成都七中嘉祥外国语学校九年级上册期末精选试卷检测题

成都七中嘉祥外国语学校九年级上册期末精选试卷检测题
成都七中嘉祥外国语学校九年级上册期末精选试卷检测题

成都七中嘉祥外国语学校九年级上册期末精选试卷检测题

一、初三数学 一元二次方程易错题压轴题(难)

1.已知关于x 的一元二次方程kx 2﹣2(k +1)x +k ﹣1=0有两个不相等的实数根x 1,x 2. (1)求k 的取值范围; (2)是否存在实数k ,使12

11

x x -=1成立?若存在,请求出k 的值;若不存在,请说明理由.

【答案】(1)k >﹣1

3

且k ≠0;(2

)存在,7k =±详见解析 【解析】 【分析】

(1)根据一元二次方程的根的判别式,建立关于k 的不等式,求得k 的取值范围. (2)利用根与系数的关系,根据

21

1212

11,x x x x x x --=即可求出k 的值,看是否满足(1)中k 的取值范围,从而确定k 的值是否存在. 【详解】

解:(1)由题意知,k ≠0且△=b 2﹣4ac >0 ∴b 2﹣4ac =[﹣2(k +1)]2﹣4k (k ﹣1)>0, 即4k 2+8k +4﹣4k 2+4k >0, ∴12k >﹣4 解得:k >1

3

-且k ≠0

(2

)存在,且7k =±理由如下:

∵12122(1)1

,,k k x x x x k k

+-+=

= 又有21

1212

111,x x x x x x --== 2112,x x x x ∴-=

2222

2121122,x x x x x x ∴-+=

22121212()4(),x x x x x x ∴+-=

22

22441(

)(),k k k k k k

+--∴-= 22(22)(44)(1),k k k k ∴+--=- 21430,k k ∴--= 1,14,3,a b c ==-=-

24208,b ac ∴?=-=

14413

7213.2

k ±∴=

=± k >13

-且k ≠0,

172130.21,3-≈--> 1

7213.3

+->

∴满足条件的k 值存在,且7213.k =± . 【点睛】

本题考查的是一元二次方程根的判别式,一元二次方程根与系数的关系,掌握以上知识是解题的关键.

2.阅读以下材料,并解决相应问题:

材料一:换元法是数学中的重要方法,利用换元法可以从形式上简化式子,在求解某些特殊方程时,利用换元法常常可以达到转化的目的,例如在求解一元四次方程

42210x x -+=,就可以令2

1x =,则原方程就被换元成2210t t -+=,解得 t = 1,即

21x =,从而得到原方程的解是 x = ±1

材料二:杨辉三角形是中国数学上一个伟大成就,在中国南宋数学家杨辉 1261 年所著的《详解九章算法》一书中出现,它呈现了某些特定系数在三角形中的一种有规律的几何排列,下图为杨辉三角形:

……………………………………

(1)利用换元法解方程:()

()

2

22312313+-++-=x x x x

(2)在杨辉三角形中,按照自上而下、从左往右的顺序观察, an 表示第 n 行第 2 个数(其中 n≥4),bn 表示第 n 行第 3 个数,n c 表示第(n )1-行第 3 个数,请用换元法因式分解:()41-?+n n n b a c 【答案】(1)3172x -+= 或317

2

x -= 或x=-1或x=-2;(2)()41-?+n n n b a c =(n 2-5n+5)2 【解析】 【分析】

(1)设t=x 2+3x-1,则原方程可化为:t 2+2t=3,求得t 的值再代回可求得方程的解; (2)根据杨辉三角形的特点得出a n ,b n ,c n ,然后代入4(b n -a n )?c n +1再因式分解即可. 【详解】

(1)解:令t=x 2+3x-1 则原方程为:t 2+2t=3 解得:t=1 或者 t=-3 当t=1时,x 2+3x-1=1

解得:32x -+=

或32

x -= 当t=-3时,x 2+3x-1=-3 解得:x=-1或x=-2

∴方程的解为:32x -+=

或32

x -= 或x=-1或x=-2 (2)解:根据杨辉三角形的特点得出: a n =n-1

(1)(2)2n n n b --= (2)(3)

2

n n n c --=

∴4(b n -a n )?c n +1=(n-1)(n-4)(n-2)(n-3)+1=(n 2-5n+4)(n 2-5n+6)+1 =(n 2-5n+4)2+2(n 2-5n+4)+1=(n 2-5n+5)2 【点睛】

本题主要考查因式分解的应用.解一些复杂的因式分解问题,常用到换元法,即对结构比较复杂的多项式,若把其中某些部分看成一个整体,用新字母代替(即换元),则能使复杂的问题简单化,明朗化,在减少多项式项数,降低多项式结构复杂程度等方面有独到作用.

3.随着经济收入的不断提高以及汽车业的快速发展,家用汽车已越来越多地进入普通家庭,汽车消费成为新亮点.抽样调查显示,截止2008年底全市汽车拥有量为14.4万辆.已知2006年底全市汽车拥有量为10万辆.

(1)求2006年底至2008年底我市汽车拥有量的年平均增长率;

(2)为保护城市环境,要求我市到2010年底汽车拥有量不超过15.464万辆,据估计从2008年底起,此后每年报废的汽车数量是上年底汽车拥有量的10%,那么每年新增汽车数量最多不超过多少辆?(假定每年新增汽车数量相同) 【答案】详见解析 【解析】

试题分析:(1)主要考查增长率问题,一般用增长后的量=增长前的量×(1+增长率)解决问题;

(2)参照增长率问题的一般规律,表示出2010年的汽车拥有量,然后根据关键语列出不等式来判断正确的解.

试题解析:(1)设年平均增长率为x ,根据题意得: 10(1+x )2=14.4,

解得x=﹣2.2(不合题意舍去)x=0.2, 答:年平均增长率为20%;

(2)设每年新增汽车数量最多不超过y 万辆,根据题意得: 2009年底汽车数量为14.4×90%+y ,

2010年底汽车数量为(14.4×90%+y )×90%+y , ∴(14.4×90%+y )×90%+y≤15.464, ∴y≤2.

答:每年新增汽车数量最多不超过2万辆. 考点:一元二次方程—增长率的问题

4.如图,∠ AOB =90°,且点A ,B 分别在反比例函数1k y x =(x <0),2k

y x

=(x >0)的图象上,且k 1,k 2分别是方程x 2-x -6=0的两根. (1)求k 1,k 2的值;

(2)连接AB ,求tan ∠ OBA 的值.

【答案】(1)k 1=-2,k 2=3. (2)tan∠OBA =6

3

. 【解析】

解:(1)∵k 1,k 2分别是方程x 2

-x -6=0的两根,∴解方程x 2

-x -6=0,得x 1=3,x 2=-2.结合图像可知:k 1<0,k 2>0,∴k 1=-2,k 2=3.

(2)如图,过点A 作AC ⊥x 轴于点C ,过点B 作BD ⊥y 轴于点D .[来源:学&科&网Z&X&X&K]

由(1)知,点A ,B 分别在反比例函数2y x =-(x <0),3

y x

=(x >0)的图象上, ∴S △ACO =

12×2-=1 ,S △ODB =12×3=3

2

.∵∠ AOB =90°,

∴∠ AOC +∠ BOD =90°,∵∠ AOC +∠ OAC =90°,∴∠ OAC =∠ BOD . 又∵∠ACO =∠ODB =90°,∴△ACO ∽△ODB .

∴S S ACO ODB ??=2OA OB ?? ???

=23,∴OA OB

OA OB

∴在Rt △AOB 中,tan ∠ OBA =

OA OB

5.已知关于x 的方程230x x a ++=①的两个实数根的倒数和等于3,且关于x 的方程

2

(1)320k x x a -+-=②有实数根,又k 为正整数,求代数式221

6

k k k -+-的值.

【答案】0. 【解析】 【分析】

由于关于x 的方程x 2+3x +a =0的两个实数根的倒数和等于3,利用根与系数的关系可以得到关于a 的方程求出a ,又由于关于x 的方程(k -1)x 2+3x -2a =0有实数根,分两种情况讨论,该方程可能是一次方程、有可能是一元二次方程,又k 为正整数,利用判别式可以求出k ,最后代入所求代数式计算即可求解. 【详解】

解:设方程①的两个实数根分别为x 1、x 2

则12123940x x x x a a +-??

??-≥?

=== , 由条件,知12

1212

11x x x x x x ++

==3, 即

33a -=,且94

a ≤, 故a =-1,

则方程②为(k -1)x 2+3x +2=0,

Ⅰ.当k -1=0时,k =1,x =23-,则22106

k k k -=+-.

Ⅱ.当k -1≠0时,?=9-8(k -1)=17-6-8k ≥0,则17

8

k ≤

, 又k 是正整数,且k ≠1,则k =2,但使221

6k k k -+-无意义.

综上,代数式221

6

k k k -+-的值为0

【点睛】

本题综合考查了根的判别式和根与系数的关系,在解方程时一定要注意所求k 的值与方程

判别式的关系.要注意该方程可能是一次方程、有可能是一元二次方程,

二、初三数学二次函数易错题压轴题(难)

6.定义:函数l与l'的图象关于y轴对称,点(),0

P t是x轴上一点,将函数l'的图象位于直线x t

=左侧的部分,以x轴为对称轴翻折,得到新的函数w的图象,我们称函数w是函数l的对称折函数,函数w的图象记作1F,函数l的图象位于直线x t=上以及右侧的部分记作2F,图象1F和2F合起来记作图象F.

例如:如图,函数l的解析式为1

y x

=+,当1

t=时,它的对称折函数w的解析式为()

11

y x x

=-<.

(1)函数l的解析式为21

y x

=-,当2

t=-时,它的对称折函数w的解析式为_______;(2)函数l的解析式为

1

21

2

y x x

=--,当42

x

-≤≤且0

t=时,求图象F上点的纵坐标的最大值和最小值;

(3)函数l的解析式为()

2230

y ax ax a a

=--≠.若1

a=,直线1

y t=-与图象F有两个公共点,求t的取值范围.

【答案】(1)()

212

y x x

=+<-;(2)F的解析式为

2

2

1

1(0)

2

1

1(0)

2

y x x x

y x x x

?

=--≥

??

?

?=--+<

??

;图象F上的点的纵坐标的最大值为

3

2

y=,最小值为3

y=-;(3)当3

t=-,

317

1

t

-

<≤,

317

5

t

+

<<时,直线1

y t=-与图象F有两个公共点.

【解析】

【分析】

(1)根据对折函数的定义直接写出函数解析式即可;

(2)先根据题意确定F的解析式,然后根据二次函数的性质确定函数的最大值和最小值即可;

(3)先求出当a=1时图像F 的解析式,然后分14t -=-、点(),1t t -落在

223()y x x x t =--≥上和点(),1t t -落在()2

23y x x x t =--+<上三种情况解答,最后

根据图像即可解答. 【详解】

解:(1)()212y x x =+<-

(2)F 的解析式为2211(0)2

11(0)2y x x x y x x x ?=--≥????=--+

当4x =-时,3y =-,当1x =-时,3

2

y =, 当1x =时,3

2

y =-

,当2x =时,1y =, ∴图象F 上的点的纵坐标的最大值为3

2

y =

,最小值为3y =-. (3)当1a =时,图象F 的解析式为22

23()

23()

y x x x t y x x x t ?=--≥?=--+

∴当3t =-时直线1y t =-与图象F 有两个公共点; b :当点(),1t t -落在223()y x x x t =--≥上时,

2123t t t -=--

,解得1t =

2t =

c :当点(),1t t -落在()2

23y x x x t =--+<上时,

2123t t t -=--+,解得34t =-(舍),41t =

14t -=,

∴55t =

1t <≤

5t <<时,直线1y t =-与图象F 有两个公共点; 综上所述:当3t =-

,312t <≤

,352

t <<时,直线1y t =-与图象F 有两个公共点. 【点睛】

本题属于二次函数综合题,考查了“称折函数”的定义、二次函数的性质、解二元一次方程等知识,弄清题意、灵活运用所学知识是解答本题的关键.

7.如图,在平面直角坐标系中,二次函数y=﹣x2+6x﹣5的图象与x轴交于A、B两点,与y轴交于点C,其顶点为P,连接PA、AC、CP,过点C作y轴的垂线l.

(1)P的坐标,C的坐标;

(2)直线1上是否存在点Q,使△PBQ的面积等于△PAC面积的2倍?若存在,求出点Q 的坐标;若不存在,请说明理由.

【答案】(1)(3,4),(0,﹣5);(2)存在,点Q的坐标为:(9

2

,﹣5)或

(21

2

,﹣5)

【解析】

【分析】

(1)利用配方法求出顶点坐标,令x=0,可得y=-5,推出C(0,-5);

(2)直线PC的解析式为y=3x-5,设直线交x轴于D,则D(5

3

,0),设直线PQ交x轴

于E,当BE=2AD时,△PBQ的面积等于△PAC的面积的2倍,分两种情形分别求解即可解决问题.

【详解】

解:(1)∵y=﹣x2+6x﹣5=﹣(x﹣3)2+4,

∴顶点P(3,4),

令x=0得到y=﹣5,

∴C(0,﹣5).

故答案为:(3,4),(0,﹣5);

(2)令y=0,x2﹣6x+5=0,

解得:x=1或x=5,

∴A(1,0),B(5,0),

设直线PC的解析式为y=kx+b,则有

5

34 b

k b

=-

?

?

+=

?

解得:

3

5 k

b

=

?

?

=-

?

∴直线PC 的解析式为:y =3x ﹣5, 设直线交x 轴于D ,则D (

5

3

,0),

设直线PQ 交x 轴于E ,当BE =2AD 时,△PBQ 的面积等于△PAC 的面积的2倍, ∵AD =23, ∴BE =43

, ∴E (

113,0)或E ′(193

,0), 则直线PE 的解析式为:y =﹣6x +22, ∴Q (

9

2

,﹣5), 直线PE ′的解析式为y =﹣65x +385

, ∴Q ′(

21

2

,﹣5), 综上所述,满足条件的点Q 的坐标为:(92

,﹣5)或(212,﹣5);

【点睛】

本题考查抛物线与x 轴的交点、二次函数的性质等知识,解题的关键是熟练掌握待定系数法,学会用转化的思想思考问题,属于中考常考题型.

8.如图,直线3y

x

与x 轴、y 轴分别交于点A ,C ,经过A ,C 两点的抛物线

2y ax bx c =++与x 轴的负半轴的另一交点为B ,且tan 3CBO ∠=

(1)求该抛物线的解析式及抛物线顶点D 的坐标;

(2)点P 是射线BD 上一点,问是否存在以点P ,A ,B 为顶点的三角形,与ABC 相似,若存在,请求出点P 的坐标;若不存在,请说明理由

【答案】(1)2

43y x x =++,顶点(2,1)D --;(2)存在,52,33P ??

--

???

或(4,3)-- 【解析】 【分析】

(1)利用直线解析式求出点A 、C 的坐标,从而得到OA 、OC ,再根据tan ∠CBO=3求出OB ,从而得到点B 的坐标,然后利用待定系数法求出二次函数解析式,整理成顶点式形式,然后写出点D 的坐标;

(2)根据点A 、B 的坐标求出AB ,判断出△AOC 是等腰直角三角形,根据等腰直角三角形的性质求出AC ,∠BAC=45°,再根据点B 、D 的坐标求出∠ABD=45°,然后分①AB 和BP 是对应边时,△ABC 和△BPA 相似,利用相似三角形对应边成比例列式求出BP ,过点P 作PE ⊥x 轴于E ,求出BE 、PE ,再求出OE 的长度,然后写出点P 的坐标即可;②AB 和BA 是对应边时,△ABC 和△BAP 相似,利用相似三角形对应边成比例列式求出BP ,过点P 作PE ⊥x 轴于E ,求出BE 、PE ,再求出OE 的长度,然后写出点P 的坐标即可. 【详解】

解:(1)令y=0,则x+3=0, 解得x=-3, 令x=0,则y=3,

∴点A (-3,0),C (0,3), ∴OA=OC=3, ∵tan ∠CBO=3OC

OB

=, ∴OB=1, ∴点B (-1,0),

把点A 、B 、C 的坐标代入抛物线解析式得,

93003a b c a b c c -+=??-+=??=?

,解得:143a b c =??

=??=?,

∴该抛物线的解析式为:2

43y x x =++, ∵y=x 2+4x+3=(x+2)2-1, ∴顶点(2,1)D --;

(2)∵A (-3,0),B (-1,0),

∴AB=-1-(-3)=2,

∵OA=OC,∠AOC=90°,

∴△AOC是等腰直角三角形,

∴AC=2OA=32,∠BAC=45°,

∵B(-1,0),D(-2,-1),

∴∠ABD=45°,

①AB和BP是对应边时,△ABC∽△BPA,∴AB AC

BP BA

=,

232

2

BP

=,

解得BP=22

3

过点P作PE⊥x轴于E,

则BE=PE=

2

3

×

2

2

=

2

3

∴OE=1+2

3=

5

3

∴点P的坐标为(-5

3,-

2

3

);

②AB和BA是对应边时,△ABC∽△BAP,∴AB AC

BA BP

=,

即232

2

=,

解得BP=32

过点P作PE⊥x轴于E,

则BE=PE=2

=3, ∴OE=1+3=4,

∴点P 的坐标为(-4,-3); 综合上述,当52,33P ??

-- ???

或(4,3)--时,以点P ,A ,B 为顶点的三角形与ABC ?相似; 【点睛】

本题是二次函数综合题型,主要利用了直线与坐标轴交点的求解,待定系数法求二次函数解析式,等腰直角三角形的判定与性质,相似三角形的判定与性质,难点在于(2)要分情况讨论.

9.定义:在平面直角坐标系中,O 为坐标原点,设点P 的坐标为(x ,y ),当x <0时,点P 的变换点P′的坐标为(﹣x ,y );当x≥0时,点P 的变换点P′的坐标为(﹣y ,x ). (1)若点A (2,1)的变换点A′在反比例函数y=

k

x

的图象上,则k= ; (2)若点B (2,4)和它的变换点B'在直线y=ax+b 上,则这条直线对应的函数关系式为 ,∠BOB′的大小是 度.

(3)点P 在抛物线y=x 2﹣2x ﹣3的图象上,以线段PP′为对角线作正方形PMP'N ,设点P 的横坐标为m ,当正方形PMP′N 的对角线垂直于x 轴时,求m 的取值范围.

(4)抛物线y=(x ﹣2)2+n 与x 轴交于点C ,D (点C 在点D 的左侧),顶点为E ,点P 在该抛物线上.若点P 的变换点P′在抛物线的对称轴上,且四边形ECP′D 是菱形,求n 的值.

【答案】(1) -2;(2) y=13x+103,90;(3) m <0,或;(4) n=﹣8,n=﹣2,n=﹣3. 【解析】 【分析】

(1)先求出A 的变换点A ′,然后把A ′代入反比例函数即可得到结论; (2)确定点B ′的坐标,把问题转化为方程组解决;

(3)分三种情形讨论:①当m <0时;②当m ≥0,PP '⊥x 轴时;③当m ≥0,MN ⊥x 轴时.

(4)利用菱形的性质,得到点E 与点P '关于x 轴对称,从而得到点P '的坐标为(2,﹣n ).分两种情况讨论:①当点P 在y 轴左侧时,点P 的坐标为(﹣2,﹣n ),代入抛物线解析式,求解即可;②当点P 在y 轴右侧时,点P 的坐标为(﹣n ,﹣2).代入抛物线解析式,求解即可. 【详解】

(1)∵A (2,1)的变换点为A ′(-1,2),把A ′(-1,2)代入y =

k

x

中,得到k =-2.

故答案为:-2.

(2)点B (2,4)的变换点B ′(﹣4,2),把(2,4),(﹣4,2)代入y =ax +b 中.

得到:2442a b a b +=??-+=?,解得:13

103a b ?=????=??

,∴11033y x =+.

∵OB 2=2224+=20,OB ′2=2224+=20,BB ′2=22(42)(24)--+-=40,∴OB 2+OB ′2=BB ′2,∴∠BOB ′=90°. 故答案为:y =

13x +10

3

,90. (3)①当m <0时,点P 与点P '关于y 轴对称,此时MN 垂直于x 轴,所以m <0. ②当m ≥0,PP '⊥x 轴时,则点P '的坐标为(m ,m ),点P 的坐标为(m ,﹣m ). 将点P (m ,﹣m )代入y =x 2﹣2x ﹣3,得:﹣m =m 2﹣2m ﹣3.

解得:12m m ==

(不合题意,舍去).

所以m =

③当m ≥0,MN ⊥x 轴时,则PP '∥x 轴,点P 的坐标为(m ,m ). 将点P (m ,m )代入y =x 2﹣2x ﹣3,得:m =m 2﹣2m ﹣3.

解得:123322

m m ==

(不合题意,舍去).

所以32

m +=

. 综上所述:m 的取值范围是m <0,m

=

12+或m

=32

. (4)∵四边形ECP 'D 是菱形,∴点E 与点P '关于x 轴对称. ∵点E 的坐标为(2,n ),∴点P '的坐标为(2,﹣n ). ①当点P 在y 轴左侧时,点P 的坐标为(﹣2,﹣n ). 代入y =(x ﹣2)2+n ,得:﹣n =(﹣2﹣2)2+n ,解得:n =﹣8. ②当点P 在y 轴右侧时,点P 的坐标为(﹣n ,﹣2).

代入y =(x ﹣2)2+n ,得:﹣2=(﹣n ﹣2)2+n .解得:n 1=﹣2,n 2=﹣3. 综上所述:n 的值是n =﹣8,n =﹣2,n =﹣3. 【点睛】

本题是二次函数综合题、一次函数的应用、待定系数法、变换点的定义等知识,解题的关键是理解题意,学会用分类讨论的射线思考问题,学会用方程的思想思考问题,属于中考压轴题.

10.如图,已知二次函数1L :()2

2311y mx mx m m =+-+≥和二次函数2L :

()2

341y m x m =--+-()1m ≥图象的顶点分别为M 、N ,与x 轴分别相交于A 、B

两点(点A 在点B 的左边)和C 、D 两点(点C 在点D 的左边),

(1)函数()2

2311y mx mx m m =+-+≥的顶点坐标为______;当二次函数1L ,2L 的y

值同时随着x 的增大而增大时,则x 的取值范围是_______; (2)判断四边形AMDN 的形状(直接写出,不必证明); (3)抛物线1L ,2L 均会分别经过某些定点; ①求所有定点的坐标;

②若抛物线1L 位置固定不变,通过平移抛物线2L 的位置使这些定点组成的图形为菱形,则抛物线2L 应平移的距离是多少? 【答案】(1)()1,41m --+,13x

;(2)四边形AMDN 是矩形;(3)①所有定

点的坐标,1L 经过定点()3,1-或()1,1,2L 经过定点()5,1-或()1,1-;②抛物线2L 应平移的距离是423+423-. 【解析】 【分析】

(1)将已知抛物线解析式转化为顶点式,直接得到点M 的坐标;结合函数图象填空; (2)利用抛物线解析式与一元二次方程的关系求得点A 、D 、M 、N 的横坐标,可得AD 的中点为(1,0),MN 的中点为(1,0),则AD 与MN 互相平分,可证四边形AMDN 是矩形;

(3)①分别将二次函数的表达式变形为1:(3)(1)1L y m x x =+-+和2:(1)(5)1L y m x x =----,通过表达式即可得出所过定点;

②根据菱形的性质可得EH 1=EF=4即可,设平移的距离为x ,根据平移后图形为菱形,由勾股定理可得方程即可求解. 【详解】

解:(1)12b

x a

=-

=-,顶点坐标M 为(1,41)m --+, 由图象得:当13x 时,二次函数1L ,2L 的y 值同时随着x 的增大而增大.

故答案为:(1,41)m --+;13x

(2)结论:四边形AMDN 是矩形.

由二次函数21:231(1)L y mx mx m m =+-+和二次函数22:(3)41(1)L y m x m m =--+-解析式可得:

A 点坐标为41(1m m ---

,0),D 点坐标为41

(3m m

-+,0), 顶点M 坐标为(1,41)m --+,顶点N 坐标为(3,41)m -,

AD ∴的中点为(1,0),MN 的中点为(1,0), AD ∴与MN 互相平分,

∴四边形AMDN 是平行四边形,

AD MN =,

∴□AMDN 是矩形;

(3)①

二次函数21:231(3)(1)1L y mx mx m m x x =+-+=+-+,

故当3x =-或1x =时1y =,即二次函数21:231L y mx mx m =+-+经过(3,1)-、(1,1)两点,

二次函数22:(3)41(1)(5)1L y m x m m x x =--+-=----,

故当1x =或5x =时1y =-,即二次函数22:(3)41L y m x m =--+-经过(1,1)-、(5,1)-两点, ②

二次函数21:231L y mx mx m =+-+经过(3,1)-、(1,1)两点,二次函数

22:(3)41L y m x m =--+-经过(1,1)-、(5,1)-两点,

如图:四个定点分别为(3,1)E -、(1,1)F ,(1,1)H -、(5,1)G -,则组成四边形EFGH 为平行四边形,

∴FH ⊥HG ,FH=2,HM=4-x ,

设平移的距离为x ,根据平移后图形为菱形, 则EH 1=EF=H 1M=4,

由勾股定理可得:FH 2+HM 2=FM 2, 即22242(4)x =+-, 解得:43x =±

抛物线1L 位置固定不变,通过左右平移抛物线2L 的位置使这些定点组成的图形为菱形,则抛物线2L 应平移的距离是423+423-.

【点睛】

本题考查了二次函数的解析式的求法和与几何图形结合的综合能力的培养.要会利用数形结合的思想把代数和几何图形结合来,利用点的坐标的意义表示线段的长度,从而求出线段之间的关系.

三、初三数学旋转易错题压轴题(难)

11.直线m∥n,点A、B分别在直线m,n上(点A在点B的右侧),点P在直线m上,

AP=1

3

AB,连接BP,将线段BP绕点B顺时针旋转60°得到BC,连接AC交直线n于点E,

连接PC,且ABE为等边三角形.

(1)如图①,当点P在A的右侧时,请直接写出∠ABP与∠EBC的数量关系是,AP 与EC的数量关系是.

(2)如图②,当点P在A的左侧时,(1)中的结论是否成立?若成立,请给予证明;若不成立,请说明理由.

(3)如图②,当点P在A的左侧时,若△PBC的面积为

93,求线段AC的长.

【答案】(1)∠ABP=∠EBC,AP=EC;(2)成立,见解析;(3

67

【解析】

【分析】

(1)根据等边三角形的性质得到∠ABE=60°,AB=BE,根据旋转的性质得到∠CBP=

60°,BC=BP,根据全等三角形的性质得到结论;

(2)根据等边三角形的性质得到∠ABE=60°,AB=BE,根据旋转的性质得到∠CBP=60°,BC=BP,根据全等三角形的性质得到结论;

(3)过点C作CD⊥m于D,根据旋转的性质得到△PBC是等边三角形,求得PC=3,设AP=CE=t,则AB=AE=3t,得到AC=2t,根据平行线的性质得到∠CAD=∠AEB=60°,解直角三角形即可得到结论.

【详解】

解:(1)∵△ABE是等边三角形,

∴∠ABE=60°,AB=BE,

∵将线段BP绕点B顺时针旋转60°得到BC,

∴∠CBP=60°,BC=BP,

∴∠ABP=60°﹣∠PBE,∠CBE=60°﹣∠PBE,

即∠ABP=∠EBC,

∴△ABP≌△EBC(SAS),

∴AP=EC;

故答案为:∠ABP=∠EBC,AP=EC;

(2)成立,理由如下,

∵△ABE是等边三角形,

∴∠ABE=60°,AB=BE,

∵将线段BP绕点B顺时针旋转60°得到BC,

∴∠CBP=60°,BC=BP,

∴∠ABP=60°﹣∠PBE,∠CBE=60°﹣∠PBE,

即∠ABP=∠EBC,

∴△ABP≌△EBC(SAS),

∴AP=EC;

(3)过点C作CD⊥m于D,

∵将线段BP绕点B顺时针旋转60°得到BC,

∴△PBC是等边三角形,

3

4

PC293

∴PC=3,

设AP=CE=t,则AB=AE=3t,

∴AC=2t,

∵m∥n,

∴∠CAD=∠AEB=60°,

∴AD=1

2

AC=t,CD=3AD=3t,

∵PD2+CD2=PC2,∴(2t)2+3t2=9,

∴t=37

7

(负值舍去),

∴AC=2t=67

7

【点睛】

本题主要考查等边三角形的判定及性质、旋转的性质应用、三角形全等的判定及性质、勾股定理等相关知识点,解题关键在于找到图形变化过程中存在的联系,类比推理即可得解.

12.请阅读下列材料:

问题:如图1,在等边三角形ABC内有一点P,且PA=2,PB=3,PC=1、求∠BPC度数的大小和等边三角形ABC的边长.

李明同学的思路是:将△BPC绕点B逆时针旋转60°,画出旋转后的图形(如图2),连接PP′,可得△P′PB是等边三角形,而△PP′A又是直角三角形(由勾股定理的逆定理可证),从而得到∠BPC=∠AP′B=__________;,进而求出等边△ABC的边长为__________;

问题得到解决.

请你参考李明同学的思路,探究并解决下列问题:如图3,在正方形ABCD内有一点P,且PA=5,BP=2,PC=1.求∠BPC度数的大小和正方形ABCD的边长.

【答案】(17;(25

【解析】

试题分析:(1)利用旋转的性质,得到全等三角形.

(2)利用(1)中的解题思路,把△BPC,旋转,到△BP’A,连接PP’,BP’,容易证明△APP’是直角三角形,∠BP’E=45°,已知边BP’=BP2,BE=BP’=1,勾股定理可求得正方形边长.

(17

(2)将△BPC绕点B逆时针旋转90°,得△BP′A,则△BPC≌△BP′A.

∴AP′=PC=1,BP=BP′=2;

连接PP′,在Rt△BP′P中,

∵BP=BP′=2,∠PBP′=90°,

∴PP′=2,∠BP′P=45°;

在△AP′P中,AP′=1,PP′=2,AP=5,

∵2

22

125

+=,即AP′2+PP′2=AP2;

∴△AP′P是直角三角形,即∠AP′P=90°,

∴∠AP′B=135°,

∴∠B PC=∠AP′B=135°.

过点B作BE⊥AP′,交AP′的延长线于点E;则△BEP′是等腰直角三角形,

∴∠EP′B=45°,

∴EP′=BE=1,

∴AE=2;

∴在Rt△ABE中,由勾股定理,得AB=5;

∴∠BPC=135°,正方形边长为5.

点睛:本题利用题目中的原理迁移解决问题,解题利用了旋转的性质,一般利用正方形,等腰,等边三角形的隐含条件,构造全等三角形,把没办法利用的已知条件转移到方便利用的图形位置,从而求解.

13.两块等腰直角三角板△ABC和△DEC如图摆放,其中∠ACB=∠DCE=90°,F是DE的中点,H是AE的中点,G是BD的中点.

(1)如图1,若点D、E分别在AC、BC的延长线上,通过观察和测量,猜想FH和FG的数量关系为______和位置关系为______;

(2)如图2,若将三角板△DEC绕着点C顺时针旋转至ACE在一条直线上时,其余条件均不变,则(1)中的猜想是否还成立,若成立,请证明,不成立请说明理由;

(3)如图3,将图1中的△DEC绕点C顺时针旋转一个锐角,得到图3,(1)中的猜想还成立吗?直接写出结论,不用证明.

【答案】(1)相等,垂直.(2)成立,证明见解析;(3)成立,结论是FH=FG,FH⊥FG.

【解析】

试题分析:(1)证AD=BE,根据三角形的中位线推出FH=1

2

AD,FH∥AD,FG=

1

2

BE,

FG∥BE,即可推出答案;

(2)证△ACD≌△BCE,推出AD=BE,根据三角形的中位线定理即可推出答案;(3)连接BE、AD,根据全等推出AD=BE,根据三角形的中位线定理即可推出答案.试题解析:

(1)解:∵CE=CD,AC=BC,∠ECA=∠DCB=90°,

∴BE=AD,

∵F是DE的中点,H是AE的中点,G是BD的中点,

∴FH=1

2

AD,FH∥AD,FG=

1

2

BE,FG∥BE,

∴FH=FG,

∵AD⊥BE,

∴FH⊥FG,

故答案为相等,垂直.

(2)答:成立,

证明:∵CE=CD,∠ECD=∠ACD=90°,AC=BC,∴△ACD≌△BCE

∴AD=BE,

由(1)知:FH=1

2

AD,FH∥AD,FG=

1

2

BE,FG∥BE,

∴FH=FG,FH⊥FG,

∴(1)中的猜想还成立.

人教版九年级英语期末测试卷及答案

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2019年人教新目标版初中英语九年级全册期末检测题

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