张培基英译我国现代散文选语言点整理笔记1
张培基英译中国现代散文选语言点整理笔记1
1. It is sometimes beset with …有时候会有…的境遇/会有…相伴
2. Nothing short of a … can help …唯有…才能/全靠…才能够
3. Rolling on non-stop for thousands upon thousands of miles. 一泻千里
4. Fare likewise. 正如这样
5. Now … , now …有时…，有时…
6. Better able to generate in oneself a sensation of …更能让人产生一种…之感
7. … is now confronted with a … section of its course. …现在正遭遇进程上的一段…
8. … , however, can only be shared by …而…，只有…样的人才可体会到
9. The present … crisis can never obstacle the advance of …目前的…危机绝不会阻碍…的进步
10. Let us brace up our spirits and march through …让我们鼓起雄健的精神…
11. The greatest joy of …, is to … during its most difficult days. 在最艰难的日子里…，亦是最大的乐趣
12. Grow restless 变得焦躁不安 Beg to differ 恕不同意/持反对意见
13. Dash here and there in search of …跑来跑去的寻找
14. He is going to … so that he could …他决定…以便…
15. … is not groundless because ……并非空害怕/没依据，因为…
16. Keep moving around in a hurry 慌慌张张地走/跑
17. What’s the rush? 为何这般慌？/怎么这么着急？
18. Behind … lay half a dozen of … near …注意学习地理方位和位置的表述
19. look like rain, yet, to our great joy … [口语]像是要下雨，然而让我们高兴的是…
20. which of you could …你们谁能……？(别用who了，太土了！！)
21. they are most beloved in one aspect. 有一点最受人爱/有一点最为可贵
22. Unlike … , which … , … it just … to …不像…的…一样，它只是…，来…
23. You can never immediately tell whether or not it … until …你不能立刻判断它是否…，非得等到…
24. One should be useful rather than great or nice-looking. 应该成为有用的人，而不是伟大或体面的人
25. Engraved in my mind. 深深地刻在脑海
26. … is a household name all over the country. ……是家喻户晓/名遍全国的。
27. … is always on the lips because …把…天天挂在嘴上，因为…
28. What’s the use of being ………又有什么用/有什么必要呢？
29. Uttered intermittently. 断断续续地说
30. Never calculating or particular about personal gains and losses. 不计较个人得失
31. Honor … with a posthumous reverent …追授…一个…的谥号/称号
32. Become more and more … with the passing of time. 随着时间的流逝变得越来越……/越久越……
33. Never give up the pursuit of …不要放弃… / 不要放弃对…的追求
34. Out of sheer necessity. 仅仅为了需要 / 纯粹因为需要
35. Be free to follow your own bent. 可以依自己的喜好去… / 自由自在地去追求自己的喜好
36. Be in the prime of life. 正当盛年 / 年富力强
37. … will soon be gone never to return. 一去不复返。
38. Be in one’s declining years. 风烛残年 / 精力衰微之时
39. As a means of subsistence. 作为生计 / 为了吃饭 / 作为谋生的手段
40. Remedy the situation by …用……来补救
41. Come up against the urgent problem of ………问题急需解决
42. How can one manage to … while …人怎么能在…的同时还…呢？
43. Cut down on food and clothing and do everything possible to …节衣缩食想尽办法去……
44. Time is no object. 时间不是问题。
45. … will be quite enough to make … a ……足够让一个…成为…了
46. The choice lies with you. 选择权在你们手里。
47. Henrik Ibsen says, “it is your supreme duty to cast yourself into a useful implemen t.”
你最大的责任是把你这块材料铸造成器。
48. Forsake … , and you will ruin yourself. 抛弃…，你便毁了你自己。
49. To go into scholarship, to engage in learning. 做学问
50. the only things of some value under my roof, if any, are …在我屋子里唯一贵重的东西就是…
51. Entertain ambition of making a profound study of …怀有对……做一番高深研究的野心
52. It seemed that … can better satisfy … than ……比…更能满足…的需要
53. At one sitting. 一口气地…
54. It is completely subjected to the whims of the moment. 全凭当时的兴趣和念头。
55. Liken myself respectively to …把我自己比作……
56. Thread-bound Chinese book. 线装书
57. My obsession of … have been very much on a decline. 我对……的狂热/着迷消除了不少。
58. To eat into one’s whole pocket. 花掉某人所有的钱。
59. But not all acquaintances are friends. 不是所有认识的都是朋友。
60. Have more scruples about this and that. 对身边的一切都有更多的顾虑。
61. We each followed a different course of life. 我们各自过着不同的生活。
62. Be bound to. 必然，一定会。 Somehow or other. 设法，莫名其妙地
63. … of bygone days will unfold again before one’s eyes. 过去的…又重新浮现在某人眼前。
64. In bloom of one’s youth. 在某人盛年的时候 / 在生命中最华美的时刻
65. Unwittingly 不知不觉地，无意识地
66. Fritter away. 渐渐地消失 / 慢慢地消耗 / 一点点地浪费
67. In twos and threes. 三三两两，零零星星
68. Negotiate shoals and reefs / deserts and gorges 跋涉（越过）礁石浅滩 / 荒漠峡谷
69. Be reduced to … as the last resort. 被逼到做……的地步，被迫干……为生
70. Foot passenger. 步行的人，行人
71. It stands to reason that ……也是合情合理的/显而易见的
72. Can ill afford to do something. 无法承受……
73. If it is beyond one’s capacity to single-handedly stem the prevailing of social evils,
one should at least be self-disciplined so as not to make matters worse.
74. Pedantic view of bookish person. 酸腐的书生之见
75. Cool your heels。坐冷板凳，空等
76. All that kills my idea of …那足以让我打消……的念头
77. A good man always enjoys Heaven’s protection. 吉人天相
78. Misfortune never comes singly 祸不单行
79. Heaven always leaves one a way out. 天无绝人之路
80. Be in reduced circumstance. 每况愈下 / 光景惨淡
81. After some wavering, 犹豫一阵之后 / 犹豫不决了一阵
82. Talk somebody out of it(something), 劝说某人不做某事
83. Smart aleck 自作聪明的人/ 自作聪明的
84. Chip in 插嘴，打断，捐助，出钱 stroll about 游逛，游荡，闲游
85. Be watchful on the way, 路上警惕些，旅途当心
86. It is certainly no problem for a person of my age to …
对于我这样年纪 / 我这么大的人来说，……是没问题的
87. A strenuous job: 紧张的/费力的/艰苦的差使
88. Skullcap 无沿小帽，圆帽 Mandarin jacket 马褂 cotton-padded 填充棉絮的
89. Huddle up 蜷缩，挤成一团 Corpulent 肥胖的
90. Gush from涌出，不断流出 trickle 滴，淌，细流 ooze 渗出，淌出
91. Make an enormous exertion to …尽全力做……
92. Pat the dirt off one’s clothes 拍去/掸去身上的尘土
93. until his figure was lost among crowds of people hurrying to and fro and no long
er visible. 直到他的身影消失在来往的人群中，再也遍寻不见了。
94. live an unsettled life. 过着颠簸不定的日子 / 东奔西走
95. … with circumstances going from bad to worse. 一日不如一日 / 每况愈下
96. His pent-up emotion has to find a vent. 情郁于中，自然要发之于外。
97. the state of … filled somebody with a feeling of ………的境况让人……
98. downcast 沮丧，颓废，颓唐
99. domestic triviality = household chores 家庭琐事 long gown 长袍，长衫
100. Frown upon the way …不赞同……的方式 / 对…的方式颇有微词
101. For my part. 就我而言，对我来说，我认为
101. I cannot keep myself from …我实在忍不住要……/我无法不……
103. Much less …更不用说……，更何况于
104. Trudge through. 跋涉，步履艰难地走
105. Simplicity, earnestness, dauntlessness and unyieldingness. 质朴，诚恳，英勇无畏，坚强不屈
106. How could you fail to …你怎能不……？难道你会不……？
107. Be the symbolic of the spirit and will of …成为……精神和意志的象征
108. Bursting with vitality 生命力极强，有坚韧的生命力
109. Capable of surviving any hardship or oppression. 折磨不了，压迫不倒，顽强地活着
110. I pay tribute to …我赞美/歌颂……
111. be loud in someone's praise 极力称赞/赞扬某人
111. Knowing no one who I could approach with my questions and my doubts, I turn
ed to God;
113. Always have something to recommend himself. 总有可取之处，总有闪光点114. Make light of …轻视，藐视，不在意……
115. Onetime capital。故都。 Muddle along 得过且过，混日子，浑浑噩噩
116. Unlike famous flowers which are most attractive when half opening, good wine w hich is most tempting when one is half drunk, autumn, however, is best appreciated a t its entirety. 秋不是名花，也不是美酒，那一种半开、半醉的状态，在领略秋的过程上，是不合适的。
117. Put somebody in mind of …让某人回忆起/记起……
118. Reed catkin 芦花， willow catkin 柳絮， chirping insects 鸣
虫， reverberating bell 钟声
119. Be of itself，自发(流露)，自然而然地 well up 涌出，表达，流露
110. The clouds roll towards the west and the sun come out in the sky 云卷，天空放晴~~~
111. Creep up on. 爬上，悄悄降临，不知不觉地到来
111. Thorny jujube tree 酸枣树 persimmon tree 柿子树
113. History treats all humans alike. 历史是公平的
114. With a slight touch of regret at the passing of time. 伤怀时光的消逝
115. In spite of oneself…不由自主地
116. Woman’s only career lies in matrimony. —— Lin Yutang. 女人唯一的事业便是结婚。
117. ……? That sounds like the chicken-egg question. ……呢？这好比先有鸡还是先有蛋
的问题。
118. Thinking the matter over and over again, I cannot but come to the conclusion th at …
119. Neither … nor … has anything to recommend itself. ……不好，……也不好。130. Petticoat influence 裙带关系，姻亲影响
131. Meanness and ruthlessness 卑鄙冷酷，残忍无情
131. It means nothing to …, but it is everything to …对某人微不足道，对另外人却是全部/命根
133. Look askance at …斜眼看，瞟（常带有怀疑，鄙夷，厌恶等情绪）
134. Hang about，聚在一起，闲逛，游荡，待在某人身边
张培基英译中国现代散文选语言点整理笔记2
135. Bounded duty 本分，天职，应尽的义务
136. Keep body and soul together 仅仅能维持生存
137. Gulp down 狼吞虎咽地吃，忍住，强抑住
138. Guardian gods to Buddha 金刚。
139. Herculean strength 力大无比，神力 Hercules 力士，大力神
140. All the answers turned out to be wide of the mark 答案完全不对，离谱。141. Likewise, one who has never gone through the baptism of romantic love will hav e little genuine knowledge of life. 没有受过浪漫的恋爱洗礼的人生，不算真人生。141. Mencius says, “The desire for food and sex is nature.”孟子曰，食色性也。143. If one remains a lifelong stranger to love, how can he thoroughly understand life ? 一个一生不恋爱的人，又如何能够了解人生？
144. At an opportune moment. 在恰当的时机
145. Carnal desire 肉欲 Platonic love 纯爱
146. in this present world overflowing with material desires, 在这个物欲横流的世界147. Love has become a mere game ever since humanity set out on its way to extincti on. 人性开始灭亡之际，恋爱也成了游戏
148. See to it that, 努力使，保证，务必要(相当于make sure that)
149. Windfall. 被风吹落的果子，意外收获，意外之财
150. Frisk for…搜查，搜身 / 蹦跳，快乐
151. Put on air. 装腔作势 Big shot 大人物，大佬
151. Bark up the wrong tree. 攻击错目标，找错人了
153. Crotch 分叉处，(人的)胯部，裤裆
154. Be rolling in money 非常有钱的，非常阔绰
155. Spoils 战利品，赃物 loot 战利品，抢劫，洗劫，掠夺物
156. Be seized with 被（强烈的情感、愿望等）影响
157. Tears well up in my eyes and blurred my glasses泪水涌出我的双眼，模糊了眼镜。
158. Other than. 除了，不同于，异于 foolproof 十分简单的，十分安全的，错不了的159. Hedgehog 刺猬， sea urchin 海胆， snake slough 蛇蜕
160. Do your bit. 做有益的事情，做出贡献
161. Earmark for 制定专用，划拨专项使用，特定用于
161. One who does not work hard in youth will grieve in vain in old age. 少壮不努力老大徒伤悲。
163. In the matter of. 就……而论，在……方面
164. The First Four Books of History: 前四史（汉书，后汉书，史记，三国志）
165. Lithographic edition 石版油印的，平版印刷的
166. Pluck up the courage 鼓起勇气，振作精神
167. Go in for 参加，从事，参与，赞成
168. Good health is the wherewithal for a successful life and career. 健康的身体是做人做事的真正本钱
169. Ulterior motive 隐秘不明的动机，另有所图，别有用心
170. Overstress the importance of …过分强调……的重要性
171. As dry as sawdust 如锯木屑般枯燥 / 味同嚼蜡
171. Liberal arts and natural sciences 人文科学与自然科学 / 文理科
173. On the pretext of …以……为借口
174. Rudiments of knowledge 基本功，基础，入门知识
175. Not to speak of …更不用说…… / 而且还……
176. All-round training 全面训练，通才培训
177. Back down = beat a retreat 放弃，撤退
178. A flight of staircase / steps 一段楼梯，一段台阶
179. In all earnest. 认真地，恳切地/再三央求地
180. Scenic spots and historical sites. 名胜古迹
181. In the habit of …有……的习惯 silk tree：合欢树，马缨花树
181. Hit upon = come across = find by chance 偶然发现/偶然想到/偶然碰到
183. Secret service特务机关，秘密情报处
184. Get bogged down停滞，陷入困境，陷入问题
185. Conditioned reflex条件反射 next to none很少，几乎没有
186. To the point of …达到……的程度
187. Literary criticism 文学批评 / 文艺评论
188. Redology 红学，红楼梦研究 stupefaction 麻醉，昏迷，麻木状态
189. To my mind 据我观点，在我看来
190. Social strata 社会阶层 skin-deep 肤浅的，轻微的，表面的
191. Differ from each other in …有着迥异的……
191. Family background, social experience, cultural tradition, psychological condition. (
注意搭配！)
193. The list could go on and on endlessly, so I wouldn’t mind stopping here. 很好的套语
194. Of each and every 每一个，每个 Alas alas alas alas alas唉！
195. Creative and conducive to …对……有创意且有益
196. Be saddled with the epithet of “originator of a bad practice”背上始作俑者的恶名197. Be very much like …和……一模一样 / 如出一辙
198. Dying groans and sighs, anguish, sad and helpless垂死的呻吟和叹息，悲痛，悲哀而又无奈
199. Be advanced in years 年老的，上了年纪的 shoulder pole 扁担
200. A great many things will forever be cherished in my memory.
201. Eke out (辛苦经营，勉强维持) a bare subsistence 竭力维持温饱的生活
202. Do farming, till lands, plant vegetables, feed pigs, raise silkworms and spin cotto n into yarn. 务农，耕地，种菜，喂猪，养蚕，纺棉。
202. Work hard from dawn to dusk 起早贪黑地工作（from predawn to midnight）204. The knack of ………的诀窍榨油 squeeze/extract oil from
205. Coarse grain粗粮大麦barley，小麦wheat，燕麦oat，荞麦 buckwheat，青
稞 Highland barley，高粱 sorghum/kaoliang，小米/黍 millet，
206. With gusto 满怀热情的，津津有味的 eat with gusto 吃得津津有味
207. Long-stemmed Chinese pipe 大烟，旱烟
208. Diligence and frugality，generosity and kindheartedness 勤劳和简朴，慷慨和善良209. Ride roughshod over 欺压，欺凌 Scrape up 积攒，凑足
210. To keep up appearance 撑场面，撑门面
211. Gentry 人们（多贬义），贵族们，有钱人
212. War of Resistance toJapan. 抗日战争，抗战
212. Never bow down to any difficulty 不向（任何）困难低头
214. Bequeathed somebody …馈赠给，赠予某人……
215. Pack with 挤进，塞进，塞满了人
216. Hair disheveled like wind-blown withered grass, eyes blood-shot, shuffle languidl y in the slippers. 头发凌乱得像吹乱的枯草，眼睛布满血丝，颓然地趿拉着拖鞋。217. A blind alley = a dead-end = cul-de-sac 死胡同
218. Moss-covered and hung with clusters of fresh green wisteria, which almost like s creens of primitive simplicity. 苔痕斑斑，挂满苍翠欲滴的藤萝，简直像古朴的屏风。219. Reign peace and quiet amidst of noisy bustle. 闹中取静，别有天地
220. Where each family have their covered-up stories of joys and sorrows, and rise an d decline. 家家有一本哀乐账，有一部兴衰史
221. A water-like placidness will make one forget all cares and worries. 平静如水澄明，使人忘忧
222. Greedy sidelong glances and malicious squints. 贪婪的睨视，恶意的斜觑。222. Roam about leisurely 悠闲地散步 a heavenly abode for ……的乐土，洞天幽境224. Exchange knowing looks at one another 相互交换眼色，使眼色
225. Questionable attitude towards life and career. 生活作风问题（不端正的作风）226. Be taken aback 被惊到，吃了一惊
227. 鸡笼 coop，（鸡）咯咯叫 cackle， yell blue murder 大声惊呼，大惊小怪地叫嚷
228. A glib tongue = a well-oiled tongue 油嘴滑舌的
229. Engrossed in doing …一心做，埋头干。。。
220. As something ingrained, it cannot be completely changed overnight. 根深蒂固，不可能朝夕改正
221. The discontinuance of heartbeat. 心脏停止了跳动
222. Play up to bigwigs 奉承阿谀权贵之人/趋炎附势 frame-up 陷害，捏造，诬陷222. Crystal clear 完全明白，极其清楚
224. Hearing is not necessarily less credible than seeing. 耳听不一定为虚，眼见不一定为实
225. The world over = worldwide 全世界（用作后置定语）
226. Having blind faith in …盲目信仰，盲目相信……
227. Far from being faultless. 远不是完美无缺的
228. To do somebody a (gross) injustice. （巨大的/严重地）冤枉某人，对某人不公229. Alms bowl 钵盂，和尚的金钵
240. On no account 绝不 Seek a living for oneself 谋份生路 / 讨生活
241. Get up to mischief 玩闹，乱动
242. Inadvertent 非故意的，不注意的，疏忽的
242. An illustrated edition 插图版
244. Get wind of …耳闻，听到……的风声
245. Pay tribute to …歌颂，称赞…… ask(play) riddles 猜谜语
246. The wretchedness of life and the hopeless situation caused him to take to smoki ng, drinking and gambling. 悲惨的生活和绝望的处境使他渐渐开始染上抽烟、酗酒和赌
钱。
247. With poverty came sickness. 病随穷来。
249. A great achievement to go down in history 千秋伟业
248. Utter falteringly 支支吾吾地说
250. Be all for the best 结果会是好的，（表面上看起来不好但）出于好意，到头来会是好事
251. Wretch 可怜的人，不幸的人，卑鄙的人
252. More dead than alive 筋疲力尽，累得要死 a heap of 一大堆，许多
252. Umbilical cord 脐带， placenta 胎盘，
254. At the painful recollection 在痛苦的回忆当儿……
255. Hoe 锄头， shovel 铁铲， spade 铁锹， plough 犁，
256. At the crack of dawn，黎明时分，天刚破晓
257. Nuptial(婚礼的，结婚的) chamber = bridal chamber 洞房
258. Indisposition 微恙，不舒服，小病
259. Time and again 屡次，常常
260. In view of the public and the personal concerns 于公于私，
261. Earn sb a niche at the temple of fame 名留青史
262. Overthrow the monarch and establish the republic 推翻帝制，建立共和
262. Unshirkable responsibility，无法逃避的责任，义不容辞之责
264. The Three People’s Principles 三民主义
265. The present international situation is capricious. 国际局势变幻无常。
266. Time will not stay and brief is the day, a long night invites bad dreams. 来日苦
短，夜长梦多，时不我待。
267. “For all the disasters the brotherhood has remained; a smile at meeting and enm ity is banished.”渡尽劫波兄弟在，相逢一笑泯恩仇。
268. It fills me with much concern to learn of …近闻……，颇感关切/甚为挂念
欢迎您的光临，Word文档下载后可修改编辑双击可删除页眉页脚谢谢！希望您提出您宝贵的意见，你的意见是我进步的动力。赠语；、如果我们做与不做都会有人笑，如果做不好与做得好还会有人笑，那么我们索性就做得更好，来给人笑吧！、现在你不玩命的学，以后命玩你。、我不知道年少轻狂，我只知道胜者为王。、不要做金钱、权利的奴隶；应学会做金钱、权利的主人。、什么时候离光明最近？那就是你觉得黑暗太黑的时候。、最值得欣赏的风景，是自己奋斗的足迹。、压力不是有人比你努力，而是那些比你牛×几倍的人依然比你努力。
张培基英译现代散文选1
张培基英译现代散文选1 1. Phrasal Expression & Words …amid(st) thun derous applause a bare subsistence A be characteristic of B = B be characterized by A A bend in a river / mountain A blind alley A brass drum 小铜鼓 A bygone age a clot of blood A cobbled path A con fused mass of … A faint scent of A forgone conclusion 预料中的必然结局A hired hand on contract A jumble of … 一大堆 A keen sense of A long-timer of Beijing A loose community of smaller family A man of profound learning A mere drop in the ocean A niche in the temple of fame A passing glance A philosophical approach to life a positive outcome A scene of poetic charm A sensation of blissfulness A speck of mud A stone's throw A trace / shade / tint/ sprinkle of … aptly 恰如其分地Art troupe 文工团At a stretch/sitting At one'scommand at the present moment Avaricious desires 贪念 Bark up the wrong tree 攻击错了目标 bashful Bask in the sunshine Be ablaze/aglow with light be advanced in years be an encumbrance to … Be beset/troubled with/by Be blurred by … Be bogged down = be trapped Be bound up with …密切关联be central/indispensable to sb. Be cooped up = be caged be deeply grieved to learn of … be distinguished by Be en grossed in … Be exquisite and nicely arranged be forever cherished / treasured Be hale and hearty Be havened from be humanly impossible Be imprinted/carved/engraved/ingrained on/upon … be in a fix Be instrumental in 交织着 be irrelevant / foreign to Be keenly aware of be keyed up 紧张Be led by the nose be of southern breed Be off and on be on an equal footing with … Be on the lips of … Be on the minds of.. be out to do … be overgrown with wild woods be packed with … Be plagued = annoyed = upset Be possessed Be possessed of be reconciled to … be reduced to be saddled with be sent to gallows Be short of/devoid of Be shrouded in = be covered in = be enveloped in Be sloppy in thinking Be strewn/covered/festooned with … Be stumped by = baffled Be tantamount to ??= equal Be tinted / colored by … Be troubled / seized with … Be tucked away in … Be weaned 断奶 Be weighed down/ troubled with be wet with perspiration/ … Be wide of / far from the mark 离谱 Be wild with excitement / joy Be worthy of … 无愧于 Beam = a big smile on face Bear a thi n coati ng of … begin by degrees 逐渐开始 Beguile = while / idle / fritter away Bibliomania bicker Birds of a feather flock together Blackout: (战时)灯火管制 Blurt 脱口而出bookish / pedantic / impractical view Border sth on the west boudoir 闺房 Bountiful free gifts Bow down to Brazenly claim / credit 厚颜无耻邀功 Break into uncontrolled sobs Brilliant talent burst with vitality Bury the hatchet Button up clothes By dint of 凭借Capon Carcass: slaughtered animal for food Cavernous mouth Chant ancient Chinese books 诵读古籍 chicken-and-egg 因果难断的 Chit chat Click away the seconds Come dimly into sight Come out exceedingly well Come to pass 出现，发生 Come up against Come upon a windfall Come/be of age A Treasury of Best Chinese Prose 古文观Be interwoven with 止 A vast tract of land A virtuous man / a man of supreme virtue / moral integrity A widening expanse of water abandon … to fate Ache/agonize with pain Adjoining room admire sb for sth affected 做作aim high amiable by nature Amuse on eself by =-do …for fun Amusing episode an enlightened king An odd-jobber An opportune moment 合适时机Ancestral home Approach senility 1
“英语”语言学概论第六章笔记
Chapter 6 Pragmatics 语用学 1.What is pragmatics? 什么是语用学？ Pragmatics can be defined as the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication. As the process of communication is essentially a process of conveying meaning in a certain context, pragmatics can also be regarded as a kind of meaning study. It places the study of meaning in the context in which language is used. 语用学研究的是说某种语言的人怎样用句子去实现成功的交际。 由于交际的过程从本质来说是在一定的语境中表达意义的过程，因而语用学的本质是一种意义研究。它是一种将语言置于使用的语境中去的意义研究。 2.Pragmatics and semantics 语用学和语义学 Pragmatics and semantics are both linguistic studies of meaning, but they are different. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning, the context of use is considered. If it is not considered, the study is restricted to the area of traditional semantics; if it is considered, the study is being carried out in the area of pragmatics. 语用学和语义学都是对意义的语言学研究，但两者是不同的。它们的本质区别在于研究意义时是否考虑了语言使用的语境。没有考虑到语境进行的研究就没有超出传统语义学的研究范围；相反，考虑到语境进行的研究就属于语用学的研究范围。 3.Context 语境 Context is essential to the pragmatic study of language. It is generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer. 语境是语言的语用研究中不可缺少的概念。它一般被理解为说话者和听话者所共有的知识。The shared knowledge is of two types: the knowledge of the language they use, and the knowledge about the world, including the general knowledge about the world and the specific knowledge about the situation in which linguistic communication is taking place. 共有的知识包括他们所使用的语言方面的知识和双方对世界的认识，包括对世界的总的认识和对正在进行的语言交际所处的环境的具体认识。 4.Sentence meaning and utterance meaning 句子意义和话语意义The meaning of a sentence is abstract, and de-contextualized, while utterance meaning is concrete, and context-dependent. Utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context. 句子的意义是抽象的，非语境化的，而话语的意义是具体的，受语境制约的。话语意义基于句子意义；它是一个句子的抽象意义在特定语境中的具体体现，或简而言之，在一个语境中的具体化。 5.Speech act theory 言语行为理论 Speech act theory is an important theory in the pragmatic study of language. It was originated with the British philosopher John Austin in the late 50’s of the 20th century. 言语行为理论是语言语用研究中的一个重要理论。它最初是由英国哲学家约翰.奥斯汀在20世纪50年代提出的。 According to speech act theory, we are performing actions when we are speaking.
张培基英译散文选3
张培基英译现代散文选3 The Commercial Press and I Unable to see the manuscripts well, I have to rely on someone to read out for me.只能听别人念 With a comment scribbled in red ink about my mistake Enter…on the recommendation of sb. 经…介绍 Co-compile with sb.与…合编 I acted on his behalf as editor of the magazine Fiction Monthly. 代他编…（小说月报）With sb. as my collaborator跟…合作 Do proofreading看校样 It was the post-Great Revolution days when the stirring times found expression in literature.时代的激荡会在文学领域反应出来。 He had up to then written no fiction.他过去不写小说。 Start its publication of the magazine…创办…杂志 Sports requisites体育器械 …boast a galaxy of talent…是知识分子聚集的地方。A galaxy of talent人才济济 Became concurrently director of the People’s Education Publishing House兼任社长 …are still living and enjoy good health健在 It is said that people in the publishing trade live longer.有人说做出版工作的人就是长寿。《什么事不可能》Nothing Is Impossible to a Willing Mind 中国古代神话classical Chinese mythology 《封神传》Canonization of the Gods Make aviation experiments 不过这还是极少数“痴子”的信心，一般人还是嗤之以鼻。 Yet the handful of“dreamers”of those days were subjected to jeers and laughters. 学徒出身的发明家an apprentice-turned-inventor Without the above-mentioned early trailblazers, there would be no human flight to speak of today. 对于飞机大饶兴趣(sb. be) enamored of the flying machine. …不是一蹴而成的。Orville’s 1903 plane was something he accomplished after going through numerous setbacks. Made their first glider(滑翔机)patterned after a paper kite(纸鸢) 所以能向前努力者，无论成败，都有贡献。Therefore, succeed or fail, one is considered to have made a contribution so long as he has tried his utmost. In the face of obstacles面对困难 You need to take much time, do a lot of planning, go through countless procedures and carry out many improvements. And you’ll never make it unless you show the utmost patience. 《说开卷有益》On “Reading Is Always Beneficial” 现在多了一点智识，反过来又觉得古人的不欺我了。Now I know better than to do that. （明事理而不至于…） 可是坏书读了，而知道它的坏的原因与地方，岂不也是一得？After reading a bad book, we know all the whys and wherefores of its being bad.Isn’t that something of benefit to us too? 《当教师的快乐》Joys of the Teaching Career
语言学概论整理
语言学概论 第一章、绪论 1.语言学定义：专门以语言为研究对象的一门独立的科学。语言学的任务就是研究语言的性质、功能、结构及其运用等问题，揭示语言存在和发展的规律，使人们理解并掌握语言的理性知识。 第一节、语言研究与语言学 1.神话传说 2.语文学研究 ①语文学：是从文献角度研究语言文字学科的总称。它以文献评审为主，目的在于解释、 注疏和考订。 ②东方语言学：古印度、古中国 古印度语言学：公元前4、5世纪时，口语和《吠陀》时代的语言差别越来越大，甚至许多地方已经不能为一般人所读懂了。为了确保准确无误地理解《吠陀》的宗教内容，就必须对《吠陀》的语言作注释。著名的《巴尼尼经》（Pāninisūtra）正是当时从解说《吠陀》语言开始，进而研究梵语的整个结构的产物。《巴尼尼经》又名《八章书》，是巴尼尼在前人研究的基础上撰写的一部梵语语法。巴尼尼用3，983条经句极其概括地叙述了梵语的语音结构、语词的构成和变化规则。巴尼尼语法是一部汇集了许多世纪的语法学家研究成果的语法法典，对梵语的语音、语法现象分析和描写得十分细致，代表了古代印度语言研究的水平。印度语言研究的最初动力，是必须把梵语文化中最古老的吠陀时期由口头流传下来的一些宗教和礼仪文献保存下去,巴尼尼的工作在一定程度上帮助了后人学习和研究梵语。布龙菲尔德说：巴尼尼的著作是“人类智慧的丰碑之一”。 ③西方语言学：古希腊语言学、古罗马语言学、中世纪至18世纪末的西方语言学 谈谈语文学和语言学的关系： 语言学就是专门以语言为研究对象的一门独立的科学。语言学的任务就是研究语言的性质、功能、结构及其运用等问题，揭示语言存在和发展的规律，使人们理解并掌握语言的理性知识。语言学还没有成为一门独立的学科之前，人们对于语言的学习和研究只是为了给古代经典文献作注释，我们称那段时期的语言研究为语文学。语文学是从文献角度研究语言文字学科的总称。它以文献评审为主，目的在于解释、注疏和考订。 3.历史比较语言学：威廉琼斯的论文拉开19世纪历史比较语言学研究的序幕 4.现代语言学： ①瑞士语言学家索绪尔的《普通语言学教程》 索绪尔：现代语言学的历史，是从瑞士语言学家费尔迪南·德·索绪尔开始的。索绪尔的代表作是《普通语言学教程》。索绪尔被誉为“现代语言学之父”，《普通语言学教程》是现代语言学的奠基之作。索绪尔的语言学思想和19世纪以前的语文学最根本的区别在于：把语言看成是由各个符号之间的关系组成的有价值的结构系统。 《普通语言学课程》是一部什么样的书？ 《普通语言学教程》是由索绪尔的两位弟子兼同事根据学生们的听课笔记整理而成的。《普通语言学教程》是现代语言学的奠基之作。索绪尔区分了语言和言语，语言属于全社会，是抽象的；言语属于个人，是具体的。索绪尔认为语言是符号系统，“是一个纯粹的价值系统”。每个符号是由“能指”和“所指”构成的，所指和能指之间的关系是任意的。符号之间存在着线性的句段关系和联想的聚合关系。索绪尔把语言现象分为“共时”和“历时”两种，“共时”是指时间历程中的某一点上的语言状态，“历时”是指以时间历程中的某一点到以后的语言现象。索绪尔认为，语言学的对象是语言，由于语言有它的内部要素，也有它的外部要素，所以语言学也可以分为内部语言学和外部语言学。总之，《普通语言学教程》的语言学
张培基散文翻译 张培基散文翻译108篇
张培基散文翻译张培基散文翻译108篇 转] 张培基散文翻译语言点精要 xx-6-1614:19阅读转载自甲壳虫 · · · · · · 赞赞赞赞评论转载分享复制地址编辑上一篇| 下一篇：此文胜过你上三年、、、 1、It is sometimes beset with …有时候会有…的境遇/会有…相伴 2、 Nothing short of a … can help …唯有…才能/全靠…才能够 3、 Rolling on non-stop for thousands upon thousands of miles、一泻千里 4、 Fare likewise、正如这样 5、 Now … , now …有时…，有时… 6、 Better able to generate in oneself a sensation of …更能让人产生一种…之 感
7、… is now confronted with a … section of its course、…现在正遭遇进程上的 一段… 8、… , however, can only be shared by …而…，只有…样的人才可体会到 9、 The present … crisis can never obstacle the advance of …目前的…危机绝 不会阻碍…的进步 10、 Let us pace up our spirits and march through ...让我们鼓起雄健的精神 (1) 1、The greatest joy of …, is to … during its most difficult days、在最艰难的日 子里…，亦是最大的乐趣 12、 Grow restless 变得焦躁不安 Beg to differ 恕不同意/持反对意见 13、 Dash here and there in search of …跑来跑去的寻找 14、 He is going to … so that he could …他决定…以便… 15、… is not groundless because ……并非空害怕/没依据，因为… 16、 Keep moving around in a hurry 慌慌张张地走/跑
语言学概论 精讲一官方笔记
语言学概论第一节课官方笔记目录 一、课件下载及重播方法 二、本章/教材结构图 三、本章知识点及考频总结 四、配套练习题 五、其余课程安排 一、课件下载及重播方法 二、教材节构图
三、本章知识点及考频总结 第一部分语言和语言学 ◆模块一认识人类的语言 知识点一语言的性质和类型 （一）语言的概念 语言是一种符号系统，是由语音和语义构成的符号系统，是人类进行社会交际和思维认知的工具。 （二）人类语言与其他动物鸣叫系统的区别是： 1、内容更多： 表达无极限（时间、空间），想说、可说、能说。 2、用处更大： 交际、标志、记录、思维、认知等功能。 3、能够创造： 极强的生成能力和极高的运转效率。
注意：只有人类才有语言人类具有语言能力，是人跟其他动物区别的最重要的标志 （二）语言和民族、国家的关系 确定不同的语言，首先涉及的是语言跟民族和国家的关系 1.语言是识别民族和国家的标志——“相互能够听懂”（欧洲国家） 相同民族——相同语言；同一国家——同一语言 2.语言并非识别民族和国家的标志（欧洲以外的国家） 犹太人的语言与民族身份；海外华人的民族身份与语言；满族与满语 3.西方学界的双重标准——“相互能够听懂” 弱国——用语言识别民族；对“汉语”的看法。 强国——不用语言识别民族，美国、英国、澳大利亚和加拿大 （三）语言的特点和语言类型 1、语言的特点 不同的语言有自己的特点，各种语言在语音、词汇、语法方面差距显著。根据语言的特点，把语言进行分类，主要有“语言的谱系分类”和“语言的形态分类” 2、语言的类型 （1）语言的谱系分类
从语言的“历时”角度划分不同的语言，建立“语言的谱系分类”, 即语言的亲属关系分类。根据各种语言在语音、语汇、语法等方面是否有共同的来源和相似性的大小对语言进行的分类。 谱系分类是一个层级系统：语系—语族—（语支）—语言—方言—次方言（土语） 语系：语系是谱系分类中最大的类，语系、语族、语支、语群这种谱系分类的层级体系，反映了原始基础语随着社会的分化而不断分化的历史过程和结果。 世界上的语言大致分为七、八个语系。印欧语系和汉藏语系（区别在于是否有区分意义的声调和词的形态变化）语族：语系的下一级叫语族，同一语族的语言不但有相同的来源，相似点也更多，如印欧语系下分印度语族、伊朗语族、日耳曼语族等。 （2）语言的形态分类 即语言的结构类型分类。主要分为两种： ①形态语（综合性语言） 通过词的形态变化来体现各种结构意义的语言，主要有屈折语（词的形态变化丰富，如德语、俄语）、黏着语（词的形态变化为前后词缀，如维吾尔语、日语） ②孤立语（分析性语言）——汉语 语法手段无需谓词词形变化表现“时、体、态”；无需
张培基英译现代散文选1
张培基英译现代散文选1 1. Phrasal Expression & Words … amid(st) thunderous applause a bare subsistence A be characteristic of B = B be characterized by A A bend in a river / mountain A blind alley A brass drum 小铜鼓 A bygone age a clot of blood A cobbled path A confused mass of … A faint scent of A forgone conclusion 预料中的必然结局 A hired hand on contract A jumble of … 一大堆 A keen sense of A long-timer of Beijing A loose community of smaller family A man of profound learning A mere drop in the ocean A niche in the temple of fame A passing glance A philosophical approach to life a positive outcome A scene of poetic charm A sensation of blissfulness A speck of mud A ston e’s throw A trace / shade / tint/ sprinkle of … A Treasury of Best Chinese Prose 古文观止 A vast tract of land A virtuous man / a man of supreme virtue / moral integrity A widening expanse of water abandon … to fate Ache/agonize with pain Adjoining room admire sb for sth affected 做作 aim high amiable by nature Amuse one self by… = do … for fun Amusing episode an enlightened king An odd-jobber An opportune moment 合适时机 Ancestral home Approach senility aptly 恰如其分地 Art troupe 文工团 At a stretch/sitting At one ’s command at the present moment Avaricious desires 贪念 Bark up the wrong tree 攻击错了目标 bashful Bask in the sunshine Be ablaze/aglow with light be advanced in years be an encumbrance to … Be beset/troubled with/by Be blurred by … Be bogged down = be trapped Be bound up with …密切关联 be central/indispensable to sb. Be cooped up = be caged be deeply grieved to learn of … be distinguished by Be engrossed in … Be exquisite and nicely arranged be forever cherished / treasured Be hale and hearty Be havened from be humanly impossible Be imprinted/carved/engraved/ingrained on/upon … be in a fix Be instrumental in Be interwoven with 交织着 be irrelevant / foreign to Be keenly aware of be keyed up 紧张 Be led by the nose be of southern breed Be off and on be on an equal footing with … Be on the lips of … Be on the minds of.. be out to do … be overgrown with wild woods be packed with … Be plagued = annoyed = upset Be possessed Be possessed of be reconciled to … be reduced to be saddled with be sent to gallows Be short of/devoid of Be shrouded in = be covered in = be enveloped in Be sloppy in thinking Be strewn/covered/festooned with … Be stumped by = baffled Be tantamount to …= equal Be tinted / colored by … Be troubled / seized with … Be tucked away in … Be weaned 断奶 Be weighed down/ troubled with be wet with perspiration/… Be wide of / far from the mark 离谱 Be wild with excitement / joy Be worthy of … 无愧于 Beam = a big smile on face Bear a thin coating of … begin by degrees 逐渐开始 Beguile = while / idle / fritter away Bibliomania bicker Birds of a feather flock together Blackout: (战时)灯火管制 Blurt 脱口而出 bookish / pedantic / impractical view Border sth on the west boudoir 闺房 Bountiful free gifts Bow down to Brazenly claim / credit 厚颜无耻邀功 Break into uncontrolled sobs Brilliant talent burst with vitality Bury the hatchet Button up clothes By dint of 凭借 Capon Carcass: slaughtered animal for food Cavernous mouth Chant ancient Chinese books 诵读古籍 chicken-and-egg 因果难断的 Chit chat Click away the seconds Come dimly into sight Come out exceedingly well Come to pass 出现，发生 Come up against Come upon a windfall Come/be of age Confirmed = habitual Confirmed = habitual Congenial disposition 天性 convulsive sob cool one ’s heel Cordially
张培基散文翻译语言点精要
张培基散文翻译语言点精要 1. It is sometimes beset with…有时候会有…的境遇/会有…相伴 2. Nothing short of a…can help…唯有...才能/全靠…才能够 3. rolling on non-stop for thousands upon thousands of miles一泻千里 4. Fare likewise.正如这样 5. Now…, now….有时…，有时… 6. Better able to generate in oneself a sensation of…更能让人产生一种…之感 7.…is now confronted with a…section of its course……现在正遭遇进程上的一段… 8.…, however, can only be shared by…而…,只有…样的人才可体会到 9.Thepresent…criscanneverobstacletheadvanceof…目前的…危机绝不会阻碍…的进步。 1 0." Let us brace up our spirit and march through…让我们鼓起雄健的精神… 1 1." The greatest joy of…, is to…during its most difficult days.在最艰难的日子里…，亦是最大的乐趣。 1 2." Grow restless变得焦躁不安Beg to differ恕不同意/持反对意见 1 3." Dash here and there in search o f…跑来跑去的寻找 1
语言学概论00541史上最全(吐血整理) 汇总 简单题+名词解释 小抄笔记
27.书面语：书面语是用文字记录的语言形式，它是文字产生或在口语的基础上产生的，书面语是经过加工、提炼和发展了的口语的书面形式。 26.口语：就是有声的口头语言，任何一种语言都有口头存在形式。它是书面产生的基础。 28．语言相关论：语言相关论是萨丕尔和沃尔夫提出的关于语言与思维关系的观点，主张语言决定思维，不同的语言就有不同的思维方式。 29．大脑语言功能临界期：大脑语言功能临界期是指大脑的单侧化，大脑左半球的分区以及语言的遗传机制，都只提供人具有语言能力的潜在可能性，这些潜能必须在一定期限内被一定的语言环境激活才可能起作用。26．语言符号的所指 :语言符号的所指是符号的形式所指的意义内容。 29．机器翻译：通过计算机把一种语言自动翻译成另一种或多种自然语言的信息处理技术。 26.语音：语音是人的发音器官发出的、用于人与人之间交际并表达一定意义的声音。 27.词：词是最小的、有意义的、能够独立运用的语言单位。 28.语用：语用指语言运用，即人们在一定的交际环境中对语言的实际运用。 29.文字：文字是记录语言的书写符号系统。 27．单纯词：单纯词是由一个构词语素构成的词。 29．屈折：屈折是通过词的内部发生语音的交替变换来改变词的语法意义的手段。 28．意译词：是用本族语言的构词材料和规则构成新词，把外语中某个词的意义翻译过来。 27.仿译词：是用本族语言的语素逐个对译外语原词的语素造成的词，它不仅把原词的词义翻译过来，而且保持了原词的内部构成方式。 29．主谓词组：两个成分之间具有被说明和说明关系的词组是主谓词组。 27．复辅音：一个音节内处于同一个肌肉紧张的渐强阶段或渐弱阶段上的两个或两个以上辅音的组合。 27.双语现象：某一言语社团使用两种或多种语言的社会现象，具体而言是社团内的全体成员或部分成员双语并用的现象。 28.亲属语言：从同一种语言中分化出来的各个语言叫亲属语言，亲属语言之间具有历史同源关系。 26．调位：利用音节内的音高差别来起辩义作用的语音单位叫做调位，调位是一种非音质音位，依附在音位的组合序列上。 29.词组：实词与实词之间具有直接联系的相对独立的词群。 28．语素：语素是语言中音义结合的最小单位。 28．词尾：附着在词干后的，能改变词的语法形式，但不能构成新词的语素。 29．语素：音义结合的最小语言单位。 26．词类：词类是词在语法上的分类。它指可以替换出现在语法结构某些共同组合位置上的词的类，即具有聚合关系的词的类。 27．词法：（1）词法主要描写词的形态特征和词形变化规则。例如，俄语的名词在形式上有单数和复数的区别，有阳性、阴性、中性等性的区别，有主格、宾格、属格等格的区别，这些都是典型的词法现象。（2）由于印欧语言中构词单位、构词方式和词类都与词的形态变化相关，因此构词和词类问题也成为词法的一部分。27．语法意义：语法意义是语法形式所体现的意义，是语言中通过一类形式或功能所获得的意义。二者相辅相成，不可分离。如“动词+名词”有动宾关系的意义，汉语所有的同类组合都是如此，这种意义就是一种语法意义。 27.语法形式：语法形式就是能体现表达某种语法意义的形式。表示某一类语法意义或者有共同作用的形式，如词类形式、组合形式、虚词形式，就是语法形式。语法形式不是个别的语音形式和词语形式，但能产生某一类意义或者有共同作用的语音表现形式或者词形变化形式也是语法形式。 27.语法手段：根据语法形式的共同特点所归并的语法形式的基本类别叫做语法手段。语法手段可分为词法手段和句法手段两大类。通过词形的变化来表现语法意义的形式是词法手段；通过结构的变化来表现语法意义的形式是句法手段；例如英语名词后加s表示复数，英语动词后面加ed表示过去时，就是词法手段中的词形变化。 28．自源文字：自源文字指独立发展起来的文字。如古埃及文字、苏美尔文字、汉字，这些文字的形体、体系都是由最早使用该文字的人们独创的。 29．语音合成（1）语音合成是语音信息处理研究中的主要工作。 （2）语音合成就是让计算机模拟人的发音器官的动作并发生类似的声音。如汉语的语音合成目前已初步实现自动生成声韵调结合的音节。 26．句子:句子是词或词组按一定规则组合成的、能表达相对完整的意义、前后有较大停顿并带有一定的语气和句调的语言单位。 27．异化：语流中两个相同或相近的音，其中一个因受另一个影响而变得不相同或不相近。
张培基英译现代散文选1
1 张培基英译现代散文选1 1. Phrasal Expression & Words … amid(st) thunderous applause a bare subsistence A be characteristic of B = B be characterized by A A bend in a river / mountain A blind alley A brass drum 小铜鼓 A bygone age a clot of blood A cobbled path A confused mass of … A faint scent of A forgone conclusion 预料中的必然结局 A hired hand on contract A jumble of … 一大堆 A keen sense of A long-timer of Beijing A loose community of smaller family A man of profound learning A mere drop in the ocean A niche in the temple of fame A passing glance A philosophical approach to life a positive outcome A scene of poetic charm A sensation of blissfulness A speck of mud A ston e’s throw A trace / shade / tint/ sprinkle of … A Treasury of Best Chinese Prose 古文观止 A vast tract of land A virtuous man / a man of supreme virtue / moral integrity A widening expanse of water abandon … to fate Ache/agonize with pain Adjoining room admire sb for sth affected 做作 aim high amiable by nature Amuse one self by… = do … for fun Amusing episode an enlightened king An odd-jobber An opportune moment 合适时机 Ancestral home Approach senility aptly 恰如其分地 Art troupe 文工团 At a stretch/sitting At one ’s command at the present moment Avaricious desires 贪念 Bark up the wrong tree 攻击错了目标 bashful Bask in the sunshine Be ablaze/aglow with light be advanced in years be an encumbrance to … Be beset/troubled with/by Be blurred by … Be bogged down = be trapped Be bound up with …密切关联 be central/indispensable to sb. Be cooped up = be caged be deeply grieved to learn of … be distinguished by Be engrossed in … Be exquisite and nicely arranged be forever cherished / treasured Be hale and hearty Be havened from be humanly impossible Be imprinted/carved/engraved/ingrained on/upon … be in a fix Be instrumental in Be interwoven with 交织着 be irrelevant / foreign to Be keenly aware of be keyed up 紧张 Be led by the nose be of southern breed Be off and on be on an equal footing with … Be on the lips of … Be on the minds of.. be out to do … be overgrown with wild woods be packed with … Be plagued = annoyed = upset Be possessed Be possessed of be reconciled to … be reduced to be saddled with be sent to gallows Be short of/devoid of Be shrouded in = be covered in = be enveloped in Be sloppy in thinking Be strewn/covered/festooned with … Be stumped by = baffled Be tantamount to …= equal Be tinted / colored by … Be troubled / seized with … Be tucked away in … Be weaned 断奶 Be weighed down/ troubled with be wet with perspiration/… Be wide of / far from the mark 离谱 Be wild with excitement / joy Be worthy of … 无愧于 Beam = a big smile on face Bear a thin coating of … begin by degrees 逐渐开始 Beguile = while / idle / fritter away Bibliomania bicker Birds of a feather flock together Blackout: (战时)灯火管制 Blurt 脱口而出 bookish / pedantic / impractical view Border sth on the west boudoir 闺房 Bountiful free gifts Bow down to Brazenly claim / credit 厚颜无耻邀功 Break into uncontrolled sobs Brilliant talent burst with vitality Bury the hatchet Button up clothes By dint of 凭借 Capon Carcass: slaughtered animal for food Cavernous mouth Chant ancient Chinese books 诵读古籍 chicken-and-egg 因果难断的 Chit chat Click away the seconds Come dimly into sight Come out exceedingly well Come to pass 出现，发生 Come up against Come upon a windfall Come/be of age