GRE与TOEFL作文的那些事儿详情

GRE与TOEFL作文的那些事儿详情
GRE与TOEFL作文的那些事儿详情

Part1 前言

考虑到有相当一部分筒子都是从GRE考场转到TOEFL考场,并且初入TOEFL写作并不知该如何下手,我觉得有必要写一篇关于TOEFL写作和GRE写作的对比贴,来帮助更多的版友。

在GRE的写作任务中,分为两个题目,一个是Issue,一个是Argument。在托福的写作任务中,也分为两个题目,一个是综合写作,一个是独立写作。

360教育集团说,无论你是先G后T,还是先T后G,写作这东西的本质是一样的,而且G与T的作文assignment也是比较有可比性的。作文这东西无论题目内容是什么,无论题目形式是什么,都能够较为客观的反映出考生的英文硬功底。所以,经常会出现这样一个现象,就是刚从GRE考场转到TOEFL考场的筒子,只要了解了TOEFL写作的形式与规则,就会觉得非常容易上手,甚至能在写第一篇托福独立的时候就能够限时完成,并且达到字数要求。这就要得力于GRE的issue作文了,因为GRE的issue作文可以说是加强版的TOEFL独立。关于这两种作文,我将在下面的部分中讨论。

无论你是TOEFL新手,还是GRE新手,还是G和T已经干掉了其中一个,希望这篇文章能够对你有所帮助,能够帮助你少走弯路。本文对Issue,Argument,独立,综合这4种作文都会做出分析与讨论。如果筒子们也有自己的想法,欢迎讨论!

Part2 Issue为何物?独立写作又为何物?

所谓Issue,说通俗点就是“话题作文”:给你一个话题与写作指引,让你做出逻辑性分析及表达自己的看法。Issue的题目一般比较短,题库中的大多数题目都仅为一句话,另外的题目最多也只有两句话。比如

Issue 91

The primary goal of technological advancement should be to increase people‘s efficiency so that they have more leisure time.

Issue 86

Some people believe that government officials must carry out the will of the people they serve. Others believe that officials should base their decisions on their own judgment.

在2011年8月GRE改革后,Issue中出现了一种新的题目形式,以Claim/Reason的形式呈现,比如Issue 79

Claim: The best test of an argument is its ability to convince someone with an opposing viewpoint.

Reason: Only by being forced to defend an idea against the doubts and contrasting views of others does one really discover the value of that idea.

Issue作文的写作时间是30min,没有官方的字数要求,但一般来讲,绝大多数的人都会写到400 words 以上,因为一篇没有400 words的Issue基本等于残废,原因有三:

达不到400 words,那么这篇文章就很难有实质性的内容,容易分析不到位;

如果你只写了300多字就完事了,那么你这篇作文从第一眼开始就没有竞争力,考官绝对不会把一篇只有300多字的文章从一开始就放到最高档来看待;

当已经上升到GRE写作这种高度的时候,你要是写不够400 words,怎么能对得起自己?

当然,也有一些功力极好的筒子,运用完美的语句写了350 words就能得到高分,不过这种情况很少见。虽然字数并不是你最后分数的决定性因素,但建议也不要写的太少,写的太少,你自己也虚,不是么?更多的情况是,考G的筒子30 min写个450+words是家常便饭,写到500 words的也大有人在。个人认为,Issue是这四种作文中要求最高、难度最大的写作任务,所以不少筒子在刚开始写Issue的时候基本上都是两三个小时憋一篇残废文章,而且处于崩溃边缘。不过再难的assignment也要攻克,攻克了Issue,你就攻下了半边天。下面再来说说TOEFL的独立写作。独立写作其实也是“话题作文”,很多人都把独立写作比喻成简单缩小版Issue。对于这个比喻,我基本表示赞同。也是30 min的时间限制,但字数上就要比Issue少了,一般来讲,独立写到300 words就算OK了,但也只是OK,要想拿高分,350+words是最好的,理由同Issue。

相比于Issue的题目,独立写作的题目要简单一些,题目也大都是1~2句话,比如

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? People can learn more from

watching television than reading books.

Part3 Issue与独立的异同

下面我来浅谈一下Issue和独立写作之间的异同。

首先,从题目涉及的内容上来看,两者有着比较大的不同。Issue涉及面较学术,比较倾向于社会问题、政治问题(通常这两类问题是我认为最难的,而且政治方面的内容托福作文基本没有涉及),其他还有教育类、科技类等。独立作文的话,题目内容更加生活化,题目涉及面较广。另一方面来看,Issue更倾向于具有大局观的题目,独立作文则偏向于贴近自身的题目。个人认为托福的独立题目写起来很舒服,而有些Issue的题目写起来则比较恶心。

从题目内容的深浅上来看,Issue与独立也有着不同。很多人都认为GRE与TOEFL都是语言考试,其实不然,TOEFL是语言类考试,但GRE是以英语为载体的学术逻辑能力考试。所以从考试的类型上来看,我们就能知道两者作文题目深浅。Issue题目偏学术,内容较深,有很多不易理解的题目;而独立题目注重生活化,内容较浅,难度不大。这里我们举几个例子来对比一下。首先看一下几道Issue题目:

Issue 18

The well-being of a society is enhanced when many of its people question authority.

这是一道社会政治双重内容的题目,很多筒子刚一看到这道题就不知如何下手,或者好不容易想好了大致的思路,却又苦于想不到合适的例子。

再来看一道Issue题

Issue 38

It is primarily through our identification with social groups that we define ourselves.

这道题目给很多人的印象是——这啥玩意儿??这道题目基本上第一眼是理解不透的,也不好写。但人家ETS就喜欢出这种题,你也没办法。

Issue中也有很多耐人寻味的题目,比如这道:Issue 44

Claim: It is no longer possible for a society to regard any livingman or woman as a hero.Reason: The reputation of anyone who issubjected to media scrutiny will eventually be diminished.

这种题目虽然比较好写,但想要真的把这题目写好,也要花功夫认真思考。

我们再来看几道托福独立作文题目

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The mostimportant education for students should be conducted in classroom or out of theclassroom.

Do you think success is important, or it is more important to remain happy and optimistic when you fail?

Do you prefer to finish a project completely then to another one or do two or several projects at a time?

从上面的题目可以看出,独立写作的题目比较容易写,贴近生活与自身,例子也好举,写起来舒服。

从写作的要求来看,Issue要求严谨很多,独立作文则比较平和。因为GRE是逻辑学术考试,所以其作文也要求有相当的逻辑严谨性。Issue对于词汇的要求也比较高,一些意义相近的词汇在Issue里面有的时候不能相互换用(一些极细小的同义词差异意义容易引起歧义),有些专业词汇也在Issue中用到了极致。反观托福的独立写作,则不像Issue那么严谨学术,就算是用生活化的语言来写也是没问题的。

其实我们看一下两种考试的参考人群,就可以推断出两种作文的要求高低了:托福考试的参考人群年龄范围较广,上至上班族,下至中学生,考试人群巨大无比;而GRE的参考人群则比较集中,基本都是本科生与研究生在考。所以从考试人群上来讲,托福作文题目不可能出的很深,因为要照顾到中学生这个人群;而GRE的作文也不可能要求很低,因为参考人群申请的大都是美国的研究生院,是美国的最高学术机构,要求高也是情理之中。

其他的一些差异,比如错别字、语句问题还有评分标准等,OG上面讲的很清楚,我就不在这多说了。

Part 4 Argument与综合写作二三事

说完了Issue与独立,再来谈谈剩下的Argument与综合写作。其实这两中作文基本是没什么可以比较的,因为这俩完全是两个不同的作文,没有可比性。但我认真想了想,发现这两个还真有一个共同点:都是送分作文!是的没错,就是送分作文,你送,我也送,大家送才是真的送。ETS送分不解释,你不拿你对得起自己吗?之所以称之为送分作文,就是因为Argument和综合写作比较简单,或者说很简单。Argument,说白了就是让你找出题目中的逻辑错误,然后写出来这些错误并证明一下、反驳一下一些证据;综合写作,简单地说就是让你总结一下听力材料和阅读材料的内容。所以,这不是送分作文这是什么?

但是很多筒子都不能很好的把握好这两种比较简单的作文任务。对于Argument,很多人虽然找到了逻辑错误,但是写出来的文章确很空洞很空洞,一段话的内容基本上可以用一句话讲清;对于综合写作,很多人苦于听力材料没听清,或者没有记全。对于以上两种情况,我的建议是:

Argument:多读一些好的逻辑学术文章,或者优秀的范文,看看别人是怎样写证明类的文章,多学习,然后慢慢的改掉自己写的空洞的缺点。

综合写作:多练习怎样记笔记,综合写作中的听力部分的笔记是非常重要的,因为很多细节问题是很难在写的时候回忆出来的。不过最重要的,还是好好练听力。

Part 5----结束寄语

无论是GRE写作,还是托福写作,终归到底都是写作,没有良好的英语基础、平时不练习、考试时硬生生套模板是写不出好文章得不到好分数的。所以大家平时一定要多练。熟能生巧,多练才是王道!

还有一点想提醒一下大家,就是两个作文任务的考试时间是完全不同的:GRE作文是一开始就考,而托福作文是在考试的最后一部分考。一个是带着开始的紧张和充足的精力去写,一个是已经筋疲力的去完成写作任务。所以希望大家能够合理安排自己的时间于精力,平时没事的时候多模考模考,以适应考试的节奏。

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托福写作热点考题:对比类型

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智课网TOEFL备考资料

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托福写作翻译句子试

托福写作翻译句子试

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1. 旅游业不但给政府带来税收而且给很多人提供了就业机会。 2. 赌博不但对健康有害,而且会影响家庭和睦。 3. 打工不但能让学生赚零花钱,而且还能让他们学到人际交往的能力。 4. 现在很多学校的校服不但贵,而且还难看,质量不好。 5. 政府不但要多建一些公路,还要鼓励人们多使用公交车。 6. 老人们既不需要很多的钱,也不需要很大的房子,他们最需要的是子女的关心和照顾。 7. 我喜欢旅游,但是,我既没有钱,也没有时间。 8. 在老人院,老人既能够接受到医疗,又能够找到很多有共同话题,共同兴趣的的伙伴。 9. 缴税既是有有利于国家,也是有利于个人。因为政府的税收主要用于公共服务,这个是每个人都会受益的。 10. 打电脑游戏既浪费时间,又有害视力。

11. 打电脑游戏既能使人放松,又能锻炼大脑的灵活性,反映能力 12. 依照最近的一项调查,每年有4,000,000人死于与吸烟有关的疾病。 13. 没有一项发明像互联网一样同时受到如此多的赞扬和批评。 14. 许多专家指出体育锻炼直接有助于身体健康。 15. 无可否认,空气污染是一个极其严重的问题:城市当局应该采取有力措施来解决它。 16. 考虑到问题的严重性,在事态进一步恶化之前,必须采取有效的措施。 17. 尽管这一观点被广泛接受,很少有证据表明飞机会造成灾难性的污染。 18. 没有人能否认:教育是人生最重要的一方面。 19. 事实上,我们必须承认生命的质量和生命本身一样重要。 20. 我们应该不遗余力地保护我们的环境。 21. 现在,人们普遍认为 22. 我同意后者,有如下理由:

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