2021年新版自考网络工程串讲笔记
自考网络工程串讲笔记（04749）
前言：在各位同窗共同努力下，网络工程复习资料顺利出来，在这里自考乐园俱乐部代表广大自考同胞感谢各位同窗努力，是你们：徐宝杰、吴宇斌、吴丘峰、赵王王、俞浩同窗牺牲自己休息时间，才干如此顺利完毕复习资料书写工作。此资料只作课本参照复习之用。网络工程课程教师：邱桂华
第一章概述
1.2 计算机网络简介
1.2.1 计算机网络定义
1、计算机网络是：（1）计算机技术与通信技术相结合产物
（2）由自主计算机互连起来集合体
（3）将地理位置不同具备独立功能多台计算机及其外部设备，通过通信线路连接起来，在网络操作系统、网络管理软件及网络通信协议管理和协调
下，实现资源共享和信息传递计算机系统（目）。
2、计算机网络涉及硬件和软件：
硬件：通信设备为主机转发数据，接口设备是网络和计算机之间接口。
主机（端系统）：个人计算机、大型计算机、客户机（client）或工作站（workstation）、服务器（sever）
通信设备（中间系统）：互换机和路由器
接口设备：网卡、调制解调器
传播介质：双绞线、同轴电缆、光钎、无线电和卫星链路。
软件：通信合同和应用软件
通信合同（计算机之间信息传播规则）：TCP/IP等
应用软件（网络上各种应用）：WWW、E-mail、FTP等
1.2.2 计算机网络拓扑构造
1、广域网拓扑构造：
广域网是将各种子网或各种局域网互接起来网络。集线器、中继器、互换机将各种设备连接起来形成局域网拓扑构造。
广域网特点：点到点、存储转发、工作在底层
（1）网状拓扑构造
长处：
①系统可靠性高，比较容易扩展
②可以改进通信途径上信息流量分派
③可以在多条途径中选取最佳途径，以减小传播延迟
④网络可组建成各种形状，采用各种通信信道，各种传播速率，适合广域网复杂网络
环境
缺陷：
①线路和结点成本高
②构造复杂，难于管理和维护，每一结点都与多点进行连接，必要采用路由算法和
流量控制办法
（2）环形拓扑构造
采用光纤做主干线。
可靠性好，不存在单点失效问题，可以灵活地建立各种链路备份方略
2、局部网络拓扑构造
局域网特点：广播式，工作再物理层、数据链路层、网际层
（1）星形拓扑构造
星形拓扑构造以中央结点为中心，用单独线路使中央结点与其她站点相连，各站点间通信都要通过中央结点。
长处：
①增长站点容易
②成本低
③容易拟定网络故障点
④通道分离
⑤网络结点增删以便、快捷
缺陷：
可靠性差
（2）环形拓扑构造
环形拓扑构造中计算机互相连接而形成一种环。
长处：
①控制简朴
②不存在数据冲突
③信道运用率高
缺陷：
①任意结点故障都会导致网络瘫痪
②故障诊断也较困难
③容量有限
④难以增长新站点
⑤对结点规定高
（3）总线形拓扑构造
总线形拓扑构造就是将各个结点（如服务器、工作站等）用一根总线（犹如轴缆、双绞线、光纤等）连接起来。
长处：
①可靠性高
②成本低
③扩充性好
缺陷：
①安全性低
②监控比较困难
③通信效率低下
④增长结点困难
（4）树形拓扑构造
树形拓扑构造中，计算机都是既连接它父结点（除根结点外）又连接它子结点（除叶结点外），连接关系呈树状。
长处：
①构造连接简朴
②维护以便
③合用于汇集信息应用规定
缺陷：
①资源共享能力较差
②可靠性不高
1.2.3 计算机网络体系构造
1、计算机网络体系构造是指网络层次构造和合同。合同（Protocol）是计算机网络合同简称，是指网络中计算机与计算机之间、网络设备与网络设备之间、计算机与网络设备之间进行信息互换规则。
2、计算机网络技术体系构造分层好处是：①各层之间是独立，每层只关注实现本层功能即可；②灵活性好，每一层次可以灵活地采用不同办法来实现本层功能，增长和删减功能也较为容易；③构造上可以分隔开，层次之间互相影响小，减少了实现和维护难度，同步可以增进原则化工作。
分层注意：若层数太少，就会使每一层合同太复杂；若层数太多，又会在描述和综合各层功能系统工程任务时遇到较多困难。
3、两大网络体系构造：
OSI/RM七层理论模型TCP/IP概念层（TCP/IP也已经成为当前最重
要互联网络合同）
4、TCP/IP网络模型
TCP：有连接，可靠性高；IP：无连接，不可靠，速度快。
（1）网络接口层
定义了IP数据报载拥有不同数据链路层和物理层网络中传播办法，使得TCP/IP网络模型具备很强兼容性与适应性。
应用于：以太网、令牌网、X.25网、帧中继网、A TM网、HDLC（高档数据控制）和PPP （广域网，点到点链接）
（2）网际层
是TCP/IP网络模型最核心层次，负责网络间路由选取、流量控制和阻塞控制；核心合同是IP，是一种无连接网络层合同，只能提供“竭力而为”服务，传送数据单位是报文分组或数据包。
（3）传播层
在网络中源主机与目主机之间建立端到端连接；传播层涉及传播控制合同（TCP）和顾客数据报合同（UDP），TCP是一种可靠面向连接合同，UDP是一种不可靠无连接合同。
（4）应用层
网络终端合同（Telnet）、文献传播合同（FTP）、简朴邮件传播合同（SMTP）、简朴网络管理合同（SNMP）、超文本传播合同（HTTP）等。
1.3 计算机网络技术
1.3.1 计算机网络技术简介
1、计算机网络组网技术
（1）传播技术
有线传播技术：ADSL、E1、DDN、SDH等
无线传播技术：蜂窝移动通信、微波通信、卫星通信和小范畴WLAN、红外、蓝牙、UWB 等。
无线技术比较
（2）承载技术
重要简介各种可以承载IP报文网络。
局域网：以太网、WLAN；
广域网：HDLC、PPP等网络。
（3）IP路由技术
①域内采用网关合同，例如RIP（路由信息合同）、OSPF（开放最短途径合同）；域间采用外部网关合同，惯用BGP（边界网关合同）
②一种网络内采用了各种路由合同时，为了实现路由合同之间互通，就需要路由重发布技术
③为了可以将更多私有网络实现与因特网互连，需要采用NAT（网络地址转换）技术。
2、计算机网络管理技术
（1）网络安全
网络安全负责网络中信息传递和互换安全性；
网络安全是指网络系统硬件、软件及其系统中数据受到保护，不因偶尔或者恶意因素而遭受到
破坏、更改、泄露，系统连接、可靠、正常地运营，网络服务不中断。
㈠VPN技术运用接入服务器、路由器以及VPN专用设备，在共用广域网上实现专用网技术。
①重叠模型VPN
需要顾客自己建立端结点之间VPN链路，重要涉及：GBE、L2TP、IPSec等众多技术。
②对等模型VPN
由网络运营商在主干网上完毕VPN通道建立，重要涉及MPLS VPN技术。
㈡防火墙
将内部网和公众访问网（如因特网）分开办法。
（2）网络管理和维护
①网络管理有5大功能：故障管理、配备管理、性能管理、安全管理和计费管理。
②网络管理重要方式：SNMP（简朴网络管理合同）和RMON原则网络管理
③RMON原则：为提高传送管理报文有效性、减少网管控制台系统负载、满足网络管理员监控网段性能需求。
④HSRP（热备份路由合同）：一台路由器浮现了不能工作状况，它所有功能必要被另一台备份路由器完全接管。
⑤VRRP（虚拟路由器冗余合同）：网络容错合同
3、计算机网络应用技术
①网络服务分为基本网络服务和网络应用服务
②主机之间协作方式经历了文献服务器模式、C/S模式、B/S模式和对等网模式
1.3.2 计算机网络惯用设备简介
网络设备：
①物理层：中继器、集线器
②数据链路层：网桥、以太网互换机
③网络层：路由器、三层以太网互换机
1、局域网：
网络设备：以太网中继器、集线器、网桥和以太网互换机
以太网中继器和集线器工作在物理层，以太网中继器只能对传播距离进行延长，扩展能力较弱；集线器可以以便地扩展网络规模，但是由于冲突域限制，规模不能太大。
（1）以太网中继器
扩大局域网覆盖范畴，容许使用四个中继器，从500m扩展到2500m。
种类接口距离统分
10Base-2 BNC 185-925m 细缆
10Base-5 AUI 500-2500m 粗缆
10Base-T RJ45 100-500m 粗缆
10Base-F SC/ST/FC 500-2500m 粗缆
（2）集线器
被称为“多端口中继器”
（3）网桥
工作在数据链路层（二层网络设备），可以隔离冲突域
（4）以太网互换机
实质上就是一种多端口网桥，互换机不隔绝广播，易产生广播风暴，这使得互换机扩展网络能力也受到了一定限制
2、局部多网络互连
50m
500m
50m
500m
网段网段
中继器
局部区域各种局域网之间可以采用三层互换机和路由器进行互连。三层互换机在数据传播开始阶段工作在以太网物理层、数据链路层以及网路错哦恩。当进入流互换阶段，则只工作在以太网物理层和数据链路层。三层互换机只能用于局部以太网互连，可以实现网络间高速信息互换。
3、广域网
不但包括了路由器设备，还包括了远距离传播设备。路由器工作在不同网络物理层、数据链路层以及网络层；传播设备只工作在物理层、涉及中继器、光传播设备等。
（1）中继器
通过对数据信号重新发送或者转发，来扩大网络传播距离。中继器重要有无线信号中继器、双绞线中继器、视频中继器、隔离防雷中继器、光纤中继器、串口中继器、网桥中继器等。（2）光传播设备
光传播设备有光端机、光Modem、光纤收发器、光互换机、PDH（准同步数字系列）、
SDH（数字同步系列）等类型设备。
（3）路由器
隔绝广播，划分广播域。
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自考英语笔记2
Unit 2 Text A Taxes，Taxes，and More Taxes 搭配： 1. be sure of 确保、一定、毫无疑问/形容词词组 2. have a corner in/on sth. 垄断/动词词组 e.g. have a corner on the textile market 垄断纺织市场 have a corner in textile 对纺织品进行垄断 3. lead the world with sth. 以什么来引领世界/动词词组 4. vary in sth. 有差异 e.g. vary in ideas 想法有差异 vary sth. 改变 e.g. vary your attitude 改变你的观点 vary with 随什么而改变 vary from sth./sb. to sth./sb. 什么什么各不相同 e.g. vary from person to person 人人不同vary from place to place每个地方各不相同 5. sth. is due. 到了该什么的时间了。e.g. The federal taxes are due. 到了该收税款的时间了 6. be similar to 与什么一样/形容词词组 7. buy sth. for +多少钱/动词词组 e.g. buy a packet of cigarettes for twenty-five cents. 8. in addition to sth./doing sth.除了（表示加的概念）/名词词组 e.g. In addition to teaching，she is in charge of managing the whole school. In addition to his flat in Chaoyang，he has anther flat in Haidian. 9. in two forms 以两种形式 10. charge on sth. 收取什么的费用 e.g. charge on cars in a city.收取城内汽车的费用。 be charged with被控诉有某种罪行；be charged by sb. 由某人收取费用 charge for 收取多少价钱e.g. How much do you charge for this car？这辆车你要多少钱？ in charge 负责 e.g. Who is in charge here？谁在这负责？
自考本科英语二复习资料
自考“英语（二）”复习资料 第一单元 1.常考单词： goal，objective，accomplish，predict，accompany，implement，tendency，achievement，argue，budget，define，entity 2. 常考词组： in the way，in part，point of view，contribute to，to apply for，in hand，to turn down 3. 常考句子： 1）A decision is a choice made from among alternative courses of action that are available. 2）Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be and try to leave as little as possible to chance. 3）If there is no choice，there is no decision to be made. 4）For managers every decision has constraints based on politics，procedures，laws，precedents and the like. 5）For example，managers sometimes treat problems in an either/or fashion. 6）Decision makers must have some way of determining which of several alternatives is best - that is，which contributes the most to the achievement of organizational goals. 7）In the larger scheme of things，however，increased funding for research to improve the products might be more beneficial to the organization. 8）Some of these objectives are more important than others，but the order and degree of importance often vary form person to person and from department to department. 第二单元 1.常考单词： escape，explode，collapse，shrink，gravity，measurement，basis，launch，convincing，companion，speculation，swallow，operate，to make use of，a great many，above all 2. 常考句子： 1）Astronomers and scientists think that a black hole is a region of space into which matter has fallen and from which nothing can escape. 2）The theory is that some stars explode when their density increases to a particular point. 3）Some people think that the Start of Bethlehem could have been a supernova. 4）If a man fell into a black hole，he would think that he reached the center of it very quickly. 5）It is only recently that astronomers have begun specific research into black holes. 6）On the other hand，scientists have suggested that every advanced technology could one day make use of the energy of black holes for mankind. 第三单元 1.常考单词： weaken deteriorate debate legal request criterion ensure oppose tradition consideration disabled burden vulnerable prohibition sensitive 2. 常考词组： to debate on to make request for be opposed to to take … into account 3. 常考句子： 1）Affected with a serious disease，van Wendal was no longer able to speak clearly and he knew there was no hope of recovery and that his condition was rapidly deteriorating. 2）Van Wendel's last three months of life before being given a final，lethal injection by his doctor were filmed and first shown on television last year in the Netherlands. 3）The programme has since been bought by 20 countries and each time it is shown，it starts a nationwide debate on the subject. 4）What those people who oppose euthanasia are telling me is that dying people haven't the right. 第四单元 1.常考单词： demestic statistics diplomat exploit campaign execute convict despite de serving shelf minimum status deport 2. 常考句子： 1）There are estimated to be more than 20，000 overseas domestic servants working in Britain. 2）Of these 20，000，just under 2，000 are being exploited and abused by their employers. 3）The sad condition of women working as domestics around the world received much media attention earlier this year in several highly publicized cases. 4）A Filipino maid was executed in Singapore after being convicted of murder，despite protests form various quarters that her guilt had not been adequately established. 5）She used to work for a very low wage at a tea factory in Sri Lanka. 6）Because she found it difficult to feed her four children，she accepted a job working as a domestic in London. 7）So if they do complain，they risk being deported. 第五单元 1.常考单词： Musician，rhythmic，distinct， consciousness，originate，readily， instrument，electronic，thereby， passive，participant 2. 常考词组： to take place to take over to take on in a sense at a stretch to serve as in advance for the sake of 3. 常考句子： 1）The new music was built out of materials already in existence. 2）Folk music，old and modern， was popular among college students. 3）They freely took over elements form jazz，from American country music. 4）With records at home， listeners imitated these lighting effects as best they could. 第六单元 1.常考单词： efficiency increasingly inst all personnel expose reduc tion completion specific s witch critical intensity s cale defective 2. 常考词组： in that in question plenty of 3. 常考句子： 1）Most of today's robots are employed in the automotive industry，where they are programmed to take over such jobs as welding and spray painting automobile and truck bodies. 2）Robots，already taking over human tasks in the automotive field are beginning to be seen，although
4月自考英语二试题及答案知识讲解
<<<<<<精品资料》》》》》 试题及答案000154月自考英语二2014年第一部分：阅读判断（10*1分） Running: sport or way of life? You go through the channels several times and find that once again there's nothing on TV that interests you. Not a problem! Just put on some running shoes and comfortable clothes and go for a run. One of the best things about the sport of running is that you don't need expensive equipment. All you need is a good pair of running shoes and a safe environment. But don't be fooled into thinking the sport of running is easy. It requires discipline and concentration. Running is good for you both physically and mentally. It strengthens your heart, lungs, and muscles. It makes you more aware of your body. Running also improves your body so that you don't get sick as easily. It can even help you to stay more focused in school because exercise helps you to think more clearly. How do you get engaged in the sport if you don't know much about it? Most schools offer running programs. A simple Internet search can help you find some in your area. The programs show you how running can offer competition or just be for fun. They also teach runners to set practical goals and take care of their bodies. Runners have great respect for each other because they know how difficult the sport can be. If you go to a race, you'll see people cheering for all the runners. Running isn't always about how fast you are running or how far you're going. It's about getting out there and doing it. Participation is more important than competition, and effort is recognized over talent. It you're looking for more than just a sport, running may be the perfect choice for you. 1.You may find it interesting to go for a run. A.True B. False C. Not Given 2.The sport of running is easy. A.True B. False C. Not Given 3.It's hard to find a safe environment for running. 》》》》精品资料》<<<<<< <<<<<<精品资料》》》》》 A.True B. False C. Not Given 4.Running is good to people's body and mind. A.True B. False C. Not Given 5.A long-distance run is good in many ways. A.True B. False C. Not Given 6.You can find running programs online. A.True B. False C. Not Given 7.Running programs set goals for you.
自考英语(一)课堂笔记完整版(2)
自考英语（一）课堂笔记完整版（2） Unit1 4. They need hundreds of hours of study and practice，and even this will not guarantee success for every adult language learner. 注意句中hundreds of hours的用法，阅读课本第六页注解2. 请翻译下面的词组： 1）十个学生 ten students 数十个学生 tens of students 2）五百年 five hundred years 数百年hundreds of years 3）两千年 two thousand years 数千年 thousands of years 4）三百万美元 three m illion dollars 数百万美元m illions of dollars 5. Language learning is different from other kinds of learning. 句中be different from意为“与…不同”，如：My opinion is different from yours.（我的 观点与你的观点不同。） 请注意下面三个句子中所用的词组： Man is different from all the other anim als in his ability to learn and use a language. Man differs from all the other anim als in his ability to learn and use a language. The greatest difference between m an and all the other anim als is his ability to learn and use a language. 从上面的句子中可以看出differ是动词，different 是形容词，difference是名词。 6. … find it difficul t to succeed in language learning. … find it difficul t to succeed in other fields. 句中的i t是形式宾语（form al object），真正的宾语（real object）是不定式to succeed in language learning，此类用法在英语中很常见，请注意掌握。如：At first I found it diffi cult to rem em ber all these new words.（开始我感到记住这些单词很难。） 请翻译下面的句子： 1）外面的噪音使我无法继续工作。 （The noise outside m ade it diffic ult for m e to go on with m y work.）
自考英语二重点语法知识讲解
重点语法知识讲解 1．动词的时态和语态 动词的时态和语态一览表 时态语态一般现在时一般过去时一般将来时 主动被动 do are done did were done will do will be done 现在进行时过去进行时将来进行时 主动被动 are doing are being done were doing were being done will be doing现在完成时过去完成时将来完成时 主动被动 have done have been done had done had been done will have done will have been done 现在完成进行时 主动被动 have been doing 1．1 现在完成时 发生在过去的动作一直持续到现在，或对现在仍有影响。 现在完成时的标志： so far， by now/ up to now，for three years， since 1995， in the past two decades 1.2 过去完成时 过去的过去。 1）said, reported, thought 等引导的间接引语中。 He missed the train. He said he had missed the train. 2）hardly…when, no sooner… than句型中表示先发生的动作 No sooner had he got up than he received the call. 3）与过去事实相反的虚拟语气中
If I had tried harder, I would have won. I wish I had done better in the exam. 1.3 完成进行时 从过去一直持续到现在，没有间断。汉语提示语：一直 The water has been running the whole night. 1.4 过去时 过去某一具体时间发生的事，不考虑与现在的关系。 过去时的标志：yesterday， in 1995， last week，in the nineteenth century，five years ago 等等。 2．非谓语动词 2.1 非谓语动词一览表 非谓语动词形式意义 现在分词 一般式 doing 主动 , 正在进行 被动式 being done 被动 , 正在进行 完成主动式 having done 主动 , 已经完成 完成被动式 having been done 被动 , 已经完成过去分词 done 被动 , 已经完成 动词不定式 一般式 to do 主动 , 将要进行 被动式 to be done 被动 , 将要进行 完成主动式 to have done 主动 , 已经完成 进行主动式 to be doing 主动 , 正在进行 2.2. 非谓语动词作状语
自考《英语二》内容串讲备考资料
英语二内容串讲 阅读三重境界 ＊彻底糊涂：细节 ＊彻底明白：细节+主旨 ＊似懂非懂：翻译 阅读四项能力 词能、句能、篇能、考能 词能第一 一、五个猜词绝招 1.利用上下文确定词义 例1：He is successful as a businessman because of his dynamic personality. He seems to have unlimited energy. 例2：Sociology is the term used to describe the scientific study of human society. 例3：A first year college or university student is commonly a 'freshman', and 'sophomore', 'junior' and 'senior' designate the second—third—and fourth—year student. 例4：The tired soldiers trudged through knee deep mud for hours before they found a dry place to sleep. 2.利用构词法确定词义 例1：Many cancers have been arrested with the use of chemotherapy. 例2：They overestimate the interviewee's ability and asked too many difficult questions. 例3：The murderer had developed a poison which could not be tasted or smelled when mixed with food. Because it was imperceptible, he was able to murder a number of people without being caught. 3.利用语法知识确定词义 例1：For their fishing and hunting the men used a kayak, a small boat for one person. 例2：A solar eclipse—when the moon passes between the Earth and the sun—in an unusual and interesting phenomenon that occurs rarely. 例3：Ventilation, as we know, is a system or means of providing fresh air. It plays a very important part in the field of engineering. 例4：The modern age of medicine began with the stethoscope, an instrument for listening to a patient's heartbeat and breathing. 4.根据同义、反义关系确定词义 表示反义的信号词：in contrast, on the other hand, rather than, however, yet, although, while, unlike, but, whereas, as opposed to…… 例1：My sister Mane is an optimist, while her boyfriend is one who is always gloomy and expects the worst to happen. 例2：Sally liked to concoct all sorts of stories, but her mother always knew when she was lying. 例3：A gorilla always makes me think of the word aloof—not friendly, of distance from others. 5. 利用逻辑推理和常识确定词义 例1：Fishes live in water and have fins which help them to swim. Most fishes have slimy skins covered with scales, but in fishes such as eels the scales are very small and can hardly be seen. 例2：Not wanting to disturb the sleeping kitten, I gingerly lifted her from the box and put her on a blanket near the heater. 二、词的构成：常见的前缀和后缀