2019年青岛大学研究生消化内科的复试题
2019年青岛大学研究生考试—消化内科的复试题
（共100分）
一、名词解释（英文）
1.肝硬化
2.自发性细菌性腹膜炎
3.腹膜刺激症
4.炎症性肠病
5.急性胰腺炎
6. 急性肾小球肾炎
7. 甲状腺危象
二、简答题
1. 左心衰的治疗
2. 糖尿病的诊断
3. 甲状腺危象处理
4. 肝硬化腹水形成机制
5. 急性肾衰高钾处理
6. 急性白血病临床表现
7. 如何判断上消化道出血仍继续或再出血
8. 支气管哮喘的诊断
答案
名词解释
1.肝硬化（liver cirrhosis）是各种慢性肝病进展至以肝脏慢性炎症、弥漫性纤维化、假小叶、再生结节和肝内外血管增殖为特征的病理阶段，代偿期无明显症状，失代偿期以门静脉高压和肝功能减退为临床特征，病人常因并发食管胃底静脉曲张出血、肝性脑病、感染、肝肾综合征、门静脉血栓等多器官功能慢性衰竭而死亡。
2.自发性细菌性腹膜炎（Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis ,SBP）指无腹腔脏器穿孔，炎症而发生的腹膜急性细菌性感染，是肝硬化门脉高压的常见并发症之一。典型临床表现为发热、腹痛和腹部压痛，血白细胞增高。
3.腹膜刺激征（peritoneal irritation sign）腹膜炎的病人常有腹肌紧张、压痛与反跳痛，称腹膜刺激征，亦称腹膜炎三联征。
4.炎症性肠病（inflammatory bowel disease,IBD）是一组病因尚未阐明的慢性非特异性肠道炎症性疾病。包括溃疡性结肠炎（ulcerative colitis,UC）和克罗恩病（Crohn disease,CD）
5.急性胰腺炎（acute pancreatitis,AP）是多种病因导致胰腺组织自身消化所致的胰腺水肿、出血及坏死等炎症性损伤。临床以急性上腹痛及血淀粉酶或脂肪酶升高为特点。多数病人病情轻，预后好；少数病人可伴发多器官功能障碍及胰腺局部并发症，死亡率高。
6.急性肾小球肾炎（acute glomerulonephritis）简称急性肾炎（AGN）,是以急性肾炎综合征为主要临床表现的一组疾病。临床特点为急性起
病，表现为血尿、蛋白尿、水肿和高血压，可伴有一过性肾功能不全。多见于链球菌感染后，其它细菌、病毒及寄生虫感染亦可引起。
7.甲状腺危象（thyroid crisis）也称甲亢危象，是甲状腺毒症急性加重的一个综合征，发生原因与甲状腺激素大量进入循环有关。多发生于较重甲亢未予治疗或治疗不充分的病人。常见诱因有感染、手术、创伤、精神刺激等。临床表现有高热或过高热，大汗，心动过速（＞140次/分），烦躁，焦虑不安，谵妄，恶心，呕吐，腹泻，严重病人可有心衰、休克及昏迷等。
简答题
1.左心衰的治疗：
①一般处理：半卧位或端坐位；吸氧；心电监护
②药物治疗：镇静（吗啡）；强心（洋地黄）；利尿（呋塞米）；扩血管（硝酸酯类/硝普纳）。
2.糖尿病的诊断：以血糖升高作为诊断依据
①糖尿病三多一少临床症状,多尿，烦渴多饮和难以解释的体重减轻
②随机血糖≥11.1或空腹血糖（FPG）≥7.0或OGTT2小时血糖≥11.1
③对于无糖尿病症状的，仅一次血糖值达到糖尿病标准的，须在另一天复查，仍未达到糖尿病诊断标准的应定期复查
3.甲状腺危象处理：
①针对诱因处理
②抗甲状腺药物PTU 500-1000mg首次口服或者经胃管注入，以后每次250mg、每4小时口服一次。
③碘剂：复方碘溶液（SSPI）每次5滴（0.25ml或者250mg）、每6小时1次。服用PTU1小时后开始服用。一般使用3-7天
④β受体阻滞剂：普萘洛尔60-80mg/d、每4小时一次。
⑤糖皮质激素：氢化可的松300mg首次静滴。以后每次100mg,每8小时一次。
⑥上述治疗不满意时，可选用腹膜透析、血液透析、或血浆置换等措施迅速降低血浆甲状腺激素浓度。
⑦降温：高热者予以物理降温，避免用乙酰杨酸类药物
⑧其它支持治疗
4.肝硬化腹水形成机制：
①门静脉高压，腹腔内脏血管床静水压增高，组织液回吸收减少而漏入腹腔，是腹腔积液形成的决定性因素；
②低清蛋白血症，清蛋白低于30g/L时，血浆胶体渗透压降低，毛细血管内液体漏入腹腔或组织间隙；
③有效循环血容量不足，肾血流量减少，肾素-血管紧张素系统激活，肾小球滤过率降低，排钠和排尿量减少；
④肝脏对醛固酮和抗利尿激素灭能作用减弱，导致继发性醛固酮增多和抗利尿激素增多，前者作用于远端肾小管，使钠重吸收增加，后者作用于集合管，水的吸收增加，水钠潴留，尿量减少；
⑤肝淋巴量超过了淋巴循环引流的能力，肝窦内压升高，肝淋巴液生成增多，自肝包膜表面漏入腹腔，参与腹腔积液形成。
5.急性肾衰高钾血症处理
当血钾＞5.5mmol/L，应以10%葡萄糖酸钙20ml经静脉缓慢注射或加5%碳酸氢钠100ml静脉滴注或25g葡萄糖及6U胰岛素缓慢静脉滴注，使钾离子进入细胞内而降低血钾。当血钾＞6.5mmol/L或心电图呈高血钾图形时，应紧急实施血液净化治疗。
6.急性白血病临床表现
⑴正常骨髓造血功能受抑制表现：
①贫血，半数病人就诊时已有重度贫血；
②发热，半数病人以发热为早期表现，可低热，亦可高达39-40℃或以上，伴有畏寒、出汗等；
③出血，出血可以发生在全身各部位，以皮肤瘀点、瘀斑、鼻出血、牙龈出血、月经过多为多见；
⑵白血病细胞增殖浸润的表现：
①淋巴结和肝脾大；
②骨骼和关节，胸骨下段局部压痛。可出现关节、骨骼疼痛，尤以儿童多见，发生骨髓坏死时，可引起骨骼剧痛；
③眼部，部分AML可伴粒细胞肉瘤，或称绿色瘤，常累及鼓膜，以眼眶部位最常见，可引起眼球突出、复试或失明；
④口腔和皮肤，AL尤其是M4与M5，由于白血病细胞浸润可使牙龈增生、肿胀；皮肤可出现蓝灰色斑丘疹，局部皮肤隆起、变硬，呈蓝紫色结节；
⑤中枢神经系统，是白血病最常见的髓外浸润部位，引起中枢神经系统白血病(CNSL)轻者表现为头痛、头晕，重者有呕吐、颈项强直，甚
至抽搐、昏迷；
⑥睾丸，多为一侧睾丸无痛性肿大，活检可见白血病细胞浸润；
7.如何判断上消化道出血仍继续或再出血
由于肠道内积血需经约3日才能排尽，故黑便不提示继续出血。下列情况应考虑有消化道活动出血：①反复呕血，或黑粪（血便）次数增多，肠鸣音活跃；②周围循环状态经充分补液及输血后未见明显改善，或虽暂时好转而又恶化；③血红蛋白浓度、红细胞计数与血细胞比容继续下降；④补液与尿量足够情况下，血尿素氮持续或再次升高。
8.支气管哮喘的诊断标准
⑴典型哮喘的临床症状和体征：
①反复发作喘息、气急，胸闷或咳嗽，夜间及晨间多发，常与接触变应原、冷空气、理化刺激以及病毒性上呼吸道感染、运动等有关；
②发作时双肺可闻及散在或弥漫性哮鸣音，呼气相延长；
③上述症状和体征可经治疗缓解或自行缓解；
⑵可变气流受限的客观检查：
①支气管舒张试验阳性；
②支气管激发试验阳性
③平均每日PEF昼夜变异率＞10%或PEF周变异率＞20%
符合上述症状和体征，同时具备气流受限客观检查中的任一条，并除外其它疾病所引起的喘息、气急、胸闷和咳嗽，可以诊断为哮喘。
2019考研英语二真题及答案
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2019考研英语（二）真题及答案 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) Weighing yourself regularly is a wonderful way to stay aware of any significant weight fluctuations. 1 , when done too often, this habit can sometimes hurt more than it 2 . As for me, weighing myself every day caused me to shift my focus from being generally healthy and physically active to focusing 3 on the scale. That was had to my overall fitness goats. I had gained weight in the form of muscle mass, but thinking only of 4 the number on the scale, I altered my training program. That conflicted with how I needed to train to 5 my goals. I also found that weighing myself daily did not provide an accurate 6 of the hard work and progress I was making in the gym. It takes about three weeks to a month to notice any significant changes in your weight 7 altering your training program. The most 8 changes will be observed in skill level, strength and inches lost. For these 9 , I stopped weighing myself every day and switched to a bimonthly weighing schedule 10 . Since weight loss is not my goal, it is less important for me to 11 my weight each week. Weighing every other week allows me to observe and 12 any significant weight changes. That tells me whether I need to 13 my training program. I use my bimonthly weigh-in 14 to get information about my nutrition as well. If my training intensity remains the same, but I’m constantly 15 and dropping weight, this is a 16 that I need to increase my daily caloric intake. The 17 to stop weighing myself every day has done wonders for my overall health, fitness and well-be ing. I’m experiencing increased zeal for working out since I no longer carry the burden of a 18 morning weigh-in. I’ve also experienced greater
2019年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题
2019年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET (10 points) Today we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation apps are available on our smart phones. I of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone. But phones 2 on batteries, and batteries can die faster than we realize, 3 you get lost without a phone or a compass, and you 4 cant find north, a few tricks to help you navigate_5 to civilization, one of which is to follow the land. When you find yourself well 6 a trail, but not in a completely 7 area, you have to answer two questions: Which 8 is downhill, in this particular area? And where is the nearest water source? Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water._9 ,if you head downhill, and follow any H20 you find, you should 10 see signs of people If you’ve explored the area before, keep an eye out for familiar sights-you may be 11 how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings. Another 12 Climb high and look for signs of human habitation. 13 even in dense fores, you should be able to 14 gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, and other paths people carve 15 the woods. Head toward these 16 to find a way out. At might can the horizon for 17 light sources such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glow of light pollution. 18 , assuming you're lost in an area humans tend to frequent, look for the 19 we leave on the landscape. Trail blazes tire tracks. and other features can 20 you to civilization. 1.[A]Some [B]Most [C] Few [D] All 2.[A]put [B]take [C] run [D] come 3. [A]Since [B]If [C]Though [D] until 4. [A]Formally [B]relatively [C] gradually [D] literally 5. [A] back [B]next [C] around [D] away 6. [A] onto [B]off [C]across [D] alone 7. [A] unattractive [B]uncrowded [C]unchanged [D]unfamiliar 8.[A] site [B]point [C]way [D] place 9. [A] So [B]Yet [C]Instead [D] Besides lO. [A] immediately [B] intentionally [C] unexpectedly [D]eventually 11.[A] surprised [B] annoyed [C] frightened [D]confused 12.[A] problem [B]option [C]view [D] result 13. [A] Above all [B] In contrast [C]On average [D] For example 14. [A]bridge [B] avoid [C]spot [D] separate 15. [A]form [B]through [C] beyond [D] Under 16. [A] posts [B]links [C] shades [D]breaks 17. [A] artificial [B] mysterious [C]hidden [D]limited 18. [A] Finally [B]Consequently [C]Incidentally [D] Generally 19. [A] memories [B]marks [C]notes [D]belongings 20. [A]restrict [B]adopt [C] lead [D] expose
2019年10月自考英语二真题及答案
2019年10月髙等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试 英语(二）试卷 （课程代码：00015） 本试卷共8页，满分100分，考试时间150分钟。 考生答卷前必须将自己的姓名和准考证号写在答题卡上。 必须在答题卡上答题，写在试卷上的答案无效。 第一部分：阅读判断（第1?10题，每题1分，共10分） 下面的短文后列出了10个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子作出判断：如果该句提供的是正确信息，选择A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，选择B;如果该句的信息文中没有提及，选择C。在答题卡相应位置上将答案选项涂黑。 To Lease(租赁) or Not to Lease Planning to lease a car because you don't think you can afford to buy? Think again. Leasing can end up being just as expensive as buying. Most people think about leasing because they believe it will cost them less money. They're right-it is cheaper, but only in the short term. For example, if you were to lease anew Subaru Forester, you might pay $300 per month for the car. If you were to buy the same car, you would pay about $400 per month. Over a three-year, you would save $3600-a big savings. But after your lease is over, you have to give the car back. Many people want to lease because they can drive a more expensive car than they might otherwise be able to afford. For example, if you spend $300 monthly on a car, you might be able to lease a new Ford Explorer. For the same price, you
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2019年暨南大学硕士研究生入学考试 818有机化学B考试大纲 I、考试目标 II、考试形式和试卷结构 III、考查范围 IV、试题样板 I、考试目标 暨南大学《有机化学》考试的目标，重点在于考查考生如下几个方面的内容：1、各类有机化合物的命名法、异构现象、结构特征、主要性质、重要的合成方法，以及它们之间的关系。2、对现代价键理论基本概念的理解，并应用于解释有机化合物基本结构的能力；通过电子效应和立体效应，进一步掌握有机化合物结构与性能的关系。3、重要的反应历程，如：亲电和亲核取代反应、亲电和亲核加成反应、游离基反应、消除反应等历程。4、对立体化学的基本知识和基本理论的理解，并能用于解释一些反应的选择性问题。5、各类重要有机化合物的来源、制法及其主要用途。 II、考试形式和试卷结构 一、试卷分数 满分为150分 二、答题方式 答题方式为闭卷、笔试，考生独立完成考试内容。 三、试卷结构 有机化合物结构30% 结构理论关系30% 有机反应30% 有机合成设计10% 四、试卷题型结构 1.命名题（10%） 2.写结构式（10%） 3.选择题（10%） 4.填空题（10%） 5.完成反应式（30%） 6.简答题（20%） 7.设计合成题（10%）
III、考查范围 【考查目标】 一、各类有机化合物的命名法、异构现象、结构特征、主要性质、重要的合成方 法，以及它们之间的关系。 二、对现代价键理论的基本概念，并应用于理解有机化合物的基本结构的能力； 通过电子效应和立体效应，进一步掌握有机化合物结构与性能的关系。三、重要的反应历程，如：亲电和亲核取代反应、亲电和亲核加成反应、游离基 反应、消除反应等历程。 四、对立体化学的基本知识和基本理论的理解，并能用于理解一些反应的选择性 问题。 五、各类重要有机化合物的来源、制法及其主要用途。 第一章绪论 【基本内容】 一、有机化合物和有机化学 二、有机化合物的结构：凯库勒结构式、离子键和共价键、现代共价键理论、 共价键的属性 三、有机化合物的分类 四、有机酸碱的概念：勃朗斯德酸碱理论、路易斯酸碱理论 【基本要求】 一、了解（理解）：有机化合物的分类 二、掌握：有机酸碱的概念 三、重点掌握：有机化合物和有机化学；有机化合物的结构 第二章烷烃和环烷烃 【基本内容】 第一节烷烃 一、同系列和构造异构：同系列和同系物、构造异构 二、命名：普通命名法、系统命名法 三、结构 四、构象：乙烷的构象、丁烷的构象 五、物理性质：分之间的作用力、沸点、熔点、密度、溶解度 六、化学性质：氧化和燃烧、热裂反应、卤化反应 第二节脂环烃 一、脂环烃的分类、构造异构和命名 二、物理性质 三、化学性质：与开链烷烃相似的化学性质、环丙烷和环丁烷的开环反应 四、拜尔张力学说 五、环烷烃的构象：环丙烷和环丁烷的构象、环戊烷的构象、环己烷的构象【基本要求】 一、了解（理解）烷烃的物理性质
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)3,2,1(321==++i d z a y a x a i i i i 组成的线性方程组的系数矩阵和增广矩阵分别记为A A ,，则 A..3)(,2)(==A r A r B..2)(,2)(==A r A r C..2)(,1)(==A r A r D..1)(,1)(==A r A r 7.设B A ,为随机事件，则)()(B P A P =的充分必要条件是 A.).()()(B P A P B A P +=Y B.).()()(B P A P AB P = C.).()(A B P B A P = D.).()(B A P AB P = 8.设随机变量X 与Y 相互独立，且都服从正态分布),(2 σμN ，则{} 1<-Y X P A.与μ无关，而与2σ有关. B.与μ有关，而与2σ无关. C.与2 ,σμ都有关. D.与2,σμ都无关. 二、填空题：9~14小题，每小题4分，共24分. 9. 设函数)(u f 可导，,)sin (sin xy x y f z +-=则 y z cosy x z cosx ???+???11= . 10. 微分方程02'22 =--y y y 满足条件1)0(=y 的特解=y . 11. 幂级数n n n x n ∑∞ =-0 )!2()1(在)0∞+，（内的和函数=)(x S .
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