注塑模具设计与制造外文文献翻译
2 Injection molding machine
From Plastics Wiki, free encyclopedia
Injection molding machines consist of two basic parts, an injection unit and a clamping unit.Injection molding machines differ in both injection unit and clamping unit. The name of the injection molding machine is generally based on the type of injection unit used.
2.1Types of injection molding machines
Machines are classified primarily by the type of driving systems they use: hydraulic, electric, or hybrid.
2.1.1Hydraulic
Hydraulic presses have historically been the only option available to molders until NisseiPlastic Industrial Co., LTD introduced the first all-electric injection molding machine in 1983.The electric press, also known as Electric Machine Technology (EMT), reduces operation costs by cutting energy consumption and also addresses some of the environmental concerns surrounding the hydraulic press.
2.1.2Electric
Electric presses have been shown to be quieter, faster, and have a higher accuracy, however the machines are more expensive.
2.1.3Hybrid
Hybrid injection molding machines take advantage of the best features of both hydraulic and electric systems. Hydraulic machines are the predominant type in most of the world, with the exception of Japan.
2.2Injection unit
The injection unit melts the polymer resin and injects the polymer melt into the mold. The unit may be: ram fed or screw fed.
The ram fed injection molding machine uses a hydraulically operated plunger to push the plastic through a heated region. The high viscosity melt is then spread into a thin layer by a "torpedo" to allow for better contact with the heated surfaces. The melt converges at a nozzle and is injected into the mold.
Reciprocating screw A combination melting, softening, and injection unit in an injectionmolding machine. Another term for the injection screw. Reciprocating screws are capable ofturning as they move back and forth.
The reciprocating screw is used to compress, melt, and convey the material. The reciprocating screw consists of three zones (illustrated below):
?feeding zone
?compressing zone
?metering zone
While the outside diameter of the screw remains constant, the depth of the flights on the reciprocating screw decreases from the feed zone to the beginning of the metering zone. These flights compress the material against the inside diameter of the barrel, which creates viscous (shear) heat. This shear heat is mainly responsible for melting the material. The heater bands outside the barrel help maintain the material in the molten state. Typically, a molding machine can have three or more heater bands or zones with different temperature settings.
Injection molding reciprocating screw An extruder-type screw rotates within a cylinder,which is typically driven by a hydraulic drive mechanism. Plastic material is moved through the heated cylinder via the screw flights and the material becomes fluid. The injection nozzle is blocked by the previous shot, and this action causes the screw to pump itself backward through the cylinder. (During this step, material is plasticated and accumulated for the next shot.) When the mold clamp has locked, the injection phase takes place. At this time, the screw advances, acting as a ram. Simultaneously, the non-return valve closes off the escape passages in the screw and the screw serves as a solid plunger, moving the plastic ahead into the mold. When the injection stroke and holding cycle is completed, the screw is energized to return and the non-return valve opens, allowing plastic to flow forward from the cylinder again, thus repeating the cycle.
2.2.1Feed hopper
The container holding a supply molding material to be fed to the screw. The hopper located over the barrel and the feed throat connects them.
2.2.2Injection ram
The ram or screw that applies pressure on the molten plastic material to force it into the mold cavities.
2.2.3Injection screw
The reciprocating-screw machine is the most common. This design uses the same barrel for melting and injection of plastic.
The alternative unit involves the use of separate barrels for plasticizing and injecting the polymer. This type is called a screw-preplasticizer machine or two-stage machine. Plastic pellets are fed from a hopper into the first stage, which uses a screw to drive the polymer forward and melt it. This barrel feeds a second barrel, which uses a plunger to inject the melt into the mold. Older machines used one plunger-driven barrel to melt and inject the plastic. These machines are referred to as plunger-type injection molding machines.
2.2.4Barrel
Barrel is a major part that melts resins transmitted from hopper through screws and structured in a way that can heat up resins to the proper temperature. A band heater, which can control temper atures in five sections, is attached outside the barrel. Melted resins are supplied to the mold passing through barrel head, shot-off nozzle, and one-touch nozzle.
2.2.5Injection cylinder
Hydraulic motor located inside bearing box, which is connected to injection cylinder load, rotates screw, and the melted resins are measures at the nose of screw. There are many types of injection cylinders that supply necessary power to inject resins according to the characteristics of resins and product types at appropriate speed and pressure. This model employs the double cylinder type. Injection cylinder is composed of cylinder body, piston, and piston load.
2.3Clamping unit
The clamping unit holds the mold together, opens and closes it automatically, and ejects the finished part. The mechanism may be of several designs, either mechanical, hydraulic or hydromechanical.
Toggle clamps - a type clamping unit include various designs. An actuator moves thecrosshead forward, extending the toggle links to push the moving platen toward a closed position. At the beginning of the movement, mechanical advantage is low and speed is high; but near the end of the stroke, the reverse is true. Thus, toggle clamps provide both high speed and high force at different points in the cycle when they are desirable. They are actuated either by hydraulic cylinders or ball screws driven by electric motors. Toggle-clamp units seem most suited to relatively low-tonnage machines.
Two clamping designs: (a) one possible toggle clamp design (1) open and (2) closed; and (b) hydraulic clamping (1) open and (2) closed. Tie rods used to guide movuing platens not shown.
Hydraulic clamps are used on higher-tonnage injection molding machines, typically in therange 1300 to 8900 kN (150 to 1000 tons). These units are also more flexible than toggle clamps in terms of setting the tonnage at given positions during the stroke.
Hydraulic Clamping System is using the direct hydraulic clamp of which the tolerance is still and below 1 %, of course, better than the toggle system. In addition, the Low Pressure Protection Device is higher than the toggle system for 10 times so that the protection for the precision and expensive mold is very good. The clamping force is focus on the central for evenly distribution that can make the adjustment of the mold flatness in automatically. Hydromechanical clamps -clamping units are designed for large tonnages, usually above8900 kN (1000 tons); they operate by (1) using hydraulic cylinders to rapidly move the mold toward closing position, (2) locking the position by mechanical means, and (3) using high pressure hydraulic cylinders to finally close the mold and build tonnage.
2.3.1Injection mold
There are two main types of injection molds: cold runner (two plate and three plate designs) and hot runner– the more common of the runnerless molds.
2.3.2Injection platens
Steel plates on a molding machine to which the mold is attached. Generally, two platens are used; one being stationary and the other moveable, actuated hydraulically to open and close the mold. It actually provide place to mount the mould. It contains threaded holes on which mould can be mounted using clamps.
2.3.3Clamping cylinder
A device that actuates the chuck through the aid of pneumatic or hydraulic energy.
2.3.4Tie Bar
Tie bars support clamping power, and 4 tie bars are located between the fixing platen and the support platen.
3 Injection mould
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Mold A hollow form or cavity into which molten plastic is forced to give the shape of therequired component. The term generally refers to the whole assembly of parts that make up the section of the molding equipment in which the parts are formed. Also called a tool or die. Moulds separate into at least two halves (called the core and the cavity) to permit the part to be extracted; in general the shape of a part must be such that it will not be locked into the mould. For example, sides of objects typically cannot be parallel with the direction of draw (the direction in which the core and cavity separate from each other). They are angled slightly; examination of most household objects made from plastic will show this aspect of design, known as draft. Parts that are "bucket-like" tend to shrink onto the core while cooling and, after the cavity is pulled away, are typically ejected using pins. Parts can be easily welded together after moulding to allow for a hollow part (like a water jug or doll's head) that couldn't physically be designed as one mould.
More complex parts are formed using more complex moulds, which may require moveable sections, called slides, which are inserted into the mould to form particular features that cannot be formed using only a core and a cavity, but are then withdrawn to allow the part to be released. Some moulds even allow previously moulded parts to be re-inserted to allow a new plastic layer to form around the first part. This system can allow for production of fully tyred wheels.
Traditionally, moulds have been very expensive to manufacture; therefore, they were usually only used in mass production where thousands of parts are being produced.
Molds require: Engineering and design, special materials, machinery and highly skilled personnel to manufacture, assemble and test them.
Cold-runner mold
Cold-runner mold Developed to provide for injection of thermoset material either directlyinto the cavity or through a small sub-runner and gate into the cavity. It may be compared to the hot-runner molds with the exception that the manifold section is cooled rather than heated to maintain softened but uncured material. The cavity and core plates are electrically heated to normal molding temperature and insulated from the cooler manifold section.
3.1.1Types of Cold Runner Molds
There are two major types of cold runner molds: two plate and three plate.
3.1.2Two plate mold
A two plate cold runner mold is the simplest type of mold. It is called a two plate mold because there is one parting plane, and the mold splits into two halves. The runner system must be located on this parting plane; thus the part can only be gated on its perimeter.
3.1.3Three plate mold
A three plate mold differs from a two plate in that it has two parting planes, and the mold splits into three sections every time the part is ejected. Since the mold has two parting planes, the runner system can be located on one, and the part on the other. Three plate molds are used because of their flexibility in gating location. A part can be gated virtually anywhere along its surface.
3.1.4Advantages
The mold design is very simple, and much cheaper than a hot runner system. The mold requires less maintenance and less skill to set up and operate. Color changes are also very easy, since all of the plastic in the mold is ejected with each cycle.
3.1.5Disadvantages
The obvious disadvantage of this system is the waste plastic generated. The runners are either disposed of, or reground and reprocessed with the original material. This adds a step in the manufacturing process. Also, regrind will increase variation in the injection molding process, and could decrease the plastic's mechanical properties.
3.1.6Hot runner mold
Hot-runner mold -injection mold in which the runners are kept hot and insulated from thechilled cavities. Plastic freezeoff occurs at gate of cavity; runners are in a separate plate so they are not, as is the case usually, ejected with the piece.
Hot runner molds are two plate molds with a heated runner system inside one half of the mold.
A hot runner system is divided into two parts: the manifold and the drops. The manifold has channels that convey the plastic on a single plane, parallel to the parting line, to a point above
the cavity. The drops, situated perpendicular to the manifold, convey the plastic from the manifold to the part.
3.1.7Types of Hot Runner Molds
There are many variations of hot runner systems. Generally, hot runner systems are designated by how the plastic is heated. There are internally and externally heated drops and manifolds.
3.1.8Externally heated hot runners
Externally heated hot runner channels have the lowest pressure drop of any runner system (because there is no heater obstructing flow and all the plastic is molten), and they are better for color changes none of the plastic in the runner system freezes. There are no places for material to hang up and degrade, so externally heated systems are good for thermally sensitive materials.
3.1.9Internally heated hot runners
Internally heated runner systems require higher molding pressures, and color changes are very difficult. There are many places for material to hang up and degrade, so thermally sensitive materials should not be used. Internally heated drops offer better gate tip control. Internally heated systems also better separate runner heat from the mold because an insulating frozen layer is formed against the steel wall on the inside of the flow channels.
3.1.10 insulated hot runners
A special type of hot runner system is an insulated runner. An insulated runner is not heated; the runner channels are extremely thick and stay molten during constant cycling. This system is very inexpensive, and offers the flexible gating advantages of other hot runners and the elimination of gates without the added cost of the manifold and drops of a heated hot runner system. Color changes are very easy. Unfortunately, these runner systems offer no control, and only commodity plastics like PP and PE can be used. If the mold stops cycling for some reason, the runner system will freeze and the mold has to be split to remove it. Insulated runners are usually used to make low tolerance parts like cups and frisbees.
3.1.11 Disadvantages
Hot-runner mold is much more expensive than a cold runner, it requires costly maintenance, and requires more skill to operate. Color changes with hot runner molds can be difficult, since it is virtually impossible to remove all of the plastic from an internal runner system.
3.1.12 Advantages
They can completely eliminate runner scrap, so there are no runners to sort from the parts, and no runners to throw away or regrind and remix into the original material. Hot runners are popular in high production parts, especially with a lot of cavities.
Advantages Hot Runner System Over a Cold Runner System include:
?no runners to disconnect from the molded parts
?no runners to remove or regrind, thus no need for process/ robotics to remove them
?having no runners reduces the possibility of contamination
?lower injection pressures
?lower clamping pressure
?consistent heat at processing temperature within the cavity
?cooling time is actually shorter (as there is no need for thicker, longer-cycle runners)
?shot size is reduced by runner weight
?cleaner molding process (no regrinding necessary)
?nozzle freeze and sprue sticking issues eliminated
中文翻译
注塑模具设计与制造
2 注射机
选自《维基百科》
注射机由两个基本部分组成，注射装置和夹紧装置。注射机在注射装置和夹紧装置上各不相同。注射机的名称一般是根据所用注塑单位的类型来定的。
2.1 注射机的种类
注射机主要是由他们使用的驱动系统类型分类的：分为液压，电动，或混合动力。
2.1.1 液压动力机
一直以来注射机都是用液压动力的，直到日精塑料工业有限公司在1983推出了第一款全电动注射机。电动压力机，也被称为电机技术（EMT），降低了运行成本，降低能源消耗，也解决了一些围绕液压机的环境问题。
2.1.2 电动机
事实证明电动压力机更安静，速度更快，并具有更高的精度，但机器更昂贵。
2.1.3 混合动力
混合动力注射机拥有液压和电气系统，性能比较好。现在除了日本，液压动力注射机是世界上最主要的类型。
2.2 注射装置
注射装置熔化聚合物树脂并将聚合物熔体注入模具中。该装置可能是：冲压式或者螺旋式的。
柱塞式注射机使用液压操作柱塞将塑料通过加热区域推动高粘度的熔体，然后形成薄薄的一层“鱼雷”，以便更好地与受热面接触。熔体在喷嘴处受压并注入模具中。
往复式螺杆组合融化、软化，注射装置注射成型。往复式螺杆是注射螺杆的另一个术语。往复式螺杆能够使他们来回移动。
往复式螺杆用于压缩、熔化和输送物料。往复螺杆由三个区域组成（如下所示）：
·进料区
·压缩区
·测量区
当螺杆的外径保持恒定时，往复式螺杆上的螺纹的深度从进料区到计量区的开始减小。这些螺纹和筒的内径材料相互压缩，从而产生粘性（剪切）热。这种剪切热主要是熔化材料。桶外的加热带帮助保持熔融状态下的物料。通常情况下，注射机可以有三个或更多的加热器带或带不同的温度装置。
注塑往复式螺杆挤出机螺杆在滚筒内旋转，通常由液压驱动机构驱动。塑料材料是通过加热气缸通过螺杆旋转熔化材料成为流体。喷油嘴被上一个步骤堵塞，这个动作使螺杆通过泵反向泵入。（在这一步中，物料的塑化，为下一个步骤。积累）当模具夹具已锁定，注射过程发生。此时，螺杆前进，完成一个冲程。同时，止回阀关闭螺杆中的溢流通道，螺杆作为固体柱塞，将塑料向前移动到模具中。当注射行程和保持循环完成后，螺杆被通电返回，止回阀打开，使塑料再次从气缸向前流动，从而重复循环。
2.2.1 进料槽
容器保持供给到螺杆的熔融原料。位于机筒上方的料斗和进料口连接它们。
2.2.2 注射机
将熔化塑料材料上施加压力注入模具型腔的机器。
2.2.3 注射螺杆
往复式螺杆机是最常见的。该设计使用相同的进料筒来熔化和注入塑料。
替代单元涉及使用单独的桶来塑化和注入聚合物。这种类型称为螺杆预增塑机或双级机。塑料颗粒第一阶段从料斗进料，其使用螺杆将聚合物向前驱动并熔化。该桶供给第二个料斗，其使用柱塞将熔体注入模具中。较旧的机器使用一个柱塞驱动的桶来熔化和注入塑料。这些机器被称为柱塞型注射机。
2.2.4 进料斗
桶是一个主要部分,可以加热树脂到适当的温度，从料斗通过螺丝和结构熔化。一个带热水器，可五段温度控制，连接外筒。熔融树脂提供给模具通过料斗，射出喷嘴，和一个触摸喷嘴。
2.2.5 注射缸
液压马达位于轴承箱内，连接喷油缸负荷，旋转螺杆，熔融树脂在螺杆的前端进行测量。有许多类型的注射筒提供必要的力量注入树脂根据树脂和产品类型的特点，在适当的速度和压力。该模型采用双缸式。喷油缸由缸体、活塞和活塞载荷组成。
2.3 夹紧装置
夹紧装置是将模具固定在一起，自动打开和关闭，并推出成品塑件。该机构可以是机械，液压或液压机械的几种设计。
切换夹具-一个类型夹紧装置包括各种设计。执行器向前移动十字头，延伸拨动杆，使移动压板朝关闭位置移动。在运动开始时，机械的优势低，速度快，但接近结束的行程，机械的优势很明显。因此，当需要时，开关夹具在循环中的不同点处提供高速度和高压。他们是由液压缸或滚珠丝杠驱动电机驱动。切换夹具比较适合于相对较低吨位的机器。
两个夹紧装置：（a）一个是切换夹具装置（1）打开和（2）关闭；（b）另外一个是液压夹紧（1）打开，（2）关闭。用于引导未示出的移动压板的拉杆。
液压夹具用于高吨位注射机，通常在1300至8900 kN（150至1000吨）范围内。这些装置也比切换夹具在设定位置时的吨位更灵活。
液压夹紧系统正在使用公差仍然低于1％的直接液压夹，当然比切换装置系统更好。此外，低压保护装置比切换装置系统高10倍，使保护精度高，当然价格会更高。夹紧力集中在中心，均匀分布，可以自动调整模具平面度。
液压夹具的夹紧装置设计的大吨位，通常超过8900千牛（1000吨）；;他们通过( 1 )使用液压缸快速移动模具走向关闭位置, ( 2 )通过机械手段锁定位置, ( 3)使用高压液压缸来最终关闭模具来制造吨位。
2.3.1 注塑模具
注塑模具主要有两种类型：冷流道（两板和三板的设计）和热流道–比较常见的无流道模具。
2.3.2 注射挡板
连接模具的成型机的钢板。一般来说，使用两个挡板；一是固定的，另一个是可移动的，液压地驱动以打开和关闭模具。它实际上提供了安装模具的地方。模具可以使用夹具安装在模具上。
2.3.3 夹紧缸
一种装置，驱动卡盘通过气动或液压能源援助。
2.3.4 连接杆
连接杆支撑夹紧力，4个拉杆位于固定压板和支承压板之间。
3 注射模具
选自《维基百科》
模具一种中空形状或空腔，熔融塑料被迫向其中形成所需部件的形状。这个术语一般是指组成零件的成型设备的零件的整个装配, 也称为工具或模具。
模具分为至少两半(称为型芯和型腔) ,以允许提取零件，通常,零件的形状一定不能被锁定在模具中。例如，物体的侧面通常不能与拉伸方向平行（型芯和型腔相互分离的方向）。他们略有角度; 对塑料制成的大多数家居用品的检查将显示设计的这一方面，称为草案。“桶状”的部件倾向于在冷却时收缩到芯上，并且在空腔被拉开之后，通常使用销来推出。以便可以将物理上不能设计成一个模具的中空部分（如水壶或玩偶的头部）的零件可以在模制后很容易地焊接在一起。
更复杂的部分是使用更复杂的模具，这可能需要可移动的部分，称为滑块，这是插入到模具，形成不能仅使用芯部和空腔形成的特定特征，但然后撤回允许部分被释放。有些模具甚至允许先前模制的部件重新插入，以允许在第一部分周围形成新的塑性层。该系统可以允许生产的全轮胎车轮。
通常，模具制造成本非常昂贵，因此，它们通常只用于大规模大批量的生产。
模具要求：工程设计，特殊材料，机械和高技能的人员来制造，组装和测试
它们。
冷流道模具
冷流道模具用于将热固性材料直接注入型腔或通过小流道和浇口进入腔。可以将其与热流道模具进行比较，它是多段冷却而不是加热以保持软化但未固化的材料。空腔和芯板电加热到正常模制温度并与冷却器管部分绝缘。
3.1.1 冷流道模具的类型
冷流道模具主要有两种：两板模和三板模。
3.1.2 两板模
两板冷流道模具是最简单的模具。它被称为双板模具，因为有一个分型平面，模具分成两半。流道系统必须位于该分型面上，因此该部件只能在其周边处被选通。
3.1.3 三板模
三板模具与两块板的不同之处在于它具有两个分离平面，并且当塑件被弹出时，模具分成三个部分。由于模具具有两个分型面，所以浇注系统可以分别在两个分型面上，由于其灵活的浇口位置，使用三个平板模具可以使塑件在其表面几乎没有浇口疤。
3.1.4 优势
模具设计非常简单，而且比热流道系统便宜得多。模具需要较少的维护和较少的技能设置和操作。颜色变化也很容易，因为模具中的所有塑料都可以在每个循环中加染料。
3.1.5 劣势
该系统的明显缺点是废塑料产生。塑料是用原始材料处理或重新处理和再处理。这增加了制造过程的一个步骤。此外，再研磨会增加注射成型过程的变化，并且可能降低塑料的力学性能。
3.1.6 热流道模具
热流道模具注塑模具，其中的热流道保持热和绝缘的冷却腔。塑性自由度发生在型腔，塑料是在一个单独的挡板，所以他们不像通常一样,用这块板弹出。
热流道模具是两板模具，在模具的一半内部具有加热流道系统。
热流道系统分为两部分：热流道板和热喷嘴。热流道板具有将平行于分型线的单个平面上的塑料输送到空腔上方的通道。垂直于热流道板定位的热喷嘴将塑料从热流道板传送到塑件。
3.1.7 热流道模具类型
热流道系统有许多变化。一般来说，热流道系统由塑料的加热方式来指定。有内部和外部加热热喷嘴和热流道板。
3.1.8 外部加热热流道
外部加热的热流道通道的压力下降最小的任何流道系统(因为没有加热器阻塞流动和所有的塑料都是熔融状态),他们的颜色变换起来很方便,没有塑料在流道系统冻结。也不会蒸发和降解材料,所以热敏材料比较适合选用外部加热系统。
3.1.9 内部加热热流道
内部热流道系统需要较高的成型压力，颜色变化是非常困难的。内部加热滴提供更好的浇口尖端控制。内部加热系统还更好地从模具分离热流道，因为在流动通道内部的钢壁上形成绝缘的冷冻层。
3.1.10 绝热流道
一种特殊类型的热流道系统是绝缘浇口。绝缘浇道不加热; 流道通道非常厚，在循环过程中保持熔化。该系统非常便宜，并且提供其他热流道的灵活的浇口优势和消除浇口，而不会增加热流道板和加热热流道系统的液滴的成本。颜色变化非常简单。不幸的是，这些流道系统无法控制，只能使用像PP和PE这样的商品塑料。如果模具由于某种原因停止循环，则流道系统将冻结，并且模具必须分开才能将其移除。绝缘流道通常用于制作低容差零件，如杯子和炸药。
3.1.11 劣势
热流道模具比冷流道成本贵得多，它需要昂贵的维护，并且需要更多的操作技巧。使用热流道模具的颜色变化非常困难，因为它不可能从内部流道系统中去除所有的塑料。
3.1.12 优势
他们可以完全消除流道废料，所以并没有塑料被扔掉或者重新再熔合。热流道在高产量的零件中很受欢迎，尤其是在多型腔模中。
热流道系统在冷流道系统上的优点包括：
·流道与成型零件的链接不会断开
·没有废料产生，所以不需要机器人来移除
·没有流道减少了污染的可能性
·注射压力低
·低夹紧压力
·腔内加工温度一致
·冷却时间实际上更短（因为不需要更厚，更长的循环转轮）·尺寸变小觉少了重量
·清洁成型工艺（不需要再加工）
·喷嘴冷冻和浇注棒
·喷嘴冻结和浇口粘着问题消除
选自《维基百科》
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平面设计中英文对照外文翻译文献
(文档含英文原文和中文翻译) 中英文翻译 平面设计 任何时期平面设计可以参照一些艺术和专业学科侧重于视觉传达和介绍。采用多种方式相结合，创造和符号，图像和语句创建一个代表性的想法和信息。平面设计师可以使用印刷，视觉艺术和排版技术产生的最终结果。平面设计常常提到的进程，其中沟通是创造和产品设计。 共同使用的平面设计包括杂志，广告，产品包装和网页设计。例如，可能包括产品包装的标志或其他艺术作品，举办文字和纯粹的设计元素，如形状和颜色统一件。组成的一个最重要的特点，尤其是平面设计在使用前现有材料或不同的元素。 平面设计涵盖了人类历史上诸多领域，在此漫长的历史和在相对最近爆炸视觉传达中的第20和21世纪，人们有时是模糊的区别和重叠的广告艺术，平面设计和美术。毕竟，他们有着许多相同的内容，理论，原则，做法和语言，有时同样的客人或客户。广告艺术的最终目标是出售的商品和服务。在平面
设计，“其实质是使以信息，形成以思想，言论和感觉的经验”。 在唐朝（ 618-906 ）之间的第4和第7世纪的木块被切断打印纺织品和后重现佛典。阿藏印在868是已知最早的印刷书籍。 在19世纪后期欧洲，尤其是在英国，平面设计开始以独立的运动从美术中分离出来。蒙德里安称为父亲的图形设计。他是一个很好的艺术家，但是他在现代广告中利用现代电网系统在广告、印刷和网络布局网格。 于1849年，在大不列颠亨利科尔成为的主要力量之一在设计教育界，该国政府通告设计在杂志设计和制造的重要性。他组织了大型的展览作为庆祝现代工业技术和维多利亚式的设计。 从1892年至1896年威廉?莫里斯凯尔姆斯科特出版社出版的书籍的一些最重要的平面设计产品和工艺美术运动，并提出了一个非常赚钱的商机就是出版伟大文本论的图书并以高价出售给富人。莫里斯证明了市场的存在使平面设计在他们自己拥有的权利，并帮助开拓者从生产和美术分离设计。这历史相对论是，然而，重要的，因为它为第一次重大的反应对于十九世纪的陈旧的平面设计。莫里斯的工作，以及与其他私营新闻运动，直接影响新艺术风格和间接负责20世纪初非专业性平面设计的事态发展。 谁创造了最初的“平面设计”似乎存在争议。这被归因于英国的设计师和大学教授Richard Guyatt，但另一消息来源于20世纪初美国图书设计师William Addison Dwiggins。 伦敦地铁的标志设计是爱德华约翰斯顿于1916年设计的一个经典的现代而且使用了系统字体设计。 在20世纪20年代，苏联的建构主义应用于“智能生产”在不同领域的生产。个性化的运动艺术在俄罗斯大革命是没有价值的，从而走向以创造物体的功利为目的。他们设计的建筑、剧院集、海报、面料、服装、家具、徽标、菜单等。 Jan Tschichold 在他的1928年书中编纂了新的现代印刷原则，他后来否认他在这本书的法西斯主义哲学主张，但它仍然是非常有影响力。 Tschichold ，包豪斯印刷专家如赫伯特拜耳和拉斯洛莫霍伊一纳吉，和El Lissitzky 是平面设计之父都被我们今天所知。 他们首创的生产技术和文体设备，主要用于整个二十世纪。随后的几年看到平面设计在现代风格获得广泛的接受和应用。第二次世界大战结束后，美国经济的建立更需要平面设计，主要是广告和包装等。移居国外的德国包豪斯设计学院于1937年到芝加哥带来了“大规模生产”极简到美国;引发野火的“现代”建筑和设计。值得注意的名称世纪中叶现代设计包括阿德里安Frutiger ，设计师和Frutiger字体大学;保兰德，从20世纪30年代后期，直到他去世于1996年，采取的原则和适用包豪斯他们受欢迎的广告和标志设计，帮助创造一个独特的办法，美国的欧洲简约而成为一个主要的先驱。平面设计称为企业形象;约瑟夫米勒，罗克曼，设计的海报严重尚未获取1950年代和1960年代时代典型。 从道路标志到技术图表，从备忘录到参考手册，增强了平面设计的知识转让。可读性增强了文字的视觉效果。 设计还可以通过理念或有效的视觉传播帮助销售产品。将它应用到产品和公司识别系统的要素像标志、颜色和文字。连同这些被定义为品牌。品牌已日益成为重要的提供的服务范围，许多平面设计师，企业形象和条件往往是同时交替使用。
注塑模外文翻译
注塑成型智能模具设计工具 摘要 注塑成型是一个生产热塑性塑料制品最流行的制造工艺，而模具设计是这个过程的一个重要方面。模具设计需要专业的知识、技能，最重要的是拥有该领域的经验。三者缺一不可。生产塑料组件需要选择恰当的模具，如果缺乏其中之一，这种选择就得在反复试验的基础上进行。这会增加生产成本，并造成设计上的不一致。本文介绍了智能模具设计工具的发展。该工具捕获模具设计过程的知识，并且以符合逻辑的方式将这些知识反映出来。所获得的知识将是确定性的，但模具设计过程中的信息是非确定的。一旦开发了模具设计工具，它将指导使用者根据不同客户的要求，为其塑料零件选择合适的模具。 导言 注塑成型工艺过程需要专业的知识、技能，最重要的是需要它成功的实践经验。通常是工艺参数控制过程的效率。在制造过程中，有效地控制和优化这些参数能实现一致性，这种一致性会在零件质量和零件成本上表现出来的问题。 1 智能化工程模块注塑成型工艺（IKEM） 基于知识的智能化工程模块的注塑成型工艺（IKEM）是一种软件技术，它领先于并行工程和 CAD / CAM 系统。它集成工程的设计和制造工艺的最新知识，给用户各种设计方面的指示，通过减少在产品开发设计阶段的工程变更，有助于减少一些工时。该系统将用于注塑设计，设计迭代和流程整合。目前的过程由许多手工计算、CAD 图形结构和从以前项目取得的经验三部分组成。一旦工程师完成设计，这将是性能评估。该 IKEM 项目已分为三大模块。 1 费用估算模块 2 模具设计模块 3 生产模块 IKEM 系统有两种形式输入。在一个 CAD 模型的形式（Pro/E 文件）下输入，和在给出的用户界面形式下输入。制造商的经验水平将决定如何有效地控制工艺参数。有时这就导致人为错误引起的不一致性。还有经验不足，时间、资源短缺和创新的空间不大的情况。通过创造所谓的“智能模型”的问题，工程学知识提供了一个可行的方案去解决所有这样用户输入形式模架设计制造用户输出形式语法分析程 CAD 模型成本估计 2 智能模具设计工具 在它的基本形式中模具设计工具是一个从文本文件中提取输入的 Visual Basic 应用程序，这种文本文件包含关于零件和用户输入程序。该文本文件包含来自 Pro/E 的一个信息文件的零件的几何解析。输入是用来估测模具得尺寸和其它各种特性。 2.1 文献回顾 模具设计的是另一种注塑成型过程的阶段，有经验的工程师在很大程度上有助于自动化进程，提高其效率。这个问题需要注意的是深入研究设计模具的时间。通常情况下，当设计工程师设计模具时，他们会参阅表格和标准手册，这会消耗大量的时间。另外，在标准的CAD 软件中需要大量的时间去考虑模具的建模组件。不同的研究人员已经解决了缩短用不同的方式来设计模具所花费的时间的问题。凯尔奇和詹姆斯采用成组技术来减少模具设计时间。聚合一类注塑成型件的独特的编码系统和在注射模具中所需的工具已开发，它可以适用于其它产品生产线。实施编码系统的软件系统也已经被开发。通过获取在这方面领域的工程师的经验和知识，尝试直接使模具设计过程的自动化。并行模具设计系统的研究开发就是这样的一个过程，在并行工程环境中试图制定一个系统的注塑模具设计流程。他们的研究目标是研制一个有利于并行工程实践的模具开发的进程，和研制开发一个以知识为基础的为注塑模具设计提供工艺问题和产品要求的辅助设计。通过各种方式获取关于模具设计过程的确定信息和
工业设计产品设计中英文对照外文翻译文献
(文档含英文原文和中文翻译) 中英文翻译原文：
DESIGN and ENVIRONMENT Product design is the principal part and kernel of industrial design. Product design gives uses pleasure. A good design can bring hope and create new lifestyle to human. In spscificity,products are only outcomes of factory such as mechanical and electrical products,costume and so on.In generality,anything,whatever it is tangibile or intangible,that can be provided for a market,can be weighed with value by customers, and can satisfy a need or desire,can be entiled as products. Innovative design has come into human life. It makes product looking brand-new and brings new aesthetic feeling and attraction that are different from traditional products. Enterprose tend to renovate idea of product design because of change of consumer's lifestyle , emphasis on individuation and self-expression,market competition and requirement of individuation of product. Product design includes factors of society ,economy, techology and leterae humaniores. Tasks of product design includes styling, color, face processing and selection of material and optimization of human-machine interface. Design is a kind of thinking of lifestyle.Product and design conception can guide human lifestyle . In reverse , lifestyle also manipulates orientation and development of product from thinking layer.
模具专业外文文献最新
济南大学泉城学院 毕业设计外文资料翻译 题目现代快速经济制造模具技术 专业机械制造及其自动化 班级专升本1302班 学生刘计良 学号2013040156 指导教师刘彦 二〇一五年三月十六日
Int J Adv Manuf Technol ,(2011) 53:1–10DOI 10.1007/s00170-010-2796-y Modular design applied to beverage-container injection molds Ming-Shyan Huang & Ming-Kai Hsu Received: 16 March 2010 / Accepted: 15 June 2010 / Published online: 25 June 2010 # Springer-Verlag London Limited 2010 Modular design applied to beverage-container injection molds The Abstract: This work applies modular design concepts to designating beverage-container injection molds. This study aims to develop a method of controlling costs and time in relation to mold development, and also to improve product design. This investigation comprises two parts: functional-ity coding, and establishing a standard operation procedure, specifically designed for beverage-container injection mold design and manufacturing. First, the injection mold is divided into several modules, each with a specific function. Each module is further divided into several structural units possessing sub-function or sub-sub-function. Next, dimen-sions and specifications of each unit are standardized and a compatible interface is constructed linking relevant units. This work employs a cup-shaped beverage container to experimentally assess the performance of the modular design approach. The experimental results indicate that the modular design approach to manufacturing injection molds shortens development time by 36% and reduces costs by 19 23% compared with the conventional ap-proach. Meanwhile, the information on
包装设计外文翻译文献
包装设计外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)
包装对食品发展的影响 消费者对某个产品的第一印象来说包装是至关重要的，包括沟通的可取性，可接受性，健康饮食形象等。食品能够提供广泛的产品和包装组合，传达自己加工的形象感知给消费者，例如新鲜包装/准备，冷藏，冷冻，超高温无菌，消毒（灭菌），烘干产品。 食物的最重要的质量属性之一，是它的味道，其影响人类的感官知觉，即味觉和嗅觉。味道可以很大程度作退化的处理和/或扩展存储。其他质量属性，也可能受到影响，包括颜色，质地和营养成分。食品质量不仅取决于原材料，添加剂，加工和包装的方法，而且其预期的货架寿命（保质期）过程中遇到的运输和储存条件的质量。越来越多的竞争当中，食品生产商，零售商和供应商；和质量审核供应商有着显著的提高食品质量以及急剧增加包装食品的选择。这些改进也得益于严格的冷藏链中的温度控制和越来越挑剔的消费者。 保质期的一个定义是：在规定的贮存温度条件下产品保持其质量和安全性的时间。在保质期内，产品的生产企业对该产品质量符合有关标准或明示担保的质量条件负责，销售者可以放心销售这些产品，消费者可以安全使用。 保质期不是识别食物等产品是否变质的唯一标准，可能由于存放方式，环境等变化物质的过早变质。所以食物等尽量在保质期未到期就及时食用。包装产品的质量和保质期的主题是在第3章中详细讨论。
包装为消费者提供有关产品的重要信息，在许多情况下，使用的包装和/或产品，包括事实信息如重量，体积，配料，制造商的细节，营养价值，烹饪和开放的指示，除了法律准则的最小尺寸的文字和数字，有定义的各类产品。消费者寻求更详细的产品信息，同时，许多标签已经成为多语种。标签的可读性会是视觉发现的一个问题，这很可能成为一个对越来越多的老年人口越来越重要的问题。 食物的选择和包装创新的一个主要驱动力是为了方便消费者的需求。这里有许多方便的现代包装所提供的属性，这些措施包括易于接入和开放，处置和处理，产品的知名度，再密封性能，微波加热性，延长保质期等。在英国和其他发达经济体显示出生率下降和快速增长的一个相对富裕的老人人口趋势，伴随着更加苛刻的年轻消费者，他们将要求和期望改进包装的功能，如方便包开启（百货配送研究所，IGD）。 对零售商而言存在有一个高的成本，供应和服务的货架体系。没有储备足够的产品品种或及时补充库存，特别是副食品，如鲜牛奶，可能导致客户不满和流失到竞争对手的商店，这正需要保证产品供应。现代化的配送和包装系统，允许消费者在购买食品时，他们希望在他们想任何时间地点都能享用。近几年消费者的选择已在急剧扩大。例如在英国，20世纪60年代和90年代之间在一般超市的产品线的数量从2000年左右上升到超过18000人（INCPEN）。 自20世纪70年代以来，食品卫生和安全问题已成为日益重要的关注和选择食物的驱动力。媒体所关注的一系列问题，如使用化学添
注塑模具英文翻译
Minimizing manufacturing costs for thin injection molded plastic components 1. Introduction In most industrial applications, the manufacturing cost of a plastic part is mainly governed by the amount of material used in the molding process. Thus, current approaches for plastic part design and manufacturing focus primarily on establishing the minimum part thickness to reduce material usage. The assumption is that designing the mold and molding processes to the minimum thickness requirement should lead to the minimum manufacturing cost. Nowadays, electronic products such as mobile phones and medical devices are becoming ever more complex and their sizes are continually being reduced. The demand for small and thin plastic components for miniaturization assembly has considerably increased in recent years. Other factors besides minimal material usage may also become important when manufacturing thin plastic components. In particular, for thin parts, the injection molding pressure may become significant and has to be considered in the first phase of manufacturing. Employing current design approaches for plastic parts will fail to produce the true minimum manufacturing cost in these cases. Thus, tackling thin plastic parts requires a new approach, alongside existing mold design principles and molding techniques. 1.1 Current research Today, computer-aided simulation software is essential for the design of plastic parts and molds. Such software increases the efficiency of the design process by reducing the design cost and lead time [1]. Major systems, such as Mold Flow and C-Flow, use finite element analysis to simulate the filling phenomena, including flow patterns and filling sequences. Thus, the molding conditions can be predicted and validated, so that early design modifications can be achieved. Although available software is capable of analyzing the flow conditions, and the stress and the temperature distribution conditions of the component under various molding scenarios, they do not yield design parameters with minimum manufacturing cost [2,3]. The output data of the software only give parameter value ranges for reference and leaves the decision making to the component designer. Several attempts have also been made to optimize the parameters in feeding [4–7], cooling [2,8,9], and ejection These attempts were based on maximizing the flow ability of molten material during the molding process by using empirical relation ships between the product and mold design parameters. Some researchers have made efforts to improve plastic part quality by Reducing the