美国文学简史复习资料(DOC)
美国文学简史复习资料
2016年12月23日
目录殖民时期及十八世纪美国文学美国浪漫主义早期
新英格兰超验主义
美国浪漫主义后期
美国现实主义文学
美国乡土文学
美国现代诗歌
美国现代小说
美国南方文学
美国现代戏剧
美国黑人文学
美国华裔文学
殖民时期及十八世纪美国文学
New England：Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut, named by Captain John Smith
Puritanism
Doctrines of Puritanism：predestination（命运神定), original sin, total depravity (彻底的堕落), and limited atonement (有限的赎罪)from God’s grace
Puritans left Europe for America in order to prove that they were God’s chosen people who would enjoy God’s blessings on earth and in Heaven. They felt that they were exiles under the special grace of God to establish a theocracy in the New World.
Style of writing：the style is fresh, simple and direct; the rhetoric is plain and honest；a touch of nobility often traceable to the direct influence of the Bible
Puritans’way of Life：hard work, thrift, piety, and sobriety.
In Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter there is a good description of the Puritans’life.
Main writers
William Bradford
Of Plymouth Plantation普利茅斯垦殖记
Thomas Paine
Common Sense 常识；American Crisis美国危机；The Rights of Man人权；The Age of Reason 理性时代
Philip Freneau
The Rising Glory of America蒸蒸日上的美洲；The Wild Honeysuckle野金银花
Benjamin Franklin
Autobiography富兰克林自传
Thomas Jefferson
Draft the Declaration of Independence.
美国浪漫主义早期
Romanticism
Background of Romanticism：Economic boom and national optimism ；Favorable literary milieu: increasing number of magazines ；Foreign influences: the Romantic Movement in Europe. Characteristics of Romanticism：
A rebellion against the objectivity of rationalism.
Feelings, intuitions and emotions were more important for romantics than reason and common sense.
An emphasis on individualism; placing the individual against the group, against authority.
Stress on the close relationship between man and nature.
Fascination with the wild, the irregular, the indefinite, the remote, the mysterious, and the strange Cherishing a strong interest in the past, especially the medieval.
Features of American Romanticism：
New experience in the American Romanticism.
The exotic landscape, the frontier life, the westward expansion, the myth of a New Garden of Eden in America, and the Puritan heritage, etc., these were all materials for an indigenous literature.
A deep influence from the American Puritanism.
Different from their European counterparts, American romantics tended to moralize, to edify rather than to entertain.
The “newness”of the Americans as a nation.
The Americans are different from the Europeans. Their ideals of individualism and political equality, and their dream that America was to be a new Garden of eden for man were distinctly American.
The New England Poets:Henry W. Longfellow-A Psalm of Life 人生礼赞
Main writers
Washington Irving
The Sketch Book (1819-1820)见闻札记;The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说
James Fenimore Cooper
Leather-stocking Tales皮裹腿故事集;The Pioneers 拓荒者;The Last of the Mohicans 最后一个
莫希干人;The Prairie 大草原;The Pathfinder探路人;The Deerslayer猎鹿人
新英格兰超验主义Transcendentalism
Transcendentalism
as a way of knowing, believes that individuals can intuitively receive higher truths otherwise unavailable through common methods of knowing, thus transcending the limits of rationalism. Some of its major concepts are:
It placed emphasis on spirit, or the Over-soul（超灵）, as the most important thing in the universe. It emphasized the importance of the individual and believed that the individual was the most important element in society and that the ideal kind of individual was self-reliant and unselfish.
It offered a fresh view of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God.
Significance
A group of new writers apply transcendental ideas in their works
Weakness
Transcendentalism tended to become mysticism.
sometimes resulted in rampant individualism
make moral indignation an irrelevant emotion.
Main writers
Ralph Waldo Emerson(超验主义领袖）
Nature（标志性之作）;The American Scholar论美国学者
Henry David Thoreau
Walden:informal,spontaneous and so easy. His sentences are concentrated and vigorous.
美国浪漫主义后期
High Romantics in fiction
Nathaniel Hawthorne
The Scarlet letter红字；The House of Sever Gables有七个尖角阁的房子
Herman Melville
Moby-Dick白鲸；Pierre皮埃尔
High Romantics in poetry
Edgar Allen Poe-the father of modern horror story and detective story
Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque怪诞故事集；The Raven乌鸦
Literary theories (on poetry)
Poetical principles
Length: there is a distinct limit to all works of literary art—the limit of a single sitting.
Province: Beauty is the sole legitimate province of the poem.
Tone: Sadness is the tone of Beauty’s highest manifestation. Melancholy is the most legitimateof all the poetical tones. Death of a beautiful woman is the most poetical topic in the world.
The immediate object of poetry is pleasure, not truth.
Poe defines true poetry as “the rhythmical creation of beauty”, and declares that music is the perfection of the soul, or idea, of poetry.
Walt Whitman
Leaves of Grass草叶集
Emily Dickinson
Features of Dickinson’s poems
Dickinson’s style is characteristic of frequent use of dashes, sporadic capitalization of nouns,convoluted and ungrammatical phrasing, off-rhymes, broken meters, bold and unconventional and often startling metaphors, and aphoristic wit. Her poetry prepares for modern poetry in the 20th century.
lyric. Her poems are remarkable for their variety, subtlety, and richness.
brevity and intensity.
unorthodox syntax and punctuation.
innovation in rhyme. One the whole, her poetry is irregular in rhyme and rhythm.
美国现实主义文学Realism
Historical background
Impact of the Civil War
Changes in national economic life
Concentration of wealth and power
Polarization of the rich and the poor
(This was the beginning of what Mark Twain called “The Gilded Age”—an age of extremes: of decline and progress, of poverty and dazzling wealth, of gloom and buoyant hope.)
Closing of the frontier
Definition
based on the accurate, unromanticized observation of human experiences. It insists on precise description, authentic action and dialogue, moral honesty, and a democratic openness in subject matter and style.
Realism as a literary movement refers to the approach of realist fiction occurred at the later part of the 19th century.
Realism, as a broader term, is also inclusive of naturalism, regionalism and local color writing. Major features
Realism reacts against Romanticism’s emphasis on intuition, imagination, a dreamy sense of wonder, idealism, faith in nature, and general optimistic belief in the goodness of things.
Realists claim that they seek truth that is verifiable by experience and have practical consequences; they do not seek abstract truth.
Realists believe that literature imitates reality. They are attentive to such details as dialect, customs, and experiences that are commonplace and “real”.
Realists try to describe a small portion of the knowable world in order to maintain “objectivity.”Main Writers
William Dean Howells
The Rise of Silas Lapham塞拉斯·拉帕姆发迹记
Henry James
The Portrait of a Lady贵妇画像
Literary Theory
Art and life:Art must be related to life; it must be life transformed and changed so that the art form would give the truthful impression of actuality.
Point of view
Psychological realism（心理现实主义）:by emphasizing the inner awareness and inward movements of his characters in face of outside occurrences
became the first of the modern psychological analysts in the novel
modern stream-of-consciousness technique
美国乡土文学Local Color Fiction
Features
Local color fiction presents a locale which is distinguished from the outside world.
describes the exotic and the picturesque.
glorifies the past.
attempts to show things as they are.
stresses the influence of setting on character.
Dialect peculiarities are the defining characteristic of local color writings.
Representatives
Mark Twain
The Gilded Age 镀金时代;The Adventures of Tom Sawyer汤姆·索亚历险记;The Prince and the Pauper 王子与贫儿;Life on Mississippi密西西比河上;The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn 哈克贝利·费恩历险记
Style:Vernacular language; Local color.
Contribution
William Deans Howells called Mark Twain “the Lincoln of literature.”. Combining American frontier humor and serious storytelling conventions with his journalistic style, he produced a body of work of enduring value. His writing gives readers a clear sense of life in the prewar Mississippi Valley. Moreover, he initiated the vernacular tradition in American fiction. Francis Bret Harte-the first American writer of local color to achieve wide popularity
The Luck of Roaring Camp咆哮营里的幸运儿
Harriet Beecher Stowe
Uncle Tom’s Cabin汤姆大叔的小屋
Kate Chopin
The Awakening觉醒
Stephen Crane
The Red Badge of Courage红色英勇勋章
Theodore Dresier
Sister Carrie嘉莉妹妹;An American Tragedy美国悲剧
Jack London
The Call of the Wild野性的呼唤;Martin Eden 马丁·伊登
美国现代诗歌Modern American Poetry
-the second flowering(1914-1945)
Features
common theme:fragmentation
stream-of-consciousness
It also fostered a belief in art and literature as an avenue to self-fulfillment.It was characterized by a conscious rejection of established rules, traditions and conventions. The essence of modernism was a break with the pastIt strove to reflect 20th century’s social and political changes Background
the consequence of the transformation of society brought about by industrialism and technology in the course of the 19th century.
Imagist movement (1908-1917)
Imagism意象派
Ezra Pound-Leader of the Imagist Movement.
Two modernist poets
T.S.Eliot
he Waste Land 荒原
Robert Frost
“The Road Not Taken”“没有走过的路”
美国现代小说Modern American Fiction
Social backgrounds in the 1920s
Impact of World War I
The 1920s: the Roaring 20s（咆哮二十年）Jazz Age（爵士时代）Dollar Age
The Red Scare 恐共浪潮
The Prohibition (1919-1933) 禁酒令
Lost of faith
The Lost Generation
named applied to the disillusioned intellectuals and aesthetes of the years following World War I, who rebelled against former ideals and values but could replace them only by despair or a
cynical hedonism. The remark of Gertrude Stein, “You are all a lost generation,”addressed to Hemingway, was used as a preface to the latter’s novel The Sun Also Rises, which brilliantly describes an expatriate group typical of the “lost generation.”
Two major representatives
F. Scott Fitzgerald-the spokesman of the “roaring 20s”
The Great Gatsby 了不起的盖茨比
Ernest Hemingway-spokesman for the Lost Generation
iceberg theory：The dignity of movement of an iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water.
The Sun Also Rises太阳照常升起；A Farewell to Arms 永别了，武器；For Whom the Bell Tolls 丧钟为谁而鸣；The Old Man and the Sea 老人与海
Hemingway’style
Hemingway’s style is noted for its simplicity. In diction, he focus on nouns and verbs and reduces the use of adjectives, especially complicated adjectives. In sentence structure, he uses coordinated clauses to avoid subordinated clauses that would imply vague judgments. This was especially obvious in his writings in the 1920s.
Some other writers
Sherwood Anderson
Winesburg, Ohio 小镇畸人
Willa Cather
My Antonia我的安东尼亚
Sinclair Lewis-The first American writer to win the Nobel Prize.
Main street 大街；Babbitt巴比特
John Steinbeck
he Grapes of Wrath愤怒的葡萄
Margaret Mitchell
Gone With the Wind飘
美国南方文学Southern American literature
The American South
The American South includes the southeastern states and the southern states along the Gulf of Mexico.
This is a unique region where people speak with strong southern accent. The southerners have their distinctive culture, viewpoint, and history. In the southern history, the South was guilty of slavery which began in 1621, the South failed in the Civil War, and the South is relatively poor in a nation of wealth even today. Guilt, failure, and poverty make the South dark side of American conscience.
Southern Renaissance
Here are six myths that southerner have cherished. They are not objectively true, but they are part of the culture and they make the South apart from other regions.
Chevalier heritage.骑士The southerners held that their ancestors were not Puritans but noble chevaliers who came from England to settle down in the New World. This myth created a pride in the region.
Agrarian virtue. 农业美德
Plantation aristocracy.种植园农场的贵族生活
Lost cause. 失去的事业
White supremacy. 白人至上
Purity of Southern womanhood.
Representative Southern writers
William Faulkner
The Yoknapatawpha Saga约克纳帕塔法世系：The Sound and the Fury 喧嚣与骚动；As I Lay Dying我弥留之际；Absalom, Absalom!押沙龙，押沙龙！；Go Down, Moses去吧，摩西Major features of Faulkner’s writings
Faulkner used the South to talk about the violence and evil in all human beings.
Faulkner was a great avant-garde experimenter. He successfully advanced some modern
literary techniques:
Stream of consciousness. (interior monologue)
Multiple point of view
Authorial transcendence instead of authorial intrusion.
His prose varies from colloquial口语的, regional, to formal diction and cadences节奏of American speech.
Stream of consciousness
The continuous flow of sense-perceptions, thoughts, feelings, and memories in the human mind; or a literary method of representing such a blending of mental processes in fictional characters, usually in an unpunctuated or disjointed form of interior monologue. It is an important device of modernist fiction.
In English literature, novels of stream-of-consciousness are represented by James Joyce and Virginia Wolf. The modern American writer William Faulkner successfully advanced this technique, for example, in his novel, The Sound and the Fury (1929).
Thomas Wolf
Look Homeward, Angel天使，望乡
美国现代戏剧Modern American Dramas
American drama renaissance in the 1920s
Eugene O’Neil-Founder of modern American drama/regarded as the “American Shakespeare”Bound East for Cardiff 东航卡迪夫(an one-act play, which ushered in the modern era of the American theatre)
Beyond the Horizon天边外；The Emperor Jones 琼斯皇；The Hairy Ape毛猿；Desire under the Elms榆树下的欲望Long Day’s Journey into Night日长路远夜深沉
Expressionism 表现主义
Expressionism, artistic style in which the artist seeks to depict not objective reality but rather the subjective emotions and responses that objects and events arouse in him. He accomplishes his aim through distortion, exaggeration, primitivism, and fantasy and through the vivid, jarring, violent, or dynamic application of formal elements.
In a broader sense Expressionism is one of the main currents of art in the late 19th and the 20th centuries, and its qualities of highly subjective, personal, spontaneous self-expression are typical of a wide range of modern artists and art movements.
The Little Theater Movement in the 1920s and 1930s
Tennessee Williams
The Streetcar Named Desire欲望号街车
Arthur Miller
Death of a Salesman推销员之死
Theater of the Absurd
often applied to the modern sense of human purposelessness in a universe without meaning or value.
The classic work of absurdist theater is Beckett’s En attendant Godot (Waiting for Godot, 1952). Edward Albee is most closely connected with the Theater of the Absurd.(Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf? 谁害怕弗吉尼亚沃尔夫？)
美国黑人文学African American Literature
Early African American literature
Frederick Douglass;
Booker T. Washington;
W. E. B. DuBois-The Souls of Black Folks: Essays and Sketches 黑人的灵魂;
Jean Toomer
Harlem Renaissance
Term used to describe a flowering of African-American literature and art in the 1920s, mainly in the Harlem district of New York City. During the mass migration of African Americans from the rural agricultural South to the urban industrial North (1914-18), many who came to New York settled in Harlem, as did a good number of black New Yorkers moved from other areas of the city. Meanwhile, Southern black musicians brought jazz with them to the North and to Harlem. The area soon became a sophisticated literary and artistic center.
Responding to the heady intellectual atmosphere of the time and place, writers and artists, many of whom lived in Harlem, began to produce a wide variety of fine and highly original works dealing with African-American life.
Countee Cullen;
Zora Neale Hurston;
Langston Hughes-“The Negro Speaks of River”“黑人说河”
African American literature in the 1940s and 1950s
Richard Wright;
Ralph Ellison-Invisible Man看不见的人
James Baldwin-Go Tell it on the Mountains向苍天呼吁Contemporary African American literature
Alex Palmer Haley-Roots根;
Alice Walker-The Color Purple紫色
Tony Morrison-The Bluest Eye最蓝的眼睛；Beloved宠儿
美国华裔文学Chinese American Literature Edith Maud Eaton水仙花
Mrs. Spring Fragrance春香夫人-美国华裔文学的开山之作
Louis Chu雷庭招
Eat a Bowl of Tea吃一碗茶-第一部以美国华埠为背景的华裔小说Frank Chin赵健秀-第一位引起美国主流批评注意的华裔剧作家Aiiieeeee! An Anthology of Prose and Poetry哎呀！美国亚裔作家文集Maxine Hong Kingston汤婷婷
The Woman Warrior女勇士
China Man中国佬
Amy Tan谭恩美
The Joy Luck Club喜福会
David Henry Hwang黄哲伦
M. Butterfly蝴蝶君-第一部在百老汇上演的华裔戏剧作品
附：
American Nobel Prize Winners in Literature
Sinclair Lewis
(1930, the first American writer to win Nobel Prize)
The Main Street (1920)《大街》
--------------------
Eugene O’Neil (1936)
Desire under the Elms (1924)《榆树下的欲望》
--------------------
T. S. Eliot (1948)
The Waste Land（1922）《荒原》
--------------------
William Faulkner (1950)
The Sound and the Fury（1929）《喧嚣与骚动》
--------------------
Ernest Hemingway (1954)
The Old Man and the Sea（1952）《老人与海》
--------------------
John Steinbeck (1962)
The Grapes of Wrath (1939《愤怒的葡萄》)
美国文学简史复习
美国文学简史 复习资料 2016年12月23日 目录 殖民时期及十八世纪美国文学 美国浪漫主义早期 新英格兰超验主义 美国浪漫主义后期 美国现实主义文学 美国乡土文学 美国现代诗歌 美国现代小说 美国南方文学
美国现代戏剧美国黑人文学美国华裔文学
殖民时期及十八世纪美国文学 New England：Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut, named by Captain John Smith ?Puritanism Doctrines of Puritanism：predestination（命运神定), original sin, total depravity (彻底的堕落), and limited atonement (有限的赎罪)from God’s grace Puritans left Europe for America in order to prove that they were God’s chosen people who would enjoy God’s blessings on earth and in Heaven. They felt that they were exiles under the special grace of God to establish a theocracy in the New World. Style of writing：the style is fresh, simple and direct; the rhetoric is plain and honest；a touch of nobility often traceable to the direct influence of the Bible Puritans’way of Life：hard work, thrift, piety, and sobriety. In Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter there is a good description of the Puritans’life. Main writers William Bradford Of Plymouth Plantation普利茅斯垦殖记 Thomas Paine Common Sense 常识；American Crisis美国危机；The Rights of Man人权；The Age of Reason 理性时代 Philip Freneau The Rising Glory of America蒸蒸日上的美洲；The Wild Honeysuckle野金银花 Benjamin Franklin Autobiography富兰克林自传 Thomas Jefferson Draft the Declaration of Independence. 美国浪漫主义早期 Romanticism Background of Romanticism：Economic boom and national optimism ；Favorable literary milieu: increasing number of magazines ；Foreign influences: the Romantic Movement in Europe. Characteristics of Romanticism：
常耀信《美国文学简史》(第3版)笔记和考研真题详解(9-14章)【圣才出品】
第9章地方色彩小说?马克?吐温 9.1复习笔记 I.Local Colorism（地方色彩主义） The vogue of local color fiction was the outgrowth of historical and aesthetic forces that had been gathering energy since early19th century.Local colorism as a literary trend first made its presence felt in the late1860s and early seventies.It is a variation of American literary realism. Local colorists were consciously nostalgic historians of a vanishing way of life,recorders of a present that faded before their eyes.They concerned themselves with presenting and interpreting the local character of their regions.They tended to idealize and glorify,but they never forgot to keep an eye on the truthful color of local life.Major local colorists are Bret Harte,Hanlin Garland, Harriet Beecher Stowe,Kate Chopin and Mark Twain. 地方色彩小说的流行是自19世纪早期以来历史和艺术力量凝聚的产物。作为一种文学潮流，地方色彩主义在19世纪60年代晚期和70年代早期初展头角。它是美国现实主义文学的一个分支。 地方色彩主义作家是怀念正在消逝的生活方式的历史家，他们记录了在他们眼前逝去的现在。他们致力于展示描述自己地方的特色，倾向于赞颂地方生活并将其理想化，但是他们又注意不失地方生活的真实色彩。主要的地方色彩主义作家包括布莱特·哈特、汉林·加兰德、哈里耶特·比彻·斯托、凯特·肖邦及马克·吐温等。 II.Mark Twain(1835-1910)（马克·吐温） 1.Life（生平） Mark Twain,pen name of Samuel Langhorne Clemens,is a great literary giant of America. He was brought up in the small town of Hannibal,Missouri,on the Mississippi River.He was twelve when his father died and he had to leave school.He was successively a printer’s apprentice,a tramp printer,a silver miner,a steamboat pilot on the Mississippi,and a frontier journalist in Nevada and California.This knocking about gave him wide knowledge of humanity. With the publication of his frontier tale,he became nationally famous.His first novel The Gilded Age was an artistic failure,but it gave its name to the American of the post-bellum period.The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn was his masterwork.Mark Twain was essentially an affirmative writer.But toward the latter part of his life,due to some tragic events,he changed to an almost
常耀信《美国文学简史》笔记和考研真题详解(美国浪漫主义 欧文 库柏)【圣才出品】
第3章美国浪漫主义欧文库柏 3.1 复习笔记 I. Overview of American Romanticism（美国浪漫主义简介） In the history of American literature, the Romantic period is one of the most important periods. It stretched from the end of the eighteenth century through the outbreak of the civil war. 美国文学中的浪漫主义时期开始于18世纪末，到南北战争爆发为止，是美国文学史上的重要阶段。 1. Background（背景） (1) A nation bursting into new life cried for literary expression. The buoyant mood of the nation and the spirit of the times seemed in some measure responsible for the spectacular outburst of romantic feeling. The literary milieu proved fertile and conductive to the imagination. Magazine appeared in ever-increasing numbers. They played an important role in facilitating literary expansion. (2) Foreign influences added incentive to the growth of romanticism. The Romantic Movement, which had flourished earlier in the century both in England
常耀信《美国文学简史》笔记和考研真题详解(美国戏剧)【圣才出品】
第19章美国戏剧 19.1 复习笔记 I. Overview of American drama（美国戏剧概述） American drama began in 1916 when the Provincetown Players produced Eugene O’Neil’s first play, Bound East for Cardiff. It is true that there were no great masters in the theater comparable in stature to such major figures in fiction as Melville or James, but there had been people who did spadework for the rise of American drama in the 1920s. There was a renaissance of drama in the 1920s. American drama began the process of developing itself into a department of American literature equal in significance to both poetry and the novel. The theater of the Depression was not depressing. Like other branches of literature the drama was preoccupied with social concern. The staging of Tennessee Williams’The Glass Menagerie on Broadway in 1945 was an even of unusual significance, as it marked American drama’s coming of age. The late fifties saw a temporary decline in dramatic productions, but in the next decade, American drama picked up a good deal of fresh energy. With the passage of time there has appeared the increasingly more obvious tendency to “decentralize”from Broadway with more and more plays stages Off-Broadway and Off-Off-Broadway. And from the end of the sixties.
美国文学简史名词解释定义
American Puritanism: Puritanism was a religious reform movement that arose within the Church of England in the late sixteenth century. Under siege from church and crown, it sent an offshoot in the third and forth decades of the seventeenth century to the northern English colonies in the New World--- a migration that laid the foundation for the religious, intellectual, and social order of New England, Puritanism, however,was not only a historically specific phenomenon coincident with the founding of New England; it was also a way of being in the world---a style of response to lived experience---that has reverberated through American life ever since. Doctrinally, Puritans adhered to the Five Points of Calvinism as codified at the Synod of Dort in 1619:(1) unconditional election ( the idea that God had decreed who was damned and who was saved from before the beginning of the world); (2) limited atonement ( the idea that Christ died for the elect only); (3) total depravity (humanity's utter corruption since the Fall); (4) irresistible grace (regeneration as entirely a work of God, which cannot be resisted and to which the sinner contributes nothing); and (5) the perseverance of the saints (the elect, despite their backsliding and faintness of heart , cannot fall away from grace). American Dream: The American Dream is the faith held by many in the United States of America that through hard work, courage, and determination one can achieve a better life for oneself, usually through financial prosperity. These were values held by many early European settlers, and have been passed on to subsequent generations. Nowadays the American Dream has led to an emphasis on material wealth as a measure of success and\ or happiness. Gothic tradition: Gothic novel or Gothic romance is a story of terror and suspense, usually set in a gloomy old castle or monastery. In an extended sense, many novels that do not have a medievalized setting, but which share a comparably sinister, grotesque, or chaustrophobic atmosphere have been classed as Gothic. It contributed to the new emotional climate of Romanticism. Historical novel: a novel in which the action takes place during a specific historical period well before the time of writing ( often one or two generations before, sometimes several centuries), and in which some attempt is made to depict accurately the customs and mentality of the period. The central character---real or imagined---is usually subject to divided loyalties within a larger historic conflict of which readers know the outcome. The pioneers of this genre were Walter Scott and James Fenimore Cooper American Romanticism:Romanticism refers to an artistic and intellectual movement originating in Europe in the late 18th century and characterized by a heightened interest in nature, emphasis on the individual's expression of emotion and imagination, departure from the attitudes and forms of classicism, and rebellion against established social rules and conventions. The romantic period in American literature stretched from the end of the 18th century through the outbreak of the Civil
美国文学简史复习资料精华版
A Concise History of American Literature Chapter 1 Colonial Period I.Jonathan Edwards 1.life 2.works (1)The Freedom of the Will (2)The Great Doctrine of Original Sin Defended (3)The Nature of True Virtue 3.ideas – pioneer of transcendentalism (1)The spirit of revivalism (2)Regeneration of man (3)God’s presence (4)Puritan idealism II.Benjamin Franklin 1.works (1)Poor Richard’s Almanac (2)Autobiography 2.contribution (1)He helped found the Pennsylvania Hospital and the American Philosophical Society. (2)He was called “the new Prometheus who had stolen fire (electricity in this case) from heaven”. (3)Everything seems to meet in this one man –“Jack of all trades”. Herman Melville thus described him “master of each and mastered by none”. Chapter 2 American Romanticism Section 1 Early Romantic Period I.Washington Irving 1.several names attached to Irving (1)first American writer (2)the messenger sent from the new world to the old world (3)father of American literature 2.works (1)A History of New York from the Beginning of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty (2)The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. (He won a measure of international recognition with the publication of this.) (3)The History of the Life and V oyages of Christopher Columbus (4)A Chronicle of the Conquest of Granada (5)The Alhambra 3.Literary career: two parts (1)1809~1832 a.Subjects are either English or European b.Conservative love for the antique (2)1832~1859: back to US 4.style – beautiful (1)gentility, urbanity, pleasantness (2)avoiding moralizing – amusing and entertaining (3)enveloping stories in an atmosphere
财大翻译综合常耀信《美国文学简史》考研考点总结
财大翻译综合常耀信《美国文学简史》考研考点总结 第1章殖民地时期的美国 1.1 复习笔记 I. American Puritanism（美国清教主义） The settlement of North American continent by the English began in the early part of the seventeenth century. The first permanent English settlement in North America was established at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607. In 1620, the ship Mayflower carried about one hundred Pilgrims arrived at Plymouth, Massachusetts. The first settlers in America were quite a few of them Puritans. They came to America out of various reasons. They carried with them American Puritanism which took root in the New World and became the most enduring shaping influence in American thought and American literature. 英国向北美的移民活动开始于17世纪上半叶。英国于1607年在北美建立了第一个永久性海外殖民区：弗吉尼亚州的詹姆斯敦。1620年“五月花”号载运100余名移民抵达马萨诸塞州的普利茅斯。很多美国早期的移民是清教徒，他们出于多种原因来到美国。他们信奉的清教主义后来在新大陆生根发芽，并对美国思想和美国文学产生了根深蒂固的影响。 1．Doctrines of Puritanism（清教主义的教义）
常耀信《美国文学简史》笔记和考研真题详解(纽约派诗人 沉思型诗歌 黑山派诗人)【圣才出品】
第22章纽约派诗人?沉思型诗歌?黑山派诗人 22.1 复习笔记 I. The New York School（纽约派诗人） 1. Features of the New York School（纽约派诗歌的特点） The so-called New York School became well known with the publication of Donald Allen’s 1960 anthology. The poets of the New York School were different in their separate pursuits, but their poetry reveals something they shared in common. (1) For one thing, they were all vehemently up against the dominant New Critical values such as the impersonal presentation of images, and tried to assert their individual poetic voice. (2) They also introduced the popular and the low features of life into their writings like popular songs, comic strip figures, and Hollywood movies. (3) Thirdly, they exhibited a huge sense of humor, offering room as their poems did for elements like the vulgar and the sentimental. (4) Finally, they experimented with Surrealism, for a while. 所谓的纽约派是随着唐纳德·艾伦1960年发表的文集而出名的。纽约派诗人的追求各异，但他们的诗歌都有相同的特点。
美国文学简史(第三版)复习 常耀信
美国文学作者作品 Edwards: 爱德华兹 The Freedom of the Will 《论意志自由》 Great Doctrine of Original Sin Defended 《论原罪》 The Nature of True Virtue 《论真实德行的本原》 名篇：Personal Narrative 《自述》 Sinners in the hands of an Angry God 《愤怒上帝手中之罪》 Benjamin Franklin:本杰明·富兰克林 Poor Richard’s Almanac《穷理查德年历》Autobiography 《自传》 Washington Irving:华盛顿·欧文 A History of New York《纽约外传》The Sketch Book 《见文札记》名篇：Rip Van Winkle《瑞普·温·凡克尔》 The Legend of Sleepy Hollow 《睡谷传奇》 James Fenimore Cooper:詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库柏Leatherstocking Tales 《皮袜子故事集》 The Pioneer 《拓荒者》The Prairie 《大草原》 The Last of Mohicans《最后的莫希干人》 The Pathfinder《探路人》The Deerslayer 《猎鹿者》
Ralph Waldo Emerson:拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生 Nature 《论自然》Self-Reliance 《论自立》Essays 《随笔集》名篇：The American Scholar 《美国学者》（has been regarded as “American Declaration of Intellectual Independence”被誉为美国思想的独立宣言） The Poet Henry David Thoreau:亨利·戴维·梭罗 Walden 《瓦尔登湖》 Nathaniel Hawthorne:纳撒尼尔·霍桑 The Scarlet Letter《红字》 The House of the Seven Gables 《七个尖角阁的房子》 Mosses from an Old Manse《古厦青苔》 The Blithedale Romance《福谷传奇》 The Marble Faun 《玉石神像》 Ethan Brand 《伊桑布兰德》 Young Goodman Brown 《好小伙子布朗》 Dr. Heidggeger’s Experiment 《海德格博士的体验》 The Ambitions Guest 《野心勃勃的客人》 The Greast Stone Face 《巨石脸》
英国文学简史&美国文学简史--背诵版
1. Beowulf赏析 英国现存最早、最完整的民族史诗。1反映当时部落社会的面貌。背景取自欧洲。2古Anglo-Saxon人崇拜英雄的部落文化。政治观点：“王”，权利来自武力，王权的继承还需要仁义。3历史事实+神话传说。 主人公Beowulf英勇顽强。自我牺牲精神。爱护臣民。有责任感。 简洁明快。头韵。隐喻：用复合词来比喻某种事物或现象。 2. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight赏析 传奇文学是贵族人生理想的反映，与平民百姓没有丝毫的关系。 头韵诗。2个主题：1砍头游戏检验Gawain的勇敢和信守诺言。2女主人的诱惑检验Gawain的诚实和忠贞。 以重读音节为基础的韵律。每一个stanza后面有一个只有一个重读音节的短促诗句，再加一个abab韵的4行诗节。语言朴素自然，流畅通顺。 反映出Norman征服的宗教影响：基督教成统治地位。Gawain是基督徒，拥有人的弱点。他在困境中祈求圣母玛利亚的帮助，又因死亡的威胁而背弃诺言。他身上有亚当的影子，原罪的概念。 3. Chaucer特点 “英国诗歌之父”。人文主义。现实主义。明快、诙谐。伦敦方言创作。首创heroic couplet。钟情于中世纪的文学形式。第一个用韵脚韵律诗，以重音-音节为基础的格律诗。 一方面用贵族式的理想眼光看待生活。一方面又以现实的态度思考。 1法国影响时期—2意大利影响时期—3成熟时期 强调人权，今生今世幸福快乐的权利，反对神权与禁欲主义。反对滥用宗教教义。 人物：个人与社会关系的主题。突出人物之间性格冲突和物质利益矛盾。幽默讽刺地描写了新兴资产阶级所反感的阶级出身问题。人物形象是立体的，有独特的气质和性格。 押尾韵。八音节对偶句（octosyllabic couplet），iambic pentameter的heroic couplet。 4. Canterbury T ales赏析 现实主义。但未能摆脱中世纪的偏见。 轻松、欢快 文艺复兴的先驱。人生来就有谋求世俗幸福的权利。 General Prologue+24个故事。每个故事有“小引”、“开场语”、“结束语”。 General Prologue：赞扬骑士、骑士之子、乡勇。讽刺院长嬷嬷的矫揉造作。 24个故事题材：多是关于爱情婚姻。还有揭露了宗教的压迫、僧侣的道德败坏、官吏的专横。 Iambic pentameter couplet, 即heroic couplet 5. Hamlet赏析 Shakespeare的巅峰之作。尽管讲的是丹麦故事。但反映的却是英国的事情。人文主义。对他所生活的那个时代的方方面面进行了评论。复仇悲剧。 家丑引起Hamlet对美好世界、人类善良的怀疑。个人悲剧演变成社会的悲剧，变成铲除罪恶、匡扶正义的巨大社会责任心。Hamlet的悲剧在于，他的责任是如此艰巨，自己又是日次势孤力单。他的弱点：多愁善感，疑虑重重；善于思考，贫于行动。他代表了善于思考，贫于行动的新兴资产阶级。 6. The Merchant of V enice赏析 Shylock—唯利是图，爱财如命的拜金主义者。作为犹太民族受到歧视和迫害。 Portia—人文主义者对新女性的理想 7. Francis Bacon
中国人民大学2019年英美文学考研初试经验分享(二外德语)附参考书
2019 人大英美文学初试经验分享（二外德语） 关于学校和专业选择 首先是择校，我先看了一下我们学校历年的考研情况，因为不想二战，要确保自己考上的概率较大。我们学校每年不论英语还是日语都有考上人大的，去年英语保研到人大的有四人，考上的有两人。我平时成绩不错，就决定考人大了。确定好学校之后就是选专业了，我们学校语言学和文学都学。两位考上的学姐，一个是语言学方向的，一个是英美文学方向的。我不是很确定要考哪个方向，就把两位学姐的资料都买了。在大三下学期，看了一周的胡壮麟之后，觉得有点枯燥，就决定选英美文学。 准备过程 4月左右，我买了专业课的相关书籍，搜集了经验贴。大三下学期，老师讲的是常耀信的美国文学，我就浏览了常耀信一遍，看了看吴伟仁的美国文学选读。真正准备考研是8月份，因为大三下知道成绩后心情有点失落，不知道自己考研能否坚持下来，就回家待了一段时间。 专业课 书籍： 英国文学经典选读（上下）刁克利 新编英国文学选读（上下）罗经国
英国文学史及选读（1 2）吴伟仁及其学习指南（1 2） 英国文学简史常耀信 英国文学学习指南 刘炳善《英国文学简史》笔记和考研真题详解 美国文学史及选读（1 2）吴伟仁及其选读指南（1 2） 美国文学史学习指南 美国文学简史常耀信 美国文学学习指南 常耀信《美国文学简史》笔记和考研真题详解 英美文学考点测评环球 考点经书与精炼英美文学星火 英美文学精要问答 学姐的英美文学笔记 首先要强调一下，人大真的很怀旧，真题很重要。我一共复习了三遍，第一遍一边过书一遍整理自己的笔记，不得不说这是个错误的决定，因为当时还不知道重点是什么，浪费了好多时间弄笔记。第二遍时有种豁然开朗的感觉，知道那些是重点了，就又弄了一遍笔记一边背，第三遍时继续背。二三遍时反复的背，忘记是正常的，背的次数多了就记住了。 填空：
常耀信《美国文学简史》(第3版)【章节题库(含名校考研真题)】(第2章 爱德华兹
第2章爱德华兹?富兰克林?克里夫古尔 I.Fill in the blanks. 1.In his_____Benjamin Franklin creates the image of a boy’s rise from_____to riches and demonstrates his belief that the new world of America was a land of opportunities which might be met through hard work and wise management.（天津外国语学院2008研） 【答案】Autobiography,poor 【解析】富兰克林在《自传》中讲述了其白手起家、自力更生的故事，平凡却生动的讲述表明他坚信通过努力就能实现美国梦。 2.If we say Jonathan Edwards represents the upper levels of the American mind, _____represents the lower levels. 【答案】Benjamin Franklin 【解析】美国文学评论家范·威克·布鲁克斯（Van Wyck Brooks）在《美国的成年》(America’s Coming Age)中指出乔纳森·爱德华兹和本杰明·富兰克林是美国18世纪的两位重要的哲学家，他们是不同层次思想的代表。 3.Before his death,_____had gained a position as America’s first systematic philosopher. 【答案】Jonathan Edwards 【解析】乔纳森·爱德华兹（1703-1758）是美国“大觉醒”（the“Great Awakening”）
美国文学简史 期末复习
i.T h e C o l o n i a l P e r i o d 1.关键词: America Puritanism 2.Calvinism特点: total depravity, Unconditional election, Limited atonement, Irresistible grace, Perseverance of the saints 3.Anne Bradstreet( P17 ): a Puritan poet be known as “The Muse” 4.Thomas Paine: one of continual, unswerving fight for the rights of man. 5.works: “Common Sense”“American Crisis”“The Rights of Man”“The Age of Reason”理性时代 6.Phillip Freneau(P22): 美国文学史上的重要人物 7.dawning nationalism 代表人物 Poems: The Wild Honeysuckle野生的金银花 first modern American & the last medieval man 8.Jonathan Edwards( Calvinism ) 9. a critical role in shaping the First Great Awakening 10.works: “The Freedom of the Will”《自由意志论》“The Great Doctrine of Original Sin Defended”《伟哉原罪论辩》“The Nature of True Virtue” “American Dream”“Self-made” 11.Benjamin Franklin(puritanism) 12.“Poor Richard’s Almance”“autobiography”新文学形式 13.“18th century enlightenment” ii.Romanticism 1.Washington Irving（1783-1859） 2.①titles: “the father of American literature” 3.“the American Goldsmith” 4.②works: The Sketch Book (marked the beginning of American Romanticism and the beginning of short stories as a genre in American literature) 5.Rip Van Winkle (P47—P48) The Legend of Sleepy Hollow 6.James Fenimore Cooper（1789-1851） 7.①One of the first writer to write American Westward movement 8.②“The Leatherstocking Tales” (novel) 9.first is “The Pioneers” 10.---Plot: ---theme conflict between Natty Bumppo and Judge Temple- ---character: Natty Bumppo---innocent, simple, honest and generous, for freedom, against civilization, wilderness is good Judge Temple---just, reasonable, for civilization and law ③Writing style: intriguing plot majestic landscape descriptions rich imagination
英美文学学习体会
英美文学学习体会 一、大学英语教学现状 新世纪外语人才培养的目标在于：(1)听、说、读、写、翻译语言基本功训练有素，特别是口头表达和写作能力应比较强。(2)中文基础好，能讲能写。(3)语言和文化知识比较系统，综合素质好。(4)有较好的哲学、逻辑学、伦理学、心理学、美学、语言学和文学的基本理论素养。[3]由此可见，外语教学中应当注重文学教育。但长期以来，国内大学英语课堂教学模式基本还是“以教师为中心”，注重“填鸭式”教育，学生只是被动地参与。对于应试教育带来的影响，大学英语教学往往偏重语言知识的传授，不够重视大学生文学素质的培养。以往，大学英语在教学上更多注重的是词汇、语法等语言技能的训练，而对于学生英语语言能力的考量也只是着眼于四、六级考试的成绩。这种教学方式不但忽略了作为文字载体的文学语言所能传导的人文讯息，而且更加肥沃了应试教育，相应地，创造了许多“高分低能”的大学生，这不利于大学生语言综合素质的提高，而文化素质的一个重要组成部分就是文学素养。如果大学英语教学文学而只重语言，单纯性的语言传授在大学英语教学中就变成了单调乏味的训练符号。也就是说，语言这个工具，应是在接受并理解内容的前提下相对牢固掌握的。 二、英美文学课程在大学英语教学中的重要性 让学生能够良好地掌握并灵活地运用英语，是大学英语教学的重要目标。而对于一门外语的学习过程，就是对于一种新的文化深入了解的过程。所谓灵活，除了书面表达能力以外，还有口头表达能力，这包含口头交际能力，而交际能力的提高除了需要对所学语言知识有着良好的掌握外，还需要对使用目标语言的国家文化背景有所了解。 目前，各高校中，大学英语的授课对象都是非英语专业的学生，而这些学生存在诸多特点，如：人数众多、专业多样，学科各异。自从我国加入了WTO，国家各个方面的对外交往与日俱增。这就迫切地需要：大学英语教学培养出大量的各行各业的国际化人才，而这些众多的非英语专业的学生在今后跨文化交际中所产生的作用不可小觑。虽然世界在不断地变小，但要融入其中，一个关键的问题就是首先要有能力与使用目的语的人进行交往，必须了解其文化背景和语言习惯，只有这样，才不会因为语言的问题而影响深入的沟通。 每个民族的文化都是璀璨而又独一无二的，正因为它是独特的，所以，从词汇的含义、价值观及文化习俗方面都存在着差异。如果在英语教学的过程中，只注重语言上传递的表层含义，而忽略了其文化背景方面的引申义，就会引起误会和矛盾。如：Mend the fence when the weather’s better.依照中国文化背景，我们会自然地认为句意是天气好时修理篱笆。实际上，从目的语的文化背景来理解句意却是：未雨绸