英语基础训练
第十二章
1.如图所示的用具中,在使用时属于费力杠杆的是（）
2.一根原木放在水平地面上,粗略估计它的质量时,我们视其粗细相同,质量分布均匀,现抬起一端使它稍离地面需要500N的力(g=10N/kg),则原木的质量大约为（）
A 50kg
B 100kg
C 250kg
D 500kg
3.在探究“杠杆平衡条件”实验中,杠杆在拉力F作用下水平平衡,如图所示,现将弹簧测力计绕B点从a位置转动到b位置过程中,杠杆始终保持水平平衡,则拉力F与其力臂的乘积变化情况是（）
A.一直变小
B.一直变大
C.一直不变
D.先变小后变大
4.如图,OA为长2m的轻杆,与固定在竖直墙面上的光滑转轴相连接。将一重为30N的物体用轻绳拴在OA的中点B处,用垂直于OA的力F拉住轻杆,静止图示位置,则F=＿＿＿N
5.如图所示,轻质杠杆OA可绕O点无摩擦转动,A点处挂一个重20N的物体，B点施加竖直向上的力F,杠杆在水平位置平衡，且OB:BA=2：1则F=＿＿＿N。它是＿＿＿杠杆
3 4 5
6.某同学设计了一种如图所示的简易电梯,由图可知（）
A.A是动滑轮
B.B是定滑轮
C.如果电动机向下拉动绳子电梯厢将上升
D.电梯厢运动的速度与电动机拉绳的速度相
7.A、B两种实心物体的质量与体积的关系如甲图所示,把体积相等的A、B物体挂在滑轮组下,若要使它们处于静止状态,则在乙图的虚线框内悬挂B物体的个数是(不计摩擦和滑轮的自重)（）
A.1个
B.2个
C.3个
D.4个
8.小谦想把被台风刮倒的树拉正。他把绳子的一端系在乙树上,然后绕过甲树用力拉绳子,这样做有＿＿＿段绳子拉甲树。如果不计绳重和摩擦,甲树受300N拉力,则小谦对绳子的拉力至少为＿＿＿N
6 7 8 9
9.高速铁路的输电线,无论冬、夏都绷的直直的以保障列车电极与输电线的良好接触。如图为输电线的牵引装置。钢绳通过滑轮组悬挂20个相同的坠砣,每个坠砣质量为25kg,不计滑轮和钢绳自重及摩擦,输电线A端受到的拉力
大小为＿＿＿N 。若某段时间内坠砣串下降了30cm,则输电线A 端向左移动了＿＿＿cm 。(g 取10N/kg,不考虑钢绳的热胀冷缩）
10.工人用如图的机械将物体匀速提升到某一高度,若物体的重力与滑轮的重力之比G 物:G 滑轮=9:1,忽略绳重与摩擦的影响,则机械效率为（ ）
A.10%
B.45%
C.80%
D.90%
11.图甲中用力F1水平拉着重为G 的物体在水平路面上匀速移动s 的距离。图乙中用动滑轮拉着它也在同一路面上匀速移动s 的距离,水平拉力为F2。使用动滑轮的过程中 （ ）
S F S F W D S F GS C GS W B S F W A 12222.2...-====额有总额外功为机械效率有用功为总功为η
12.如图所示,用相同的滑轮组成甲乙两个滑轮组,分别将同一物体在相同时间内匀速提升相同高度,若不计绳重和摩擦,比较甲、乙两滑轮组,下列说法正确的是（ ）
A.甲的拉力大
B.乙的额外功少
C.甲的拉力功率大
D.乙的机械效率低
10 11 12 13
13.如图所示,沿斜面把质量为12kg 的一个物体匀速拉到最高处,沿斜面向上的拉力F=100N,斜面长2m 、高1m,则其机械效率是＿＿＿%,物体所受摩擦力是＿＿＿N.(取g=10N/kg)
14.用如图甲所示的滑轮组运送货物上楼,每件货物重100N,每次运送的量不定。图乙记录了在整个过程中滑轮组的机械效率随货物重力增加而变化的图象,则动滑轮重为＿＿＿N;当某次运送3件货物时,绳子的拉力F 是＿＿＿N 。(不考虑绳重和摩擦)
15. 如图所示,在竖直向上的力F 的作用下,重物A 沿竖直方向匀速上升。已知A 的重力G=100N,重物A 上升速度为0.2m/s,不计绳与滑轮摩擦以及滑轮重和绳重,则拉力F 的大小和滑轮上升的速度分别为( )
A.50N 0.4m/s
B.50N 0.1m/s
C.200N 0.4m/s
D.200N 0.1m/s
易错知识点2 滑轮组机械效率的有关计算
16. 如图所示,用滑轮组匀速提起重1000N 的物体,使物体上升10m,所用拉力为400N,若绳重和摩擦不计,求:
(1)滑轮组的机械效率;
(2)若用此装置匀速提起1200N 的重物,则拉力为多少N?
14 15 16
答案
作图巩固练习
1．轻质杆OA的A端挂一重物，在绳子拉力作用下保持静止，请画出图中绳对A点的拉力F1及对应的力臂L1。
2.如图所示是一个简易压水机，其中AOB是杠杆，作出动力F1的力臂。
3.如图所示，请画出杠杆AB在图示位置静止时作用在B点的最小力F及其力臂L．
4.如下图，小明在做俯卧撑时可将他视为一个以脚为支点O的杠杆，如果他的重心在A点，请在图中画出重力G 和支撑力F及支撑力的力臂l。
5.下图为揭开井盖的示意图，O为支点，请在图中画出拉力F的力臂L．
6.如图所示，一个绕O点转动的杠杆在两个力的作用下水平平衡，已知阻力F2的方向，以及动力F1的力臂，请在图中画出F2的力臂以及动力F1．
7.如图，人用滑轮组提起重物，请用笔画表示绳子，画出滑轮组的绕线．
8.按照要求画出图中所示滑轮组的穿绳情况．（滑轮重和摩擦不计）要求F=G/4。
9．若用滑轮组来平移物体(如图),已知小车重2500N,小车滚动时所受摩擦力是车重的0.1倍,绕滑轮的绳子能承受的最大拉力为100N,试画出图中滑轮组绳子的绕法。
答案
高考英语作文写作基础—怎样写人物简介素材
畅游学海敢搏风浪誓教金榜题名。决战高考，改变命运。凌风破浪击长空，擎天揽日跃龙门 高考英语写作……怎样写人物简介 一. 教学内容： 英语写作……怎样写人物简介 二. 重点、难点： （一）人物简介的写作步骤 1. Birthday and birth place 2. Family background 3. Education 4. Big events in his or her life ( in order of time ) 5. Evaluation （二）人物简介写作中常用的词组及句子 1. Birthday and birth place ——was / were born on…in… , 2. Family background —— 1) a poor / rich family 2) his (her) family was so poor that……， 3) with the help of his parents , 4) his father was very strict with him……, 5) the son of a poor family , 6) when he was a small boy , 7) as a child , 8) during his (her) childhood , 9) spend his childhood in……, 10) live a happy (hard ) life , 11) a boy of 15 3. Education—— 1) graduate from……department of ……university , 2) When at college , he majored in……, 3) receive a doctor’s degree . 4) get higher education 5) go abroad for further studies 4. Big events in his life—— 1) be interested in … , 2) work hard at … , 3) devote his lifetime to … , 4) do research about / into … 5) make a big decision . make up one’s mind to do sth. 6) do sth with great determination and perseverance . 7) be fond of… , 8) be strict in sth. 9) have a … way of doing sth. 10) try one’s best to do sth. 11) encourage sb to do sth. 12) fight for , give up one’s life for sb / sth. 13) win a prize in … competition . 14) be good at . 15) make rapid progress in … , 16) set a new world record of … 17) become a member of … 18) study hard . train hard . 19) win a gold medal . 20) work so hard as to improve… 21) have a gift for… 5. Evaluation——
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《英语基础写作》教学大纲 一、课程名称：英语基础写作 二、课程类别：专业必修课 三、教学时数：周学时数2，总学时数68 四、学分：4 五、开课时间：第3-4学期 六、开课专业：英语专业 七、教学对象：英语专业本科 八、教学目的：《英语写作》是针对英语专业本科二年级学生开设的专业基础课程。本课程的任务是要求学生系统地掌握英语写作的基本理论、不同种类文体的写作方法及基本写作技巧，能够独立完成各种常用文体的写作。 九、课程内容： （1）文体：exposition, narration, description, argument, etc. （2）文体拓展方法：illustration, comparison and contrast, making analogy, classifying and dividing the subject, repetition, etc. （3）基本写作技巧：ways of brainstorming, ways of beginning, ways of conclusion, ways of development, readership awareness, genre awareness, peer editing, peer response, cohesion and coherence, responding to teacher feedback, how to use dictionaries, how to search and make use of internet resources, etc. 十、教学时间安排：
初一英语基础训练与提高试题及答案
绝密★启用前暑期基础训练与提高9 Ⅰ．根据句意及词首字母写出单词 1．Cheng Long is a f ________ movie star. 2．My grandfather likes Beijing O ________ a lot. 3．I have a lot of work today. I’m very b ________. 4．My classmates often help me. They are f ________ to me. 5．The story is very i ________.The children like reading it. 6．What movie do you like best? My f ________ movie is Titanic. 7．Where’s my key? I can’t f ________ it. 8．Speed is a very successful action movie. I think it’s e ________. 9．Xu Beihong（徐悲鸿） is a Chinese a ________. 10．I think thrillers are s ________. I don’t want to see them. Ⅱ．将下列短语译成英语 11．在周末 ______________ 12．中国历史 ________________ 13．这种影片 ________________ 14．一部很成功的影片 ________________ 15．呆在家里 ________________ 16．动作影片 ________________ 17．电影明星 ________________ 18．激动人心的故事 ________________ 19．这种…… ________________ 20．京剧 ________________ Ⅲ．写出下列词的相应形式 21．comedy（复数）____ 22．boy（复数）____ 23．twelve（序数词）____ 24．forty（序数词）____ 25．big（反义词）____ 26．young（反义词）____ 27．same（反义词）____ 28．go（反义词）____ 29．does not（缩写形式）____ 30．do not（缩写形式）____ Ⅳ．单项选择 （）31．What do you ________ do? A．want B．want to C．like D．to like （）32．My grandfather ________ stay ________ home and watch TV. A．like, at B．like, in C．likes to, at D．likes to, in （）33．________ kind of movies ________ Lucy like? A．What, does B．What, do C．What’s, does D．Which, do （）34．________ a word, we can learn a lot ________ Chinese history. A．For, for B．In, about C．For, about D．In, for （）35．Gina likes action movies, ________ she doesn’t like thrillers. A．and B．so C．or D．but （）36．September is ________ month of the year. A．nineth B．ninth C．the nineth D．the ninth （）37．I don’t like action movies. I think they’re ________. A．boring B．difficult C．interesting D．exciting （）38．— How is the new movie? — It is ________. A．well B．thriller C．young D．exciting （）39．My brother ________ this kind of story-books. A．have B．don’t have C．does’t has D．doesn’t have （）40．“The Big Race” is a kind of ________. A．thrillers B．documentaries C．comedies D．action movies （）41．Do you often go to ________ football games ________ your friends? A．see, and B．look at, with C．watch, and D．watch, with （）42．Mr Brown is very old, ________ he is still healthy. A．but B．and C．so D．for （）43．________ weekdays, what time do you get up? A．On B．For C．At D．By （）44．Do you like ________ books? A．read B．reading C．see D．seeing （）45．He even ________ a Beijing Opera artist. A．want to be B．wants to be C．want is D．is want Ⅴ．根据表格中的内容和例句，写出句子 46．The young people ________________. 47．Jack ________________. 48．My parents ________________. 49．My brother ________________. Ⅵ．按要求转换句型 50．I think the movie is very interesting（改为否定句） 51．I like comedies best. （就划线部分提问） 52．He wants to be a teacher. （就划线部分提问） 53．My birthday is in August. （就划线部分提问） 54．of, at, stay, look, home, pictures, Beijing Opera, I, and （连词成句） 55．what, do, do, on, you, weekends （?） 能力训练 Ⅶ．完形填空 A There is 56 old woman in America. She 57 children at all. But she likes 58 . She has black cats and white cats. She has 59 cats and baby cats. So the children like to come to 60 house. They play with the cats. More and more cats come to the old woman’s house. Soon there are 61 cats. The old woman can’t feed them 62 Then she has a good 63 . “The children love my cats. ”she thinks. So she 64 each child a cat. Then she is happy. And the children are happy. 65 the cats are happy, too. Each of them has a home.
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