broader education that equips students with historical and cultural perspective, as well as thoughtful and principled personal value systems and priorities. 1.one reason why educators should emphasize personal eichment over job preparation is that rote technical knowledge and skill do not help a student determine which goals in life are worthwhile and whether the means of attaining those goals are ethically or morally acceptable. 2.another reason why educators should emphasize personal eichment over job preparation is that specific knowledge and skills needed for jobs are changing more and more quickly. 3.a third reason why educators should emphasize personally eiching course work—particularly anthropology, sociology, history, and political philosophy—is that these courses help students understand, appreciate and respect other people and their viewpoints.