2015年宁波大学考博英语真题及详解(A卷)【圣才出品】
2015年宁波大学考博英语真题及详解（A卷）
SectionⅠUse of English
In terms of the evolution of life on Earth,human beings have just arrived.(1)_____their short time on Earth,however,people have brought about enormous changes to the surfaces of the planet--changes far out of(2)_____to the interval of time they have(3)_____it.
With the(4)_____of intelligence and manual skill,people have found ways to use plant and animal resources,mineral ores,fuels,and so on.As the number of people on Earth increases,it becomes increasingly difficult for the population to survive(5)_____the resources of the land. The amount of land is limited.Although agricultural production can be promoted by use of (6)_____such as tractors and the addition of fertilizer,the land(7)_____can produce only so much food and no more.As human population grows,people(8)_____more.
People are only a very small(9)_____of all the living things on the planet.Yet their numbers create a(10)_____on resources that can’t be(11)_____.For example,the amount of water on Earth is limited;this water is(12)_____through natural processes.However,the natural processes for(13)_____can clean only a certain amount of water.(14)_____,a limited number of petroleum can be found under the Earth’s surface.
All natural systems tend toward(15)_____among opposing factors or forces.Human activities can cause or(16)_____permanent changes in natural systems.The(17)_____smoke from thousands of factories has caused enormous air pollution.Cleaning this smoke has exceeded the protective ability of natural processes.The forests cannot clean the air fast enough. The twentieth century began with powerful countries competing to take(18)_____of the Earth.
(19)_____an outcome of their hunger,the Earth was abused.Now that people are no longer
(20)_____of the causes of the sickness of our planet,they seek ways to rescue the Earth.
1.[A]For
[B]Despite
[C]In
[D]Owing to
2.[A]control
[B]step
[C]date
[D]proportion
3.[A]established
[B]occupied
[C]damaged
[D]influenced
4.[A]cooperation
[B]commission
[C]combination
[D]competition
5.[A]on
[B]by
[D]of
6.[A]mechanics
[B]mechanism
[C]machinery
[D]manufacture
7.[A]ultimately
[B]previously
[C]currently
[D]thereby
8.[A]produce
[B]consume
[C]distribute
[D]design
9.[A]friction
[B]freight
[C]frame
[D]fraction
10.[A]drift
[B]drip
[C]drain
[D]drill
11.[A]repaired
[B]renewed
[C]repelled
[D]repeated
12.[A]produced
[B]circulated
[C]cleaned
[D]reduced
13.[A]filtering
[B]filling
[C]fulfilling
[D]figuring
14.[A]Conversely
[B]Likewise
[C]Nevertheless
[D]Therefore
15.[A]future
[B]extreme
[C]limit
[D]balance
16.[A]accelerate
[B]induce
[D]facilitate
17.[A]individual
[B]subsequent
[C]deliberate
[D]collaborative
18.[A]care
[B]advantage
[C]account
[D]charge
19.[A]To
[B]In
[C]As
[D]In spite of
20.[A]tolerant
[B]aware
[C]ignorant
[D]resistant
【答案与解析】
1.B short time和enormous changes形成对比，表示语意上的转折，因此用despite，意思
为“尽管”。句意为，尽管人类在地球上的时间还很短，但是已经给地球带来翻天覆地的变化。
2.D固定短语out of proportion，表示“不成比例”。out of control失去控制。out of step步
调不一致。out of date过期的，废弃的。
3.B occupy占据；居住。establish建立。damage破坏。influence影响。句意为，人类对地
球造成了巨大的变化，变化和人类在地球所居住的时间远不成比例。
4.C combination结合。cooperation合作。commission委员会；佣金。competition竞争。
句意为，随着智慧和手工技能的结合。
5.A固定短语survive on，表示“以……为生”。句意为，人类靠土地资源越来越难以生存下
去。
6.C machinery机械；机器。mechanics力学；结构。mechanism机制。manufacture制造；
产品。空格后的“such as tractors”提示此处需填入机器（machinery）。
7.A句意为，土地最终只能产出那么多粮食。ultimately最终地。previously过去地。currently
当前地。thereby因此。
8.B句意为，随着人口增长，人们消耗的越来越多。consume消耗。produce生产。distribute
分发。design设计。
9.D句意为，人们只是地球上生物的一小部分。fraction小部分。friction摩擦。freight货运；
运费。frame框架。
10.C句意为，人类造成了不可再生资源的枯竭。drain耗尽。drift漂流。drip水滴。drill
钻孔；训练。
11.B renew再生。repair维修。repel击退；抵制。repeat重复。文中是说资源不可再生，
因此选B项。
12.C下一句中提到，“can clean only...”提示此处应填cleaned。句意为，水是通过自然过
程来净化的。
13.A句意为，自然过滤过程只能净化一定量的水。filter过滤。fill充满。fulfill实现。figure
计算。
14.B句意为，同样地，在地球表面可以发现少量的石油。likewise同样地。conversely相反
地。nevertheless然而。therefore因此。
15.D句意为，在各种对立的因素和力量中，所有的自然系统都趋向于平衡。balance平衡。
future未来。extreme极端的。limit局限。
16.A句意为，人类活动可以造成或加速自然系统中的永恒变化。accelerate加速。induce
诱导，引起。eliminate消除。facilitate促进。
17.D空格后的from thousands of factories提示此处需填入collaborative（合作的，协同的）。
individual个体的。subsequent后来的。deliberate故意的。
18.A固定短语take care of表示“照顾，关心”。take advantage of利用。take account of考
虑到；顾及。take charge of接管，负责。
19.C句意为，由于他们的渴望，后果是地球被破坏了。as an outcome of...表示“作为……
的后果”。
20.C此题需注意句子中有no longer表示否定。固定短语be ignorant of表示“不知道，不
了解”。句意为，既然人们现在认识到了地球受到破坏的原因，他们开始努力拯救地球。be tolerant of对……容忍。be aware of意识到。be resistant to对……抵抗。
SectionⅡReading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:Reading the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B,C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40points)
Text1
People who let their dogs sleep with them or allow them to lick their faces are no more likely than other dog owners to have the same strains of E.coli bacteria as their dogs,a Kansas State University veterinarian reports.
Dr.Kate Stenske,a clinical assistant professor at the university’s College of Veterinary Medicine,said it’s known that diseases can be shared between dogs and people and that about 75percent of emerging diseases are transferrable between humans and other animals.
She decided to focus on E.coli,which is common in the gastrointestinal tracts of both humans and dogs.
For the study,Stenske analyzed fecal samples from dogs and their owners.She found that10 percent of human-dog pairs had the same E.coli strains and that these strains were more resistant to common antibiotics than expected.However,owners had more multiple drug-resistant strains than their dogs.
“This makes us think that dogs are not likely to spread multiple drug-resistant E.coli to their owners,but perhaps may spread them to their dogs,”Stenske said in a university news release.“What we learn from this is that antibiotics really do affect the bacteria within our gastrointestinal tract,and we should only take them when we really need to—and always finish the entire prescription as directed.”
There was no evidence that owners who sleep with their dog or allow face licking were more likely to have shared strains of E.coli,according to the study,which was expected to be published in an upcoming issue of the American Journal of Veterinary Research.
However,the study did find an association between antibiotic-resistant E.coli and owners who didn’t wash their hands after petting their dogs or before cooking meals.
She said the find that close human-dog bonding behaviors aren’t more likely to spread germs is good news because of the physical and psychological benefits of pet ownership.Surveys show that nearly half of all dog owners share their food with their dogs,and more than half allow their dogs to sleep with them and lick their face.
“If you look at one study,84percent of people say their dog is like a child to them,”Stenske added.
Future research might look at cat owners and shared E.coli.More Americans own cats than dogs,and cats interact with people in different ways than dogs,Stenske noted.
21.What can we infer from the first paragraph?
[A]Close human-dog bonding behaviors aren’t more likely to spread germs.
[B]Dog owners should not let their dogs lick their faces or sleep with them.
[C]It is not hygienic to let dogs sleep with you or lick your face.
[D]The E.coli bacteria are spread from dogs to their masters.
22.The reason why the study focuses on E.coli is that_____.
[A]the samples are easy to get
[B]it is a representative of bacterium found in human bowels
[C]it is a common bacterium shared by dogs and mankind in bowels
[D]it is a bacterium spread easily between human beings
23.Which one is NOT the conclusion of the study?
[A]Owners have multiple drug-resistant strains than their dogs.
[B]Dogs are not likely to spread multiple drug-resistant E.coli to their owners.
[C]We cannot take antibiotics casually,but only when we really need.
[D]Owners allow face licking are more likely to share strains of E.coli.
24.According to Stenske,people should practice general hygiene by
[A]washing their hands before petting the dogs.
[B]washing their hands before cooking the meals.
[C]severing their intimate bond with pet-dogs.
[D]eating different food from their dogs.
25.The study has brought good news to the dog-owners in that_____.
[A]it allows dog-owners to maintain their intimate bond with dogs at ease.
[B]dogs and their owners can be immune from viruses if keeping intimate.
[C]dogs are more favorite than cats in mankind’s view.
[D]it proves that dogs are dirtier than what we have imagined.
【答案与解析】
21.A第一段中提到，和其他养狗的人相比，那些允许狗舔自己的脸，和狗一起睡觉的人反
而不太可能感染和狗相同的大肠杆菌菌株。由此可见，和狗比较亲近不太容易传染细菌，故选A。
22.C第三段提到，“common in the gastrointestinal tracts of both humans and dogs”，表明选