高中英语语法要点易错点整理
高考语法要点和易错点
语法一====从句
从句的做题思路======》判定是什么从句
一、关于定语从句（前提：懂得判断是哪一种从句）
1．修饰某一名词或代词的句子叫定语从句。
2．连接词that/which/who/whom/whose/when/where/why/as
What/how>< 既起连接作用/有充当句子成分
3．先行词n./pron ---被定语从句修饰的
根据先行词选择连接词
物：which/that//whose
人：who/whom/that/whose
时间：when/which/that
地点：where/which /that
Reason: 从句完整why/for which；从句不完整which/that/--
Way: 从句完整in which/that/--; 从句不完整which/that/-
I don’t like the way you speak to your parents.
He found the way was reasonable to solve the problem.
答案：in which/that；which/that
当先行词与连接词后面的名词n存在所属关系时（…的）
物：whose+n.=of which +the +n.=the +n.+of which
人：whose +n.=of whom +the +n.= the +n.+ of whom
The room, of which the window faces south is mine.
The girl, whose father died is our monitor.
4．只能用that 不能用which(重点前5种情况)
（1）当先行词是不定代词，如all，everything，anything，nothing，much，few，little，none，the one 等。
All that can be done has been done.
（2）先行词被all, few，little，no，every 等词修饰时。
There is no difficulty that we can’t overcome.
（3）先行词被序数词或形容词的最高级修饰时。
This is the first letter that I’ve written in Japanese.
（4）先行词被the only, the very, the last 等修饰时
This is the very book that I am looking for.
（5）当先行词既有人又有物时。
They talked about the teachers and schools that they had visited.
（6）当先行词是系动词be后面的表语或连接词本身是从句的表语时。
China isn’t the country that she used to be 50 years ago.
（7）当主句是以who，which或what开头的特殊疑问句时。
Who is the man that is waiting at the bus stop？
5．永远不用that ====介词/逗号之后
6．当先行词是时间/地点时when /where /that/which/--
When=介词+which=介词+时间
Where=介词+which = 介词+地点
Which/that= 时间/地点
当从句完整时，用When/ Where/介词+which
当从句不完整时，用which/that/--
e.g. I still remember the days that/which/-- we spent at the seaside last summer.
This is the factory in which/ where his parents used to work.
1.The library ___ students often study was on fire last night.
2.The library, ___ was built in the 1930s, needs repairing.
3.The library ____ you visited yesterday was built in 1990.
4.I’ll never forget the day _________ we first met in the park.
5.I’ll never forget the time _________ I spent on campus.
6.I’ll n ever forget the time _____ was spent with you.
答案：where/in which；which/that；which/that；when/on which；that/which；_that/which
7. as与which的比较：
（1）在非限制性定语从句中，均可替代整个主句. 如从句在主句之后，两者皆可用；如从句在主句之前，用as。
They failed in the exam，as/which is natural.
As is known to all，the earth moves around the sun.
（2）as“正如……，就像……”
Which “这一点/这个/这件事”
He is careless, which caused the accident.
He is late again, as/which we expected.
8. 当先行词被the same，such，so修饰时，
This is the same book as you bought yesterday. 同一类
…………………… .that………………………同一个
This was so difficult a problem as we couldn’t work out.（后面句子不完整）
This was so difficult a problem that we couldn’t work it out.（后面句子完整）
This was such a difficult problem …………
9.另外，定语从句中谓语动词的数应与先行词的数相一致。如：
①Mr. Jackson is the only foreigner that is present at the party.0
②He is one of the students who were praised by the teacher.
解析：在句①中，先行词foreigner被only修饰，强调只有一个，所以从句中谓语动词用单数形式，而在句②中，who引导的定语从句修饰先行词the students为复数，所以从句谓语动词应为复数。
感悟：学生之所以在这一点上经常出错，主要是对定语从句的理解不够深刻，分辨不出主句和从句，对句子成分的把握也不到位，搞不清关系代词或关系副词在从句中充当何种句子成分。所以要做好这一类题，要首先弄清关系代词和关系副词的用法，而且应善于分辨和分析句子结构及其相应成分，这样才能对症下药，快速准确地找到瓿之所在。
二、名词性从句
主语从句What I say is true
宾语从句He won’t believe what I say.
表语从句That is what I said.
同位语从句I told them the news that Rockets won the game today.
区别什么从句应看主句，主句不完整时从句肯定是名词性从句。主句完整时，从句可能是定语从句，状语从句，或者同位语从句。
I have forgotten where we went yesterday.
Where we went yesterday is covered with all kinds of flowers.
Oh! This is where we came yesterday.
This is the place where we came yesterday.
Here, he made the promise that he would come here 10 years later.
I will make a mark where he made the promise.
需要用什么引导词看从句。名词性从句中缺什么意思用什么意思的引导词; 缺名词性成份时，指人用who/whom，指物用what; 不缺意思和成份时用that。That只有在宾语从句中可以省略。
1. ___ the Olympic Games will be held in Beijing is known.
A.不填
B. Whenever
C. What
D. When
2. There is a common belief among them ___ rubbish can and should be put to good use.
A. which
B. if
C. whether
D. that
3. He’s bought a cottage for ___ he retires, with the money he saved.
A. When
B. where
C. what
D. which (哪一个、哪一些)
答案DDA
--It is known to all that Taiwan belongs to China.
--Do you think it possible that we take over Taiwan?
--Of course.
It 经常在句中当形式主语、宾语，代替真正的主语、宾语，以避免头重脚轻。
It is pretty well understood ___ controls the flow of carbon dioxide in and out of the atmosphere today.
A. That
B. when
C. what
D. how
Why don’t you bring ___ to his attention that you are too busy to do it?
A. This
B. what
C. that
D. it
答案CD
表“是否”时只用whether不用if:
1.Whether the president will come is not known yet. (主从)
2.The problem is whether we need it.（表从）
3.The problem whether we will build another school hasn’t been settled.（同位语从句）
4.He was worried about whether he passed the English examination. （介词之后）
5.It doesn’t matter whether she will come or not. （whether… or /or not）
6.I don’t know whether to go.（动词不定式之前）
区别：that引导的定语从句与同位语从句
定语从句与前面的的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系，“……的名词”，而同位语从句是用来说明前面名词的内容。与that从句同位的名词必须是一些表示事实或概念的抽象名词，如fact,news,belief,truth,reply 等。That在定语从句中必须作成分，可用which或who/whom代替，而that在同位语从句中不充当任何句子成分，只起连接作用。如：
①Along with the letter was his promise that he would visit me this coming Christmas.
②Do you still remember the chicken farm that we visited three months ago.
解析：在句①中，that引导同位语从句解释说明promise的内容，that不充当任何句子成分，只起连接作用，而在句②中，that在其引导的定语从句中作动词visited的宾语，对先行词the chicken farm起修饰作用。
感悟：学生之所以在这一点上容易出错，主要还是因为对定语从句的理解不够深刻，分辨不出that在从句中是否充当了句子成分，因此，还需在句子分析上下功夫，并且搞清何谓同位语从句。
三、状语从句
（主句完整，从句和主句之间不存在修饰关系的，一般就是状从）
1.关于when/while/as
都有“当…时”
When I arrived, he had already left.
Mary asked me to care for her pet while s he was away. （当…时）
As the sun set in the west, it became darker and darker.
As time goes by//as the economy develops
When (正在这时)
Be about to do…. When …
Be doing … when…
Had just done… when…
Be on the point of doing … when…
while
He likes pop music while I am fond of classical music. (而)
Mary asked me to care for her pet while she was away. （当…时）
While I understand what you say, I can’t agree with you. （虽然）
as
A. 随着+句子as time went by as the economy develops
B. 像+ 句子It looks a little ugly as it is .
C. 作为+短语treat / regard / consider / think of / look on …… as （把…作为…来对待）
D. 因为+句子because /since/for
As you are Senior 3 students, you should spare no effort / pains to study.
E. 正如/ 就像
As is known to all/we all know, Taiwan belongs to China.
As an old saying goes, it’s not until the Dragon Boat Festival that we can put away warm clothes.
2.关于since/before/until
It is/has been several months since we last spent the holiday in the country together.
It was ten years since we had had such a wonderful time.
Before
He left before I could say “thank you” to him. 来不及
Three years passed before I knew it. 才
It won’t be long before we have a monthly exam.
It will be ten years before we meet again.
It was ten years before they met again.
Until/till (主句谓语持续性)
Not… until…(主句谓语短暂性)
George worked for IBM until/till 2000.
直到靠近，我才认出他。
Until he came up to me, I recognized him. （此句错误）
==》I didn’t recognize him until he came up to me.
3. 关于“一…就”
Hardly… when…
No sooner… than…
As soon as
The moment/time/minute/second +句子
Immediately/instantly/directly +句子
On doing/名词
Hardly (No sooner) had I got home when (than) the rain poured down.
The moment she saw the robber, she screamed.
Instantly he saw the drowning girl, he jumped into the river.
Upon arrival/ On arrival / On arriving, I will pay a visit to you first.
4. It is/was +时间点+when 与强调句型的区别
It was midnight I fell asleep.
A. when
B. that
C. while
D. because
It was at noon we arrived in the village.
A. before
B. while
C. when
D. that
答案AD
5.Unless 如果不（除非）/if 如果
____________you go all out to do the work, I don't think you can achieve your goal as planned.
A. Unless
B. Even
C. Since
D. Till
He never speaks _____ he is spoken to, for he is not much of a speaker.
A.when
B.if
C.unless
D.until
答案AC
6. as if(though) 似乎/仿佛/好像+真实/虚拟
7. even if /though 即使
8. in case/for fear that 以防/惟恐
9. What/whatever/no matter what; how/however/no matter how
What(ever) +名词How(ever) +形容词/副词
Whatever difficulties we meet with, it is best to face them and try to solve them.
However late it is, I’ll wait for you.
No matter how busy he is, he is ready to help others.
No matter +疑问词==引导状从疑问词+ever==引导名从/状从
Whatever you say, I won’t believe you. = No matter what（状语从句）
I won’t believe whatever you say. = anything that（宾语从句）
Whoever / No matter who comes, don’t let him in. （状语从句）
Whoever / Anyone who leaves last should turn off the lights. （主语从句）
10. Where +句子（特别是引导地点状从和定从的区别）
I have forgotten where we went yesterday.
Where we went yesterday is covered with all kinds of flowers.
Oh! This is where we came yesterday.
This is the place where/in which we came yesterday.
I will make a mark where the teacher emphasizes.
语法二====非谓语
非谓语做题思路
1．判断主被动
2．判断时间（要发生/正在进行/已完成）
非谓语与其逻辑主语（即动作的执行者或承受者）之间有三种关系，如为主谓关系，则用现在分词或不定式的主动式；如为被动关系则用过去分词、现在分词的被动（强调动作正在进行）或不定式的被动式（动作将进行）；如既无主动也无被动关系则只能用状语从句或独立主格结构（即非谓语加上自己的逻辑主语）。
Judging/considering/genrally speaking/supposing
指说话者的动作，故只用主动式。如：
Having been ill in bed for nearly a month , he had a hard time passing the exam.
解析：从这个句子可以看出，句词的逻辑主语与句子的主语he一致，并且是主谓关系，所以用了现在的分词作状语，同时，分词的动作明显地发生在句子的谓语动词动作之前，故采用了现代分词的完成式。
In order to improve English , ________.
A. Jenny’s father bought her a lot of tapes.
B. Jenny’s father bought a lot of tapes for herself.
C. A lot of tapes were bought by Jenny.
D. A lot of tapes were bought by Jenny father.
解析：根据不定式短语我们可以推知，句子的逻辑主语应该是人而不是物，所以，应该排除CD，再就是应该是Jenny提高自己的英语，而不是她爸爸，故答案先B.
———，we decided to go out for a walk.
A. It is fine
B. It fine
C. Being fine
D.It being fine
解析：主句主语we与动词短语be fine之间既无主动关系与无被动关系，所以要加上自己的逻辑主语It，由于不存在主、被动关系，故不能选C项，而应该选D项。
————more attention, the trees could have grown better.
A. Given
B.To give
C.Giving
D. Having giving
解析：give与主句的主语之间是被动关系，故选A.如为主动关系则选C.
易出错的问题一般都是学生在学习中对知识理解不深刻或能力欠缺的地方，应及时纠错和建立“错题档案”，还应“借题发挥”，有意地把一些易错题予以归类，找出错误根源，总结规律。
非谓语====不能做谓语的动词形式
1 Doing 主动正在进行eg. The man standing there is my teacher.
2 being done被动正在进行eg.I think the book being written by him will sell well.
3 having done主动已经完成只能做状语eg. Having finished his homework, he went out to play.
4 having been done被动已经完成只能做状语
eg Having been taken care of well, the old man recovered soon.
5 done 被动已经完成fallen leaves( 这里表完成，不表被动)
6 （only\just）to do主动将来
7 to be doing主动正在进行
8 to be done 被动将来
9 to have done主动完成
10 （to have been）done被动完成
非谓语Having done所表达的动作在谓语动作之前完成，一般放句首做状语。
非谓语doing所表达的动作发生和谓语动作几乎同时进行。
Having worked hard all day, I went to bed early.
Having experienced quite a few earthquakes in Hawaii already, I didn’t take much notice.
Having studied volcanoes now for many years, I am still amazed at their beauty as well as their potential to cause great damage.
Walking in the way of back home, suddenly I saw a store covered with smoke.
、
不定式表意料之外的结果，现在分词表自然而然的结果。
I hurried home, only to find nobody in.
His parents died early, leaving him alone.
* only to do 与doing 作结果状语的用法
“ only to do” 做结果状语表意料之外的结果，尤指不愉快的结果。
“doing” 做结果状语表示必然结果与主句之间含有逻辑上的因果关系。
语法三====虚拟语气
（一）if 虚拟
从句主句
与现在相反be→were
do→did
Would/should/could/might+V原
与过去相反Be→had been
do→had done
Would/should/could/might+have done/been
与将来相反1.Be→were;
do→did
2.were to +V原
3.should do
Would/should/could/might+V原
注：1、if I were you →Were I you
if I had finished it →Had I finished it
if it should rain →Should it rain
2、句型==(要不是)
I f it were not for …. Would /should/could/might +do/be
=Were it not for
If it had not been for.…W ould /should/could/might +have done/been
Had it not been for
If it were not for the expense, I would go to Italy.
If it hadn’t been for the expense, I would have gone to Italy.
I’ve discovered I possess a large number of different talents and skills that I never would have thought were within me had it not been for my being open to trying new opportunities.
3、Without/but for==(要不是)
Without you, I wouldn’t have got full mark.
（二）、If only/Wis h+现在：be→were do →did
If only/Wish+过去：be→had been do→had done
If only/Wish+将来：could/should/would +do
As if/though 也适用
It seems as if it is going to rain.
It seems as if it were to rain.
注：may you +V原
(三)动词：Insist/suggest/advise/recommend/propose/order/command/demand/require/request /desire +(should)do
注：动词对应的名词和句型也用（should）do表虚拟
suggestion /order/advice
It’s suggested/ordered that+
（四）I t’s necessary/important/vital that…(should) do
(五) It’s (high/about) time that…should do/did
(六) would rather +句子1、对现在/将来虚拟用did
2、对过去虚拟用had done
虚拟语气在if 引导的条件句中的易错点。
①if my lawyer had been here last Saturday, he would have prevented me from going.
②if you had studied hard at school, you would be a college student now.
句子①②都是虚拟语气在条件句中的使用，从句中都是假设过去的情况，所以用过去完成时，但在主句中，句①依然指代过去的情况，谓语动词是would have done，而②中含有一个表示现在的时间状语now,
这样就必须将其理解为假设现在的情况，所以谓语动词必须为would/should/might+动词原形，学生在这一点上经常会忽略now的存在，从而按句①的形式填写答案。
语法四====情态动词表猜测
must只用于肯定句/表示很有把握的猜测/翻译成“肯定/一定”；
can/could用于疑问句和否定句；
may/might用于肯定句/表示没有把握的猜测/翻译成“可能也许”
mustn’t have done 绝对错/是无效选项
must必须，“不必”用needn’t/don’t have to
mustn’t 禁止/不准
一、情态动词+ do/be
表示对现在行为或动作进行猜测
You’ve been working all day. You must be very tired.
--- Someone is knocking on the door.
--- It can’t be Lucy. She’s still in the library at this time.
二、情态动词+have done/have been
表示对过去行为或动作进行猜测
a. must have done表示对过去某事的肯定猜测。
其否定或疑问形式都用can(could) 来表示.
Since the road is wet, it must have rained last night.
He can’t have missed the wa y. I drew him a map.
“The dictionary has disappeared. Who could/can have taken it?”
b. may / might have done
may / might have done 表示推测过去某事“也许”发生了.
I can’t find my keys. I may / might have left them at the school yesterday.
c. could have done 在肯定句型中, 往往用作委婉的批评.
本可以做什么,而没做; 有时也用作猜测.
You could have done it better.
Tom could have taken the dictionary.
d. ought to / should have done和ought not to / shouldn’t have done
本该做而事实上没做本不该做而事实上做了
e. needn’t have done本不必做却做了
The usage of “shall”
表征求(用在第一、三人称)Shall my daughter do your shopping for you?
表承诺(用在第二、三人称)
Her father promised that he shall buy her a computer if she passed the National College Entrance Exam.
表命令（正式文件/场合）
It has been announced that candidates shall remain in their seats until all the papers have been collected.
It has been announced that all the students shall put on masks before going to school in case they are infected with SARS virus.
You shall obey my orders.
He shall leave the country at once.
Foreign countries shall not interfere in our internal affairs.
It shall snow tonight. (表警告)
语法五====动词的时态和语态
一、英语动词谓语形式-----包括时态和语态
状态
过去现在将来过去将来
时间
一般一般过去一般现在一般将来一般过去将来
进行过去进行现在进行将来进行过去将来进行
完成过去完成现在完成将来完成过去将来完成
完成进行现在完成进行
共16种时态，高中掌握11种。
一般现在时do / does; am /is /are
一般过去时did; was/were
一般将来时will do ; am/is /are going to do
过去将来时would do; was/were going to do
现在进行时am/is /are doing
过去进行时was / were doing
将来进行时will be doing
现在完成时have/ has done/been
过去完成时had done/been
将来完成时will have done/been
现在完成进行时Have /has been doing
过去完成进行时Had been doing
将来完成进行时Will have been doing
二、解题技巧：
1、找出题目中的相关动词，对它们的时态进行比较，注意各个动作发生的先后顺序。
2、记忆固定用法，比如：so far, in the past few year, for+时间段，Up to now等用现在完成时。
By + now =现在完成时
By + 过去时间=过去完成时
By + 将来时间=将来完成时
By the end of +过去时间last month=过去完成时
By the end of +将来时间this month=将来完成时
By the time (从句一般现在时)===主句将来完成时
By the time (从句一般过去时)===主句过去完成时
By the time he arrives, we will already have left Xiamen.
By the time he arrived, we had already left Xiamen.
3、固定用法并不是绝对的，关键是看语境强调的重点是什么。
Peter said, “I went to Xiamen two days ago/yesterday.”
Peter said that he had gone to Xiamen two days before/the day before.
4、熟记固定公式。
This/It is the first time (that) I have come here.
It/ This was the third time (that) he had made the same mistake.
It is / has been several months since we last spent the holiday in the country together.
It was ten years since we had had such a wonderful time.
I was about to go out when the telephone rang.
They were reading when Tom shouted in pain.
Hardly (No sooner) had I got home when (than) the rain poured down.
It won’t be long before he succeeds.
It was ten years before they met again.
三、一般过去时与现在完成时
(P1) 29. ---- I hope I can see you at my birthday party.
---- Oh, dear, I ______. When is it?
A. almost forgot
B. had almost forgotten
C. will almost forget
D. have almost forgotten
A. ---- How can you borrow my computer without my permission?
----- Oh. I forgot to tell you（过去忘记现在已想起）. I hope you don’t mind.
have forgotten（到现在还忘记）
“现在”指的是说话的那一瞬间。
B. ---- I wonder what has become of your company?
----- Haven’t you heard about it（到现在还没听说）? It is as good as ruined because of bad management.
Didn’t you hear about it?（过去没听说现在已听说）
C. ---- I’m sorry, but there’s no smoking on this flight.
----- Oh, I didn’t know that. Sorry, I won’t again.
Haven’t known
四、have been doing 强调一直在进行而且还会持续下去
be always doing 含贬义
It has been raining for several days, completely ruining（毁灭）our holidays.
You are always talking with your mouth full. Can’t you get rid of your bad habit?
五、一般将来时的几种表示法。
---- Henry, the phone is ringing. Do you want me to go?
---- No, sit still. ______.
A. I’ll get it
B. I am to get it
C. I’m getting it
D. I am about to get it
1．Will do （1、2、3 人称）
Shall do （第一人称）
You will feel better after taking this medicine.
We shall know the result next week.
2．be going to do (打算做某事)
How long is he going to stay here?
He’s going to be a doctor when he grows up.
（另：表示预见，即现在已有迹象表明将要发生某种情况）
Look! It’s going to rain.
Good heavens! I must hurry. I’m going to be late.
Be going to do 表示的意图通常是事先经过考虑的，
而Will do 所表示的意图，则是说话时刻临时想到的。
3．be doing （现在进行时表将来，表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作，常用动词go, come, leave, start, arrive等）
We are leaving on Friday.
The President is coming to the UN this week.
He is writing to you tomorrow.
4．be to do
1）表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作。
Where are to stay tonight?
There’s to be an investigation.
The Queen is to visit Japan next year.
2）表“应该”
You are to blame.
Tell her she’s not to come back late.
3）be about to do 立即、即将做某事，不与时间状语连用
She was about to leave when it rained heavily.
Tony was walking on the street when he noticed someone following him.
5．一般现在时表将来
1) 常见于条件/ 时间状语从句。
If she comes, she will get a surprise.
It won’t be long before the rain stops.
Wait here till the meeting is over.
2）按时间表或既定日程一定会发生的事。
The train leaves at 7:30 this evening.
The term starts on 1st September.
Tomorrow is Saturday.
语法六====Grammar 省略Ellipse
1)省略主语+be
状语从句+主从句主语一致+从句中含有be动词
While (we are) developing the economy, we should protect the environment. You must be careful when (you are)crossing the street.
When(she was) told of the news, she got very excited.
Once (it is) seen, it can never be forgotten.
If (you are)bitten by a snake, you should send for help and don’t walk.
I will not go even if (I am) invited.
You shouldn’t keep silent when (you are) spoken to.
Though (he was) exhausted, he stayed up late.
She hurried out of the room, as if (she was)angry.
2) 省略it is/was
If possible/ if necessary//if so// if not//when necessary
3)不定式to之后的省略
We do not visit my parents as much as we ought to (visit my parents).
I don’t like coffee, but I used to (like coffee).
Be/ have不能省略的情况：
My hometown is no longer what it used to be.
--- Why didn’t you come to the meeting?
--- I would have (come), but I got a terrible stomachache.
If I hadn’t got a terrible stomachache, I would have come.
4) The firefighters did all (that)they could (do) to put out the fire. ……………….did what they could to put out the fire.
The boy did what he could to help support his family.
The boy did all (that) he could (do) to help support his family.
尽力/竭尽所能
语法七====Grammar 反意疑问句
1．动词think/believe/suppose/guess
主语第一人称时，依从句
I /We think he should have a rest, shouldn’t he ?
I/we don’t think they are right, are they ?
主语第二、三人称时，依主句
He believes that nothing is impossible, doesn’t he ?
You don’t believe that he dare go there by himself, do you ?
2．情态动词must/can/could/may/might表猜测时，不依情态动词
He must be at home now, isn’t he ?
He must have known it, hasn’t he ?
He must have known it yesterday, didn’t he ?
3．祈使句
---Please be quiet, will you ?
--- Yes, I will. // No, I won’t.
---Don’t be late again, will you ?
--- Yes, I will. // No, I won’t.
Let’s sing together, shall we?
Let us go, will you?
4．前否后肯
---He went to Xiamen yesterday, didn’t he?
--- Yes, he did. // No, he didn’t.
---He didn’t go to Xiamen yesterday, did he?
--- Yes, he did. // No, he didn’t.
语法八===代词it、one、that的用法与区别.
One泛指，指代前面提到的那类人或物，用于指代可数名词，相当于a+名词单数，其复数形式ones 前一般要有定语，否则就要用some.
That（those复数）即可指代不可数名词，表特指，相当于the+名词，后面经常与介词修饰语连用。It指代上文出现的名词，表示同类同物，另外还可表示时间、距离、天气、还可指代人称代词，表示性别身份不明，可作形式主语，形式宾语，引导强调句式以及一些固定搭配，如：get it, catch it, make it.
例如：①I have lost my watch. I think I must buy one.我丢了只表，我想我必须再买一只。（代指上文指到的同类事物，但不指同一个）
②Where is my pen? Have you seen it?
我的钢笔不知弄到哪去了，你见了吗？（代指上文提到的同一事物）
③The land of China is larger than that of America.
④Tome has a red pen and a blue one （或two blue ones）
⑤He has no child, and he wants to adopt one （或some）
语法九==== 倒装
一、完全倒装==主谓颠倒（1/2点重点掌握）
1、用于“here(there, now, then)+不及物动词+主语”的句型中，或以up，down, out , in , away, off等副
词开头的句子里，以表示强调。常用的不及物动词有come, go , lie, live, stand, seem, remain等，此结构不用进行时态。另注意：代词做主语时，主谓语序不变。
2、当句首状语为表地点的介词词组时。
To the east of the city is /lies a river.
3、表语置于句首时，倒装结构为“表语+连系动词+主语”。
分三类：形容词+连系动词+主语
过去分词/现在分词+连系动词+主语
介词短语+连系动词+主语
Growing at the top of the mountain are varieties of wild flowers.
4、为了保持句子平衡，或为了强调表语或状语，或为了使了使上下文紧密相接时。
二、部分倒装==改为一般疑问语序
1、用于省略if的虚拟条件状语从句。
Were I you
Had I worked harder last year
2、用于as(though)引导的让步状语从句。
虽然+ 句子（倒装）= though
a. 表语提前
Young as he is, he speaks English fluently.
Child as he is, he knows a lot.
Though he is a child,
b. 副词提前
Much as he likes her, he dare not tell her.
c. 动词提前
Try as she may, she still couldn’t convince her parents that she was more suitable for a
lawyer than a teacher.
d. 补语提前
Pleasant as they made it to travel, we felt tired after the long journey.
Though they made it pleasant to travel,
3、用于no sooner…than, hardly…when和not until等句型中。
4、用于never, hardly, seldom, scarcely, barely, little, by no means, at no time, not only, in no way等否
定词开头的句子中，或many a time, often, not once等表示数的时间副词放在句首加强语气。
5、用于only开头的句子（only放在句首，修饰副词、介词短语或状语从句）。
Only+副词或介词短词或状语从句+助动词或be+主语
如果only后面的词组不是状语，则不用倒装。
6、当“so(such)…that”结构中，== So /Such +adj/adv/n. +半倒装+that 后句子语序不变。
总结：
1、前五种语法即为高考核心语法，掌握了前五种就掌握了80%。希望考生不仅会做单选题，更
重要的是学会分析阅读中的长难句，为阅读和书面表达赠分。
2、倒装句等等，希望考生能用于书面表达。书面表达的要求：长短句相结合，句式多变（定语
从句、名词性从句、状语从句是一定要用的，同位语从句和倒装句根据自身情况选择）；结构紧
密，符合逻辑（就是所谓的连接词的运用）；最重要的也是最基本的是不要出现单词拼写错误和显而易见的语法错误。
精选5篇高一英语知识点总结
精选5篇高一英语知识点总结 一. 直接引语和间接引语 (一)直接引述别人的原话，叫做直接引语;用自己话转述别人的话，叫做间接引语。间接引语一般构成宾语从句。直接引语必须放 在引号内，间接引语则不用引号。直接引语改为间接引语时，除将 引语部分变成宾语从句外，还必须对直接引语中的人称、时态、指 示代词、时间状语、地点状语等进行改变。 1. 时态的变化：直接引语变为间接引语时，通常受转述动词said, asked等的影响而使用过去化的时态，即把原来的时态向过 去推，也就是一般现在时变为一般过去时，现在进行时变为过去进 行时，等等。例如： Tom said to me,“My brother is doing his homework.” →Tom said to me that his brother was doing his homework. 2. 人称代词、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语等等的变化：根 据意义进行相应的变化，例如： She asked Jack,“Where have you been?”
→She asked Jack where he had been. He said,“These books are mine.” →He said that those books were his. (二)直接引语改为间接引语时，都使用陈述语序，但是因为原句的句式不同，所以变成间接引语时所用的连词会有所不同。直接引语如果是一般疑问句，用连接词whether或if;如果是特殊疑问句，则用疑问词引导间接引语。转述的动词一般用asked，可以在其后加上一个间接宾语me, him, her, us等。如： She said,“Is your father at home?” →She asked me if/whether my father was at home. “What do you do every Sunday?”My friend asked me. →My friend asked me what I did every Sunday.
高中英语语法总结大全-形容词和副词
高中英语语法大全之形容词和副词 形容词及其用法 形容词修饰名词，说明事物或人的性质或特征。通常，可将形容词分成性质形容词和叙述形容词两类，其位置不一定都放在名词前面。 1)直接说明事物的性质或特征的形容词是性质形容词，它有级的变化，可以用程度副词修饰，在句中可作定语、表语和补语。例如：hot 热的。 2)叙述形容词只能作表语，所以又称为表语形容词。这类形容词没有级的变化，也不可用程度副词修饰。大多数以a开头的形容词都属于这一类。例如：afraid 害怕的。 （错）He is an ill man. （对）The man is ill. （错）She is an afraid girl. （对）The girl is afraid. 这类词还有：well，unwell，ill，faint，afraid，alike，alive，alone，asleep，awake 等。 3）形容词作定语修饰名词时，要放在名词的前边。但是如果形容词修饰以-thing为字尾的词语时，要放在这些词之后，例如： something nice 以-ly结尾的形容词 1）大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词。但friendly，deadly，lovely，lonely，likely，lively，ugly，brotherly，仍为形容词。 改错：(错）She sang lovely. （错）He spoke to me very friendly. （对）Her singing was lovely. （对）He spoke to me in a very friendly way. 2）有些以-ly 结尾既为形容词，也为副词。 daily，weekly，monthly，yearly，early The Times is a daily paper. The Times is published daily. 用形容词表示类别和整体 1）某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人，与谓语动词的复数连接。如：the dead，the living，the rich，the poor，the blind，the hungry The poor are losing hope. 2）有关国家和民族的形容词加上定冠词指这个民族的整体，与动词的复数连用。 the British，the English，the French，the Chinese. The English have wonderful sense of humor. 多个形容词修饰名词的顺序 多个形容词修饰名词时，其顺序为： 限定词--数词--描绘词--(大小，长短，形状，新旧，颜色) --出处--材料性质，类别--名词 a small round table a tall gray building
高中英语语法大全归纳总结-高中语法归纳总结
高中英语语法权威解析 目录: 第０１章名词性从句 第0２章“Iｔ”用法及其句型与固定搭配讲解 第03章高中英语语法中得省略现象 第04章主谓一致 第05章动词不定式 第06章倒装结构 第07章定语从句 第０8章被动语态 第09章祈使句 第10章感叹句 第１1章疑问句 第12章名词 第一章名词性从句 在句子中起名词作用得句子叫名词性从句(Ｎｏun Cｌaｕsｅs)。名词性从句得功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等,因此根据它在句中不同得语法功能,名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句与同位语从句、一. 主语从句 主语从句就是在复合句中充当主语得从句,通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it 代替,而本身放在句子末尾。 1. It 作形式主语与ｉt引导强调句得比较 It 作形式主语代替主语从句,主要就是为了平衡句子结构,主语从句得连接词没有变化、而i ｔ引导得强调句则就是对句子某一部分进行强调,无论强调得就是什么成分,都可用连词that。被强调部分指人时也可用who/ｗｈｏｍ、例如: ａ) It isａpitｙｔhaｔyoｕｄidn’t go ｔo seｅｔhｅｆilm.您不去瞧那场电影真可惜。 b) It doeｓn’tｉntereｓt me whethｅrｙou sｕｃceed or not、我对您成功与否不感兴趣、 c) Ｉｔisｉn thｅｍoｒnｉng thaｔｔｈe ｍurder took place. 谋杀案就是在早上发生得、(强调句型) d) Ｉt is Joｈn tｈat broke ｔｈeｗｉｎdow。就是Joｈn打碎得窗户。(强调句型) 2、用ｉt 作形式主语得结构 (1)It is + 名词＋从句 It is ａfaｃt tｈat…事实就是… Ｉt ｉs an honor ｔhat …非常荣幸 It ｉｓｃommon knowlｅdge ｔhat …就是常识 (2)Ｉt is + 形容词+从句 It is naturａl thａt…很自然… It ｉｓstrａｎｇe that…奇怪得就是…(3) It ｉｓ＋不及物动词+ 从句 Ｉｔｓｅems thａｔ…似乎… Ｉt ｈappeneｄthat…碰巧… Iｔappeaｒs that…似乎…
人教版高中英语知识点总结
人教版必修一各单元知识点总结 Unit 12345One Friendship 一、重点短语 through 经历，经受 get through 通过；完成；接通电话 2. set down 记下，放下 3. a series of 一系列 4. on purpose 有目的的 5. in order to 为了 6. at dusk 傍晚，黄昏时刻 7. face to face 面对面 8. fall in love 爱上 9. join in 参加（某个活动）； take part in 参加（活动） join 加入（组织，团队，并成为其中一员） 10. calm down 冷静下来 11. suffer from 遭受 12. be/get tired of…对…感到厌倦 13. be concerned about 关心 14. get on/along well with 与…相处融洽 15. be good at/do well in 擅长于… 16. find it + adj. to do sth. 发现做某事是… 17. no longer / not …any longer 不再… 18. too much 太多（后接不可数n.） much too 太…(后接adj.) 19. not…until 直到…才 20. it’s no pleasure doing sth 做…并不开心 21. make sb. sth. 使某人成为… make sb. do sth. 使某人做某事 二、语法----直接引语和间接引语 概念：直接引语：直接引述别人的原话。一般前后要加引号。 间接引语：用自己的话转述别人的话。间接引语在多数情况下可构成宾语从句且不要加引号。例：Mr. Black said, “ I’m busy.”
高中英语语法知识点总结
高中英语语法知识点总结 一、定语从句与强调句陷阱题详解 1、The factory was built in a secret place, around _________ high mountains、 A、 which was B、 it was C、 which were D、 them were 【陷阱】 容易误选A或B，将 A、B中的 which 和 it 误认为是其后句子的主语。 【分析】 最佳答案是C，around which were high mountains 是一个由“介词+which”引出的非限制性定语从句，而在该从句中，主语是 high mountains，around which 是表语，所以句子谓语应用复数were，而不是用单数 was。请做以下类例题目（答案均为C）：(1) Yesterday we visited a modern hospital, around _________ some fruit shops、 A、 which is B、 it is
C、 which are D、 them are(2) The murder happened in an old building, beside _________ the city police station、 A、 which are B、 it is C、 which is D、 them are(3) Next month we’ll move to a new building, next to _________ a nice restaurants where we can have Chinese food、 A、 which are B、 it is C、 which is D、 them are 2、 A man with a bleeding hand hurried in and asked, “Is there a hospital around _________ I can get some medicine for my wounded hand?” A、 that B、 which C、 where D、 what
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句子成分 (M e m b e r s o f a S e n t e n c e) 现代汉语里一般的句子成分有六种，即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。英语的基本成分有七种：主语（subject）、谓语（predicate）、表语（predicative）、宾语（object）、定语（attribute）、状语(adverbial) 和补语（complement）。 一个完整的英语句子，至少由两部分组成（祁使句除外）——主语和谓语。主语是一个句子叙述的主体，表明这句话描述的是什么，谓语则用以说明主语的情况，它在人称和单复数形式上应与主语保持一致。 除了主语和谓语，句子有时还需要其他的成分，如用在系动词后表明主语性质，特征，状态或身份的表语，用在及物动后，表示行为对象或结果的宾语，修饰或限定名词或代词的定语，修饰动词形容词副词介词短语或全句的状语以及对一个名词或代词作进一步解释的同位语等。 英语五种基本句型列式如下： 一：ＳＶ（主＋谓） 二：ＳＶＰ（主＋系＋表） 三：ＳＶＯ（主＋谓＋宾） 四：ＳＶｏＯ（主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾） 五：ＳＶＯＣ（主＋谓＋宾＋宾补） 基本句型一：ＳＶ（主＋谓） 主语：可以作主语的成分有名词（如boy），主格代词（如you），数词，名词化的形容词，动词不定式，动名词或从句。主语一般在句首。注意名词单数形式常和冠词不分家！ 谓语：谓语由动词构成，是英语时态、语态变化的主角，一般在主语之后。不及物动词（vi.）没有宾语，形成主谓结构，如：We come. 此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思，不能再接对象（即宾语），这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等作状语。 Ｓ│ Ｖ（不及物动词） 1. The moon │rose. 月亮升起了。 2. The universe │remains. 宇宙长存。 3. We all │breathe, eat, and drink. 我们大家都呼吸、吃和喝。 4. Who │cares? 管它呢？ 5. What he said │does not matter. 他所讲的没有什么关系。 6. They │talked for half an hour. 他们谈了半个小时。 7. The pen │writes smoothly 这支笔书写流利。 基本句型二：ＳＶＰ（主＋系＋表） 系动词分三类：1）表示人或事物的身份特征或状态:appear, be, feel , look, seem, smell,sound, taste。例如look well/面色好,sound nice/听起来不错,feel good/感觉好，smell bad/难闻，taste good/尝起来不错； 2)表示状态的变化：become,come,fall,go,get, grow, turn,prove等；例如become cold/变冷，go grey/变灰白, (dreams) come true/（梦想）实现； 3)表示某种状态的延续或持续：continue，remain, stay, keep 等。例如keep silent/保持沉默，stay fine/仍然很好。
高中英语语法归纳总结 有哪些重要的语法
高中英语语法归纳总结有哪些重要的语法 高中英语有哪些重要的语法呢，学好语法是提升英语成绩的关键，下面 小编为大家提供高中英语语法总结，仅供大家参考。 ? ?高中英语中常用的介词表示时间的at, in,on ?(1)at：表示片刻的时间，at 8 o'clock，at midnight, at the beginning of, at the age of, at Christmas, at New Year 等。 ?(2)in：表示一段的时间，如in the morning, in the afternoon, in October,in the past等。 ?(3)on：总是跟日子有关，on Sunday, on Christmas morning,等。 ?表示时间的since 和from： ?(1)since 表示从过去到现在的一段时间的过程，常与现在完成时连用. ?(2)from 表示从时间的某一点开始，不涉及与现在的关系。一般多与现在时、过去时、将来时连用。 ?如：I hope to do morning exercises from today.我希望从今天开始每天做早操。 ?表示时间的in 和after： ?两者都表示“在(某个时间)之后，区别在于in表示“在(一段时间)之后” ，而after 则表示“在(某一具体时间点之后)，in 短语和将来时态连用，after 短语和过去时态或将来时态连用。 ?如：We'll leave in three days.我们3天内会离开。 ?After two months he returned.2个月之后他回来了。 ?表示“穿过……”的through 和across：through 表示从内部通过，与in 有
(完整版)高中英语知识点全面总结整理版
t 高中英语总结目录：一、重点单词二、重点词组三、高级词汇而介词。 Note:可以说fromabroad,表示 从国外回来。 3.admit 用法：表示承认的时候后面要加上动名词形式。 的形5.afford 用法：通常与动词不 定式搭配使用。 Note:前面需要有beableto 或 can 等词。 6.after 用法：表示在时间、空
间之后；beafter表示追寻。Note:用在将来时的时候后面接一时间点，而in接一个时间段，如：after3o’clock;in3days. 7.agree用法：与介词 Pleaseallowmein. 10.among用法：用在三者或三 者以上的群体中。 Note:还可以表示其中之一，如： Heisamongthebest. 11.and用法：用于连接两个词、短语、句子或其他相同结构。Note:与祈使句搭配时往往可以 表示条件。如： 搭配。 beanxiousfor/about/todo Note:beanxiousabout表示担心；beanxiousfor表示盼望得到。15.appear用法：不及物动词，
没有宾语，没有被动语态。Note:还可以作为系动词，与seem同义，表示看起来……。 16.arrive用法：arriveat表示到一个小地方；arrivein表 配；soundasleep表示熟睡。 19.attend用法：表示参加，后 面经常加上meeting,lecture,conference,class,school,wedding,funera l等词；也可以表示照顾，照料。 Note:attendto可以表示处理、 照料等。 因此只有用它才可以回答why 的特殊疑问句及用在强调句中。 23.become用法：系动词，表示
高一英语重要知识点总结与归纳
高一英语时态语法知识点：现在进行时 1.表示现在(说话瞬间)正在进行或发生的动作。 [例句] He is reading a newspaper now. 2.表示当前一段时间内的活动或现阶段正在进行的动作(说话时动作不一定正在进行)。 [例句] What are you doing these days? 3.表示说话人现在对主语的行为表示赞叹或厌恶等,常与always, constantly, continually等副词连用。 [例句] He is always thinking of others. 4.表示在最近按计划或安排要进行的动作。常限于go, come, leave, start, arrive等表“移动”、“方向”的词。 [例句] He is coming to see me next week. 高一英语时态语法知识点：过去进行时 1.表示过去某时正在进行的动作。
[例句] He was sleeping when Mary came to see him. 2.动词go, come, leave, arrive, start等的过去进行时常表过去将来时。 [例句] She said she was going to Beijing the day after tomorrow. 高一英语时态语法知识点：一般现在时 1.表示现在习惯或经常反复发生的动作或存在的状态,常与usually, always, sometimes, often, every day / week / month / year等时间状语连用。 [例句] He often does his homework in his study. 2.表示主语现在的特征、性格和状态。 [例句] The dictionary belongs to me. 3.表示客观规律或科学真理、格言,以及其他不受时间限制的客观存在。 [例句] The moon goes around the sun.
高考英语语法图表总结——名词的数
高考英语语法图表总结——名词的数 名词的数 规则名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es（参看有关语法书）。 英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，请看下表 规则 例词 1 改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式
man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice 2 单复数相同 sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species 3 只有复数形式
ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents 4 一些集体名词总是用作复数 people, police, cattle, staff 5 部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数
（成员） audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party 6 复数形式表示特别含义 customs(海关), forces(军队), times(时代), spirits(情绪), drinks(饮料), sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸), manners(礼貌), looks(外表), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜), ruins(废墟)
7 表示某国人 加-s Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans 单复数同形 Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese
高中英语知识点总结
1.able 用法：be able to do Note: 反义词unable表示不能，而disabled表示残疾的。 be able to do可以表示经过艰难困苦才能做到的事。 2.abroad 用法：表示到（在）国外，是一个副词，前面不加介词。 Note: 可以说from abroad, 表示从国外回来。 3.admit 用法：表示承认的时候后面要加上动名词形式。 Note: 表示允许进入的时候与介词to搭配。 4.advise 用法：advise sb. to do; advise doing Note: 后面的宾语从句要用虚拟语气。即：advise that sb. (should) do的形式。 5.afford 用法：通常与动词不定式搭配使用。 Note: 前面需要有be able to或can等词。 6.after 用法：表示在时间、空间之后；be after表示追寻。 Note: 用在将来时的时候后面接一时间点，而in接一个时间段，如：after 3 o’clock; in 3 days. 7.agree 用法：与介词on, to, with及动词不定式搭配。 Note: agree on表示达成一致；agree to表示批准；agree with表示同意某人说的话。 8.alive 用法：表语性形容词，在句中只能作表语，不能作定语。 Note: 可以作状语使用，表示活活地，如：bury sb. alive. 9.allow 用法：allow doing; allow sb. to do Note: 可以表示允许进入，如：Please allow me in. 10.among 用法：用在三者或三者以上的群体中。 Note: 还可以表示其中之一，如：He is among the best. 11.and 用法：用于连接两个词、短语、句子或其他相同结构。 Note: 与祈使句搭配时往往可以表示条件。如：Work hard, and you’ll succeed sooner or later. 12.another 用法：表示又一个，泛指，相当于one more的含义。 Note: 不能直接加复数名词，需要与一个数词搭配，如：another 2 weeks. 13.answer 用法：及物动词，但在作名词时要与介词to搭配。 Note: 可以表示接电话、应门等。如：answer the phone/door. 14.anxious 用法：be anxious for/about/to do Note: be anxious about表示担心；be anxious for表示盼望得到。 15.appear 用法：不及物动词，没有宾语，没有被动语态。 Note: 还可以作为系动词，与seem同义，表示看起来……。 16.arrive 用法：arrive at表示到一个小地方；arrive in表示到一个大地方。 Note: 引申含义表示得出，如：arrive at a decision/conclusion. 17.ask 用法：ask to do; ask sb. to do; ask for Note: 后面的宾语从句要用虚拟语气。即：ask that sb. (should) do的形式。 18.asleep 用法：表语性形容词，在句中只能作表语，不能作定语。 Note: 通常与动词be及fall搭配；sound asleep表示熟睡。 19.attend 用法：表示参加，后面经常加上meeting, lecture, conference, class, school, wedding, funeral等词；也可以表示照顾，照料。 Note: attend to可以表示处理、照料等。 20.attention 用法：pay attention to; draw/catch sb’s attention Note: 写通知时的常用语：May I have your attention, please? 21.beat 用法：表示打败某人，或连续不断地击打某物。 Note: heartbeat表示心跳。