数控方面英文翻译

数控方面英文翻译
数控方面英文翻译

NC technology application and development prospects

1 NC technology development trends

NC technology applications not only to the traditional manufacturing industry has brought revolutionary changes to the manufacturing sector to become a symbol of industrialization, and with the continuous development of NC technology and the expansion of application fields, he Guojiminsheng some of the important sectors (it , Automobiles, light industrial, medical, etc.) development plays an increasingly important role, because these industries for the digital equipment is the major trend of modern development. NC from the world's technology and its equipment development trends, its main research focus in the following areas [1-4].

1.1 high-speed, high-finishing technology and equipment to the new trend Efficiency, and quality is the main body of advanced manufacturing technology. High-speed, high-finishing technologies can greatly increase efficiency, improve product quality and grades, and shorten the production cycle and enhance market competitiveness. To that end Japan will tip technology research as its five major modern manufacturing technology of international production Engineering Society (cirp) be identified as the 21st century one of the studies.

In the car industry, with an annual output of 300,000 rhythms of production is 40 seconds / vehicles, but cars are more varieties processing equipment needed to be solved in one of the key problems in the field of aviation and aerospace industry, processing more for the thin-walled parts And the thin line, stiffness poor material for aluminum or aluminum alloy, only high cutting speed and cutting force in small cases, can these tendons, wall processing. Recently a large overall aluminum billet "hollowed out" approach to manufacture wings, fuselage and other parts to replace large parts by a large number of rivets, screws and other means assembled links to members of the strength, stiffness and reliability Is improved. These are the proposed high-speed processing equipment, high-precision and high flexibility requirements.

Emo2001 show from the situation, high-speed processing center feed rate up to 80 m / min, or even higher, and air speed up to 100 m / min around. At present many of the world's automobile plants, including China's Shanghai General Motors Corp., have adopted a high-speed processing center of the production line some combination of alternative machine. U.S. cincinnati hypermach machine tool company to the maximum speed of 60 m / min, quick to 100 m / min, acceleration of 2 g, spindle speed has reached 60 000r/min. A thin-walled processing aircraft parts, only 30 min, and the same high-speed milling machine parts in the general processing takes 3 h, in the general processing and milling machine to be 8 h; Germany dmg company's dual-spindle lathe spindle speed and acceleration respectively 12 *! 000 r / mm And 1 g.

In the processing precision, the past 10 years, the general level of processing precision CNC machine tools by 10 μ m to 5 μ m, Precision Machining Center from 3 ~ 5 μ m, to 1 ~ 1.5 μ m, and ultra-precision machining accuracy has begun to enter the nano - - (0.01 μ m).

The reliability of foreign NC devices mtbf value has reached more than 6 000h, servo system mtbf value reached more than 30000 h, showing a very high reliability.

In order to achieve high-speed, high-finished, its accompanying features such as the spindle, linear motor has been the rapid development of applications to further expand.

1.2 5-axis processing and rapid development of the processing machine Using a 5-axis three-dimensional surface of the parts processing, the best available tool for cutting geometry, not only finish high, but also substantially improve efficiency. Is generally believed that, one 5-axis machine efficiency can be equivalent to 2 sets of 3-axis machine tools, in particular the use of super-hard materials such as cubic boron nitride for high-speed milling cutter hardened steel parts, 5-axis processing comparable three-axis Processing to play a higher efficiency. But in the past due to 5-axis NC system, host of complex reasons, its price than the three-axis CNC machine tools is several times higher, plus the programming more difficult, and restricted the 5-axis machine tool development.

At present, due to the emergence of spindle, making 5-axis processing to achieve the main axis of the first structure greatly simplified and its manufacturing difficulties and costs significantly reduced, the NC system to narrow the price gap. Therefore promotion of the first type of spindle 5-axis machine tools and composite Machines (including 5-Machines) development.

Emo2001 in the exhibition, the new Japanese machine-processing machine used five main axis of the first to achieve four vertical plane of any point of processing and processing, making 5 of 5-axis machining processing and the same machine can be achieved, Can achieve tilt-and inverted cone-processing. German exhibition companies dmg dmuvoution series processing center, a fixture in the 5-processing and 5-axis machining, cnc system can be controlled or cad / cam direct or indirect control.

1.3 intelligent, open-end, the network has become the contemporary development of numerical control system of the main trends

NC 21 will be equipped with certain intelligent systems, intelligent content, including numerical control systems in all aspects: the pursuit of processing efficiency and quality of the intelligence processing, such as the adaptive control process, process Parameters automatically generated; drive to improve performance and facilitate the use of intelligent connection, such as feedforward control, the electrical parameters of adaptive computing, automatic identification load automatically selected model, self-tuning, and so to simplify programming,

simplifying the operation Intelligent, such as intelligent automatic programming, intelligent man-machine interface; are intelligent

diagnosis, intelligent monitoring of the content, facilitate the

diagnosis and repair.

To address the traditional system of NC and NC closed the application software industry production of the existing problems. At present, many countries open NC system to study, such as the United States ngc (the next generation work-station/machine control), the EC osaca (open system architecture for control within automation systems), Japan's osec (open system environment for controller), China's onc (open numerical control system) and so on. NC system and opening up has become a numerical control system for the future path. The so-called open system that is NC NC system in the development of a unified operating platform, and the machine tool manufacturers and end-users, through the change, increase or cut

structural object (NC function), a series, and easily The user's

application-specific integrated into the technical know-how and control system, and rapid realization of different species, different grades of open NC system, forming a distinct personality of the brand-name products.

NC currently open system architecture standards, communications standards, standardized configuration, operating platforms, NC system and the NC system functions such as software development tools is the core of the current study.

NC Network equipment is world-renowned machine tool the past two years, the Expo a new bright spot. NC equipment of the network will greatly meet the production lines, manufacturing systems, manufacturing enterprise information integration on the demand, but also create a new model such as agile manufacturing, virtual enterprises, the global manufacturing base unit. Some well-known at home and abroad CNC machine tools and CNC manufacturing company in the past two years introduced a new concept and related prototype, as in emo2001 exhibition, the Japanese Yamazaki Mazak (mazak) at the company's "cyberproduction center" (Smart Production Control Center, or cpc); Japan's Okuma (okuma) machine tool company at "it plaza" (Information Technology Square, referred to it Square);

Germany's Siemens (siemens) at the company's open manufacturing

environment (open manufacturing environment, or ome ), Reflecting the NC machine tool to develop in the direction of the network trend.

数控技术的应用及发展前景

1 数控技术的发展趋势

数控技术的应用不但给传统制造业带来了革命性的变化,使制造业成为工业化的象征,而且随着数控技术的不断发展和应用领域的扩大,他对国计民生的一些重要行业(it、汽车、轻工、医疗等)的发展起着越来越重要的作用,因为这些行业所需装备的数字化已是现代发展的大趋势。从目前世界上数控技术及其装备发展

的趋势来看,其主要研究热点有以下几个方面〔1~4〕。

1.1 高速、高精加工技术及装备的新趋势

效率、质量是先进制造技术的主体。高速、高精加工技术可极大地提高效率,提高产品的质量和档次,缩短生产周期和提高市场竞争能力。为此日本先端技术研究会将其列为5大现代制造技术之一,国际生产工程学会(cirp)将其确定为21世纪的中心研究方向之一。

在轿车工业领域,年产30万辆的生产节拍是40秒/辆,而且多品种加工是轿车装备必须解决的重点问题之一;在航空和宇航工业领域,其加工的零部件多为薄壁和薄筋,刚度很差,材料为铝或铝合金,只有在高切削速度和切削力很小的情况下,才能对这些筋、壁进行加工。近来采用大型整体铝合金坯料“掏空”的方法来制造机翼、机身等大型零件来替代多个零件通过众多的铆钉、螺钉和其他联结方式拼装,使构件的强度、刚度和可靠性得到提高。这些都对加工装备提出了高速、高精和高柔性的要求。

从emo2001展会情况来看,高速加工中心进给速度可达80m/min,甚至更高,空运行速度可达100m/min左右。目前世界上许多汽车厂,包括我国的上海通用汽车公司,已经采用以高速加工中心组成的生产线部分替代组合机床。美国cincinnati公司的hypermach机床进给速度最大达60m/min,快速为100m/min,加速度达2g,主轴转速已达60 000r/min。加工一薄壁飞机零件,只用30min,而同样的零件在一般高速铣床加工需3h,在普通铣床加工需8h;德国dmg公司的双主轴车床的主轴速度及加速度分别达12*!000r/mm和1g。

在加工精度方面,近10年来,普通级数控机床的加工精度已由10μm提高到5μm,精密级加工中心则从3~5μm,提高到1~1.5μm,并且超精密加工精度已开始进入纳米级(0.01μm)。

在可靠性方面,一些发达国家数控装置的mtbf值已达6 000h以上,伺服系统的mtbf值达到30000h以上,表现出非常高的可靠性。

为了实现高速、高精加工,与之配套的功能部件如电主轴、直线电机得到了快速的发展,应用领域进一步扩大。

1.2 5轴联动加工和复合加工机床快速发展

采用5轴联动对三维曲面零件的加工,可用刀具最佳几何形状进行切削,不仅光洁度高,而且效率也大幅度提高。一般认为,1台5轴联动机床的效率可以等于2台3轴联动机床,特别是使用立方氮化硼等超硬材料铣刀进行高速铣削淬硬钢零件时,5轴联动加工可比3轴联动加工发挥更高的效益。但过去因5轴联动数控系统、主机结构复杂等原因,其价格要比3轴联动数控机床高出数倍,加之编程技术难度较大,制约了5轴联动机床的发展。

当前由于电主轴的出现,使得实现5轴联动加工的复合主轴头结构大为简化,其制造难度和成本大幅度降低,数控系统的价格差距缩小。因此促进了复合主轴头

类型5轴联动机床和复合加工机床(含5面加工机床)的发展。

在emo2001展会上,新日本工机的5面加工机床采用复合主轴头,可实现4个垂直平面的加工和任意角度的加工,使得5面加工和5轴加工可在同一台机床上实现,还可实现倾斜面和倒锥孔的加工。德国dmg公司展出dmuvoution系列加工中心,可在一次装夹下5面加工和5轴联动加工,可由cnc系统控制或cad/cam 直接或间接控制。

1.3 智能化、开放式、网络化成为当代数控系统发展的主要趋势

21世纪的数控装备将是具有一定智能化的系统,智能化的内容包括在数控系统中的各个方面:为追求加工效率和加工质量方面的智能化,如加工过程的自适应控制,工艺参数自动生成;为提高驱动性能及使用连接方便的智能化,如前馈控制、电机参数的自适应运算、自动识别负载自动选定模型、自整定等;简化编程、简化操作方面的智能化,如智能化的自动编程、智能化的人机界面等;还有智能诊断、智能监控方面的内容、方便系统的诊断及维修等。

为解决传统的数控系统封闭性和数控应用软件的产业化生产存在的问题。目前许多国家对开放式数控系统进行研究,如美国的ngc(the next generation work-station/machine control)、欧共体的osaca(open system architecture for control within automation systems)、日本的osec(open system environment for controller),中国的onc(open numerical control system)等。数控系统开放化已经成为数控系统的未来之路。所谓开放式数控系统就是数控系统的开发可以在统一的运行平台上,面向机床厂家和最终用户,通过改变、增加或剪裁结构对象(数控功能),形成系列化,并可方便地将用户的特殊应用和技术诀窍集成到控制系统中,快速实现不同品种、不同档次的开放式数控系统,形成具有鲜明个性的名牌产品。目前开放式数控系统的体系结构规范、通信规范、配置规范、运行平台、数控系统功能库以及数控系统功能软件开发工具等是当前研究的核心。

网络化数控装备是近两年国际着名机床博览会的一个新亮点。数控装备的网络化将极大地满足生产线、制造系统、制造企业对信息集成的需求,也是实现新的制造模式如敏捷制造、虚拟企业、全球制造的基础单元。国内外一些着名数控机床和数控系统制造公司都在近两年推出了相关的新概念和样机,如在emo2001展中,日本山崎马扎克(mazak)公司展出的“cyberproduction center”(智能生产控制中心,简称cpc);日本大隈(okuma)机床公司展出“it plaza”(信息技术广场,简称it广场);德国西门子(siemens)公司展出的open manufacturing environment (开放制造环境,简称ome)等,反映了数控机床加工向网络化方向发展的趋势。

第九讲高中英语翻译技巧与能力训练(上)[讲义]

高考英语翻译技巧与能力训练 高考英语中的翻译(中译英)题要求考生能应用所学过的语法和词汇来准确地表达思想,是一种要求相当高的考查形式。要求考生把中文的句子译成通顺的、语法结构正确的、符合英语表达习惯的英语句子,并能准确地传达中文句子中的每一个信息。该题型全面地考查学生英语词汇、语法等知识的综合运用能力,它对学生的动词时态、语态、名词的单复数、冠词、形容词、副词、介词等应用能力,还对学生的词组、句型、句子结构等进行了全面考查。翻译不仅在高考英语主观题中占不小的比例,而且翻译能力还直接影响考生在作文中的表现。 高考评分标准: 1.每题中单词拼写、标点符号、大小写错误每两处扣一分;2.语法错误(包括时态错误)每处扣一分;3.译文没用所给的单词扣一分。 如何才能提高中译英水准,在高考中获得理想的分数呢?考生除了必须具备比较扎实的语言基础外,关键还在于学会总结规律,找准中译英的切入点。 一、分析句子结构、寻找合适的句型 中文必须仔细读,一定要看的就是题目给我们的关键字或关键的词组,也就是我们常说的key words。尤其是最后两句翻译句子,它们大都在句子结构上提高了难度。读什么?读出句子结构:对于简单句,辨别出主谓宾,分清定语、同位语和状语;对于并列句,记住两个语法意义上独立的分句,须由连词连接起来;对于复合句,须区分定语从句,名词性从句以及状语从句。一般来说,中译英的句型可分为三大类:1.简单句;2.并列句;3.复合句;同时我们也要注意非谓语动词及其他一些特殊结构。回顾近几年的高考试题时,也不难发现试题中考了一些特殊句式。如:It句型(近几年考得较为频繁)、倒装句、with结构。 例1: 昨天我的电脑坏了。(wrong) 解析:本题考查:1)简单句There be结构;2)wrong的用法;3)中英文表达的差异。 译句:There was something wrong with my computer yesterday. 例2: 遇到困难的时候,我们需要的不是彼此埋怨,而是互相帮助。(not…but) 解析:本题考查:1)复合句:when引导的状语从句;what引导的主语从句;2)not…but结构;3)“彼此埋怨”的英文翻译。 译句:When(we are)in difficulty/When we meet with difficulties/When we have difficulties ,what we need is not to blame each other but to help each other. 例3:我们能做什么来阻止这种疾病蔓延呢?(prevent) 分析:如果有学生没有读全中文原句的话,就很有可能看成是以前所做的“我们要做些什么来阻止这种疾病的蔓延”,而译为We should do something to prevent the spread of this disease.因为这个原因而造成扣分,就太不应该了。 译句:What can we do to prevent the spread of this disease? 例4:他很有可能通过自己的努力得到驾驶执照。(likely) 译句:He is likely to get the driving license with his own efforts. 分析:有些学生一看到有可能,就会想到自己比较熟悉的possible,想当然地翻译成It is possible that…的结构。其实,学生对likely这个key word的使用也是会的,完全能够使用be likely to do或It’s likely th at…的结构。 例5:上海近几年经历了许多变化,如今已成为世界闻名的经济中心。(go through) 分析:乍一看,学生很容易轻易下笔,Shanghai has gone through…,it has become…,这已成为很多学生的一个习惯,句子和句子中随便用逗号隔开,英语不像中文,必须要考虑到句子的结构,逗号也不能随意使用。而此句中,就要想到用并列句中的连接词and来连接两个成分。

常见职务、职位英文翻译

常见职位、职务英文译名 Accounting Assistant 会计助理 Accounting Clerk 记帐员 Accounting Manager 会计部经理 Accounting Stall 会计部职员 Accounting Supervisor 会计主管 Administration Manager 行政经理 Administration Staff 行政人员 Administrative Assistant 行政助理 Administrative Clerk 行政办事员 Advertising Staff 广告工作人员 Airlines Sales Representative 航空公司定座员 Airlines Staff 航空公司职员 Application Engineer 应用工程师 Assistant Manager 副经理 Bond Analyst 证券分析员 Bond Trader 证券交易员 Business Controller 业务主任 Business Manager 业务经理 Buyer 采购员 Cashier 出纳员 Chemical Engineer 化学工程师 Civil Engineer 土木工程师 Clerk/Receptionist 职员/接待员 Clerk Typist & Secretary 文书打字兼秘书 Computer Data Input Operator 计算机资料输入员 Computer Engineer 计算机工程师 Computer Processing Operator 计算机处理操作员 Computer System Manager 计算机系统部经理 Copywriter 广告文字撰稿人 Deputy General Manager 副总经理 Economic Research Assistant 经济研究助理 Electrical Engineer 电气工程师 Engineering Technician 工程技术员 English Instructor/Teacher 英语教师

英语翻译

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Passage 1 Socrates was a classical Greek philosopher who is credited with laying the fundamentals(基础) of modern Western philosophy. He is a mysterious figure known chiefly through the accounts of later classical writers, especially the writing of his most famous student Plate. Socrates has become well known for his contribution to the field of ethics. His method of teaching, known as the Socratic Method, by asking and answering questions to stimulate critical thinking and to explain ideas remains commonly used tool in a wide range of discussions. He also make important and lasting contributions to the field of epistemology(认知论)and logic, and the influence of his ideas and approach remains a strong foundation for Western philosophy that followed. Socrates was the most colorful figure in the history of ancient philosophy. His fame was widespread in his own time, and his name soon became a household word although he constructed no philosophical system, established no school, and founded no sect(宗派). 苏格拉底是古希腊哲学家,被誉为现代西方哲学的奠基人。他是一个谜一般的人物,人们主要通过后来的一些古典作家的叙述,尤其是他最著名的学生柏拉图的作品去了解他。苏格拉底以他对伦理学的贡献而闻名。他的教学法亦称为苏格拉底法,即通过提问和回答来激发批判性思维以及阐述

如何提高英语翻译能力

如何提高英语翻译能力 翻译是把一种语言文字的意义用另一种语言文字表 达出来的一种创造性的语言活动。翻译能力的提高是一个长期实践和不断积累的过程。从事英文护理文献翻译的人,特别是初学者,要想提高自己的翻译能力,应该在以下几个方面多下功夫。 1、加强自身基本素养 所谓基本素养,是指翻译者必须具备的基本条件,亦即对翻译者的基本要求。除了应该具有高尚的“译德译风”和严肃认真、一丝不苟的科学态度之外,译者必须具备三方面的素养,即一定的英语水平、较高的汉语修养和丰富的学科专业知识。大量的翻译实践表明,这三方面的素养越高,越能顺利地完成翻译工作。关于英语水平,应注意打牢基础,扩大词汇量,广泛阅读,能听、说、读、写、译五方面训练同时并进,较之单攻翻译能更快提高英语水平。在汉语修养方面,应加强语法、逻辑、修辞等方面知识的研修,多阅读、多写作、多练习修改文章。在学科专业知识方面,要努力精通本职业务,多了解相关专业知识;经常阅览国内、外护理专业期刊,掌握学科发展动态。 2、在翻译实践中锤炼

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各种职位的英文翻译

各种职位的英文翻译 qa是英文quality assurance 的简称,中文含义是质量保证;qc是英文quality control的简称,中文含义是质量控制。IP QC是过程检验工程师 JQE是品质工程师 DQA是设计品保工程师 SQE供货商管理工程师 Administration(行政部分) Administrative Director 行政主管File Clerk 档案管理员 E xecutive Assistant 行政助理O ffice Manager 办公室经理 E xecutive Secretary 行政秘书Receptionist 接待员 General Office Clerk 办公室文员Secretary 秘书 Inventory Control Analyst 存货控制分析Staff Assi s tant 助理 Mail Room Supervisor 信件中心管理员Stenographer 速记员 Order E ntry Clerk 订单输入文员Telephone Operator 电话操作员 Shipping/Receiving E xpediter 收发督导员Ticket Agent 票务代理 Vice-P resident of Administration 行政副总裁Typi s t 打字员 E xecutive and Managerial(管理部分) Retail Store Manager 零售店经理Food Service Manager 食品服务经理 E xecutive Marketing Director 市场行政总监HMO Administrator 医疗保险管理 Assi s tant Store Manager 商店经理助理Operations Manager 操作经理 Assi s tant Vice-P resident 副总裁助理P roduction Manager 生产经理 Chief E xecutive O fficer(CE O) 首席执行官P roperty Manager 房地产经理 Chief Operations O fficer(COO) 首席运营官Branch Manager 部门经理 Controller(International) 国际监管Claims E xaminer 主考官 Director of Operations 运营总监Controller(General) 管理员 Field Assurance Coordinator 土地担保协调员General Manager 总经理 Management Consultant 管理顾问District Manager 市区经理 Hospital Administrator 医院管理P resident 总统 Import/E xport Manager 进出口经理P roduct Manager 产品经理 Insurance Claims Controller 保险认领管理员P rogram Manager 程序管理经理 Insurance Coordinator 保险协调员P roject Manager 项目经理 Inventory Control Manager 库存管理经理Regional Manager 区域经理 Manager(Non-P rofit and Charities) 非盈利性慈善机构管理Service Manager 服务经理 Manufacturing Manager 制造业经理Vending Manager 售买经理 Telecommunications Manager 电信业经理 Vice-P resident 副总裁 Transportation Manager 运输经理Warehouse Manager 仓库经理 E ducation and Library S cience(教育部分) Daycare Worker 保育员E SL Teacher 第二外语教师 Developmental E ducator 发展教育家Head Teacher 高级教师 Foreign Language Teacher 外语教师Librarian 图书管理员 Guidance Counselor 指导顾问Music Teacher 音乐教师 Library Technician 图书管理员Nanny 保姆 P hysical E ducation Teacher 物理教师P rincipal 校长 School P sychologist 心理咨询教师Teacher 教师 Special Needs E ducator 特种教育家Teacher Aide 助理教师 Art Instructor 艺术教师Computer Teacher 计算机教师 College P rofessor 大学教授Coach 教练员 Assi s tant Dean of Students 助理训导长Archi v ist 案卷保管员 Vocational Counselor 职业顾问Tutor 家教、辅导教师 Auditor 审计师 Accountant 会计员,会计师 Administration Assistant 行政助理 Administrator 行政主管 Assi s tant Manager 副经理 Assi s tant P roduction Manager 副厂长 Business Manager 业务经理 Cashier 出纳员 Chief Accountant 总会计主任 Chief E ngineer 总工程师 Civil E ngineer 土木工程师 Clerk 文员(文书) Director 董事 E lectrical E ngineer 电气工程师

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