虚拟语气用法详解

虚拟语气

一.条件句中的虚拟语气

条件句为非真实条件句时，所表示的假设是不可能或不大可能发生或实现的，句中的条件从句和结果主句都要用虚拟语气。形式如下：

例如：

I would ask George to lend us the money if I knew him.（与现在的事实相反）

If Bob had come with us, he would have had a good time.( 与过去的事实相反)

If I were to do the work, I should do it in a different way.( 与将来的事实相反)

注：1. 虚拟条件句中的谓语可用进行时，表示“如果……正在”，主句的谓语仍用would(或should, might, could)，并可根据情况选用时态。例如：

If you hadn’t been studying so hard, you might have failed the exam.

2. 在虚拟条件句中，如谓语包含were , had, should等词，则可以把这些词放到主语前面，省略if。

Had I realized you were busy, I wouldn't have bothered you with my questions.

真题：2000-49；1997－51；1996－43

二. 含蓄条件句中的虚拟语气

有时一个假设的情况不用条件从句表示，但仍然要用虚拟语气。要么省略了表示虚拟语气的部分，要么隐藏在上下文中，这样的句子叫含蓄条件句。例如：

She would have acted as you did. (if she were you)

Heaven would cry at their sufferings. (if it were able to see their sufferings)

真题：1995－62

有时条件从句会使用下列词或词组：but for, without, with, but, or, otherwise, even, in case of, what if等。例如：

Without your help, we would not have achieved so much.

But that she was prevented, she wouldn’t have shot the other people.

She wasn’t feeling very well. Otherwise she wouldn’t have left the meeting so early.

三. 错纵时间条件句中的虚拟语气

在错纵时间条件句中，虚拟条件从句和主句动作发生的时间不一致，因此主句和从句的谓语动词要根据各自所指的时间选用适当的虚拟语气形式。例如：

If I were you, I wouldn’t have missed the film last night. （现在－过去）

If they had left home in early morning, they would arrive in half an hour. （过去－将来）

真题：2005－51；2004－44

四.It is (high, about)time (that)…引导的从句中，谓语动词用过去时，指现在或将来的情况。例如：

It’s high time we did something to stop traffic accident.

注意以下区别：

1.“It’s time (+for+宾语)+动词不定式”这一结构的意思是“时间刚好该做。。。”，是陈述语气。

例如：It’s time to start our meeting.”但”It’s time (+that)+主语+动词过去式有“已经晚了，早应该做。。。”的含义，是虚拟语气，表示主观设想，例如：It’s time we left the office.

2.在”It’s the first (second/third) time后面所接的that从句中，谓语动词应该用完成体来表示

一种经历。

真题：2005－60；2002－51；1999－49

五. 虚拟语气用于名词性从句中

表示“建议，请求，命令，要求”等主观意向的词（名词，动词，形容词）引导的名词性从句要用虚拟语气。

常见的名词：advise, decision, desire, demand, idea,order,necessity, insistence, preference, proposal, recommendation, suggestion, requirement.

常见的动词：suggest, advise, assume, decide, demand, desire, insist, propose, order, recommend, require, surprise

常见的形容词：important,imperative,obligatory, necessary, urgent, essential,appropriate, desirable, insistent , vital, advisable, better, keen, preferable, right, good, proper, compulsory, concerned, careful, unthinkable, fitting

格式：(should)+动词原型，不受主句动词时态的影响。例如：

It’s desired that she come to teach us at least twice a week.

It’s urgent that a meeting be arranged before the final decision is made.

真题：2004－46；1997-43

六. 以wish（that）引导的表示“愿望”的宾语从句

wish后的宾语从句中要用虚拟语气，而在虚拟语气中时态的应用类似在非真实条件中从句时态的应用。表示现在或将来的愿望用：主语＋wish ＋从句（主语＋过去时）；表示一个过去没有实现的愿望用：主语＋wish +从句（主语＋过去完成时）。例如：

Peter wishes that he had studied law instead of literature when he was in college.

I didn’t go to the party, but I do wish I had been there.

七. would rather, would sooner, would as soon和would just as soon等引导的从句表示“宁愿，但愿等意思，其后的宾语从句的谓语动词要用虚拟语气，常用过去式或过去完成式表示与现在或过去事实相反。例如：

I’d rather you didn’t touch that, if you don’t mind.

I’d sooner she left the heavy end of the work to someone else.

八. 以as if，as though引导的从句

在as if，as though引导的从句中，如果谈论的是不可能或不真实的情况时，它们所引用的状语从句要用虚拟语气，动词形式和wish 后面的从中动词形式变化相同。

He talks as if he knew everything in the world.

She appeared as if she had known nothing about it.

九. be用作虚拟语气的情况

whether it (he) be …or…意为“不管（不论）是……还是……”，表示让步，为虚拟语气的一种表示方法，其省略结构为be it…or…, be he…or等，必须用倒装。例如：

Be he what he may, he should obey the rules.

Every day he takes a walk in the park in the evening, whether it be fine or raining.

Home is home, be it ever so homely.(再穷也是家)

真题：2004－52

十. lest, for fear that, in case等引导的目的状语从句中，谓语动词用should do的形式构成虚拟语气；so that和in order that等引导的目的状语从句中，谓语动词除了用“should do”外，还可以用“might, could do”来构成虚拟语气。

She is studying hard for fear that she should fall behind.

十一. Would rather…than和would…rather than后的句子用虚拟语气，用“should do”的形式，且than后的从句可用也可不用that引导。例如：

I would rather die than (that) he should know the secret.

He’d do anything rather than (that) he should live with such a shameless woman.

十二. fear/be afraid/worried lest sb. do sth.表示害怕（担心）某种可能出现的情况，从句中的动词应用现在虚拟式。例如：

She fears lest he arrive too late.

We were afraid lest it be broken.

十三. if only 有两种用法：

A．if only可带一个条件状语从句，该条件句代表一种较难兑现的条件。例如：

If only you would help me type my paper this afternoon, I would not have to burn the midnight oil.

B. 表示目前较难实现的愿望或与过去事实相反的愿望。表示与目前较难实现的愿望时使用if only sb. did/were sth.或if only sb. could/would do/be sth.的结构；表示与过去事实相反的愿望时使用if only sb. had done/been sth.或if only sb. could have done sth.的结构。例如：

If only you would listen to reason.

If only I could have gone to the movies. If only you hadn’t told Linda what I said.