生态学考试复习重点pdf

生态学（双语）考试复习重点

PartⅠ英文题部分（共计50分）

一、选择填空题：从题后所附的专业名词里选择最适宜的概念填写在括号里（每题1分

共计10分）

重点复习Glossary中的以下词汇：

1. Abiotic environment Non-biological surroundings of an organism, such as temperature, light intensity and rainfall.

5. Annual net productivity Yearly difference for a plant between its photosynthesis and its respiration.

6. Annual primary productivity Amount of carbon fixed by plants in a year.

10. Autecology Study of the ecological relationships of a single species.

11. Autotroph Organism, such as a green plant, that can synthesize its organic compounds from inorganic ones.

12. Biodiversity A measure of the number of species and range of life forms found in an area.

13. Biotic environment Influence of other organisms on an organism.

14. Carrying capacity Number of individuals in a population that the habitat can support.

15. Chemoautotroph Organism that gets its energy from chemical reactions involving only inorganic substrates: for example, some bacteria obtain their energy from the oxidation of Fe2+to Fe3+.

16. Climatic climax Community at the end of a succession, whose composition is determined by the climate.

17. Climax vegetation Final plant community at the end of a succession.

19. Community Interacting collection of species found in a common environment or habitat.

22. Competitive exclusion Absence of one species due to presence of another species utilizing the same resources.

24. Constantly limiting factor Environmental factor that is always in short supply but varies little over time so that a population is limited to a more or less fixed size by the factor.

25. Decomposer Organism that lives off dead organic matter which it breaks down to simpler compounds.

27. Density dependent Describes an environmental factor whose influence on population size increases as the population grows in size.

28. Density independent Describes an environmental factor whose influence on population size is unrelated to the number of individuals in the population.

31. Ecology Scientific study of the interactions that determine the distribution, abundance and characteristics of organisms.

33. Ecosystem A community of organisms and its physical environment.

34. Ecotype Morphologically distinct form within a species produced by natural selection.

35. Efficiency of photosynthesis Percentage of energy in sunlight converted by a plant into carbohydrate.

37. Environment Surroundings of an organism, including other organisms and physical features.

38. Equilibrium Balance between tow counteracting features, which produces a lack of overall change.

40. Evapotranspiration Sum of evaporation and transpiration from an area of land and its vegetation.

41. Exponential growth Increase in population size by a constant factor each unit of time.

43. Food chain Diagrammatic representation of the fate of a single carbon atom in a community.

44. Food web Diagrammatic representation of the energy and nutrient flow through a community.

45. Fundamental niche Total niche an organism could occupy in the absence of competition and predation by other species.

46. Gause’s competitive exclusion principle Belief that no two species can exist together if they occupy the same niche.

48. Greenhouse effect Trapping of heat within the Earth’s atmosphere.

49. Gross primary productivity Dry weight of carbohydrate made by a plant in photosynthesis.

50. Heterotroph Organism, such as an animal, that needs to take in organic compounds from its environment.

52. Interspecific Between species.

53. Intraspecific Within a species.

54. K-selected Describes a species adapted by natural selection to living at relatively constant population levels.

55. Keystone species A species that plays a pivotal role in the maintenance of an ecosystem and on which many other species depend.

57. Leaf area index The area of leaves found over a unit area of ground in the vegetation.

59. Litter Dead organic matter added to the soil in the form of leaves, etc.

61. Logistic equation Idealised growth equation: dN/dt=rN(1-N/K), where dN/dt=rate of growth of the population, r=intrinsic rate of increase, K=carrying capacity, and N= number of individuals in the population at a given time.

62. Modular organism Organism, such as a tree or coral, which is made up of an indeterminate number of repeatable units.

https://www.360docs.net/doc/924940179.html, primary productivity Overall gain in dry weight of a plant or community, equal to gross primary productivity minus respiration.

66. Niche Complete account of how an organism uses its environment.

67. Nutrient cycling Movement of substances from organism to organism and between organisms and the physical environment, allowing the same substances to be available to organisms time and time again.

68. Parent material Underlying substrate that gives rise to a soil.

69. Photoautotroph Organism, such as a green plant, that gets its energy from sunlight.

70. Photosynthesis Manufacture of organic compounds by organisms using the energy from sunlight.

71. Photosynthetic efficiency Percentage of available sunlight that is used in photosynthesis.

72. Physical environment Inorganic surroundings of an organism, such as temperature, salinity and pH.

73. Population Group of organisms of the same species living together within a common area at the same time.

77.Primary production synthesis of organic compounds by photoautotrophs and chemoautotrophs.

78 Primary succession Succession that begins on bare unclonised ground or in newly formed lakes.

78. Producer Organism (photoautotroph or chemoautortoph) which exists without needing to take in organic compounds.

81. Pyramid of biomass Diagrammatic representation of the weight or mass of organisms at the different trophic levels in a community.

81.Pyramid of energy Diagrammatic representation of the flow of energy from a trophic level of a community to the ones above.

82. Pyramid of numbers Diagrammatic representation of the numbers of organisms at the different trophic levels in a community.

83. r-elected Describes a species which natural selection has caused to maximize its rate of increase.

84. Realised niche Actual niche of an organism, as opposed to its fundamental niche.

89. Secondary succession Succession that begins in areas that have previously supported vegetation and retain at least some of the effects of this previous colonization.

90. Self-thinning Regulation of plant numbers in a population as the individuals grow in size and compete for resources.

92. Shade tolerance Ability of a plant to grow well in the shade.

97. Succession Natural change in the structure and species composition of a community.

99. Synecology Study of the ecological relationships of a community.

101. Topography Physical features of the environment such as altitude, slope and aspect.

103. Trophic level Position at which an organism feeds in a community; for instance, carnivores feed off herbivores.

二、选词填空(从可选项中选择一个与句子意义相同的词汇填写在句前的括号里，只写

代码a 或b或 c ) （每题1分共计10分）

1.（）Non-biological surroundings of an organism, such as temperature, light intensity and

rainfall.

a. biotic environment

b. abiotic environment

c. ecological environment

2.（）Rainwater with a pH of less than about 4.5.

a. alkaline rain

b. precipitation

c. acid rain

3.（）Conversion of nitrogenous material to ammonium ions by decomposers.

a. nitrification

b. nitrogen fixation

c. ammonification

4.（）Yearly difference for a plant between its photosynthesis and its respiration.

a. annual gross productivity

b. annual net productivity

5.（）Amount of carbon fixed by plants in a year.

a. annual primary biomass

b. primary production

c. annual primary productivity

6.（）Production of new individuals without the formation of haploid cells by meiosis.

a. sexual reproduction

b. asexual reproduction

7.（）Uptake by cells of the products of absorption that are then synthesized into

macromolecules.

a. ingestion

b. Assimilation

c. absorption

8.（）Percentage of the energy and organism ingests that is assimilated rather than egested.

a. growth efficiency

b. reproductive efficiency

c. Assimilation efficiency

9.（）Study of the ecological relationships of a single species.

a. Autecology

b. synecology

10.（）Organism, such as a green plant, that can synthesize its organic compounds from

inorganic ones.

a. heterotroph

b. Autotroph

11.（）A measure of the number of species and range of life forms found in an area.

a. biomass

b. niche

c. Biodiversity

12.（）Influence of other organisms on an organism.

a. Biotic environment

b. abiotic environment

c. ecological environment

13.（）Number of individuals in a population that the habitat can support.

a. climax community

b. climax biomass

c. Carrying capacity

14.（）Organism that gets its energy from chemical reactions involving only inorganic

substrates: for example, some bacteria obtain their energy from the oxidation of Fe2+to Fe3+.

a. heterotroph

b. Chemoautotroph

c. photoautotroph

15.（）Community at the end of a succession, whose composition is determined by the

climate.

a．Climatic climax b. Climatic community c. Climatic end

16.（）Final plant community at the end of a succession.

a. end vegetation

b. Climax vegetation

c. succession vagetation

17.Clone Group of organisms formed from a single individual and thus containing the same genetic

material, for example, the many individuals in a large fragmented clump of bracken.

https://www.360docs.net/doc/924940179.html,munity Interacting collection of species found in a common environment or habitat.

19.（）Light intensity at which the rate of carbohydrate manufacture in photosynthesis

equals the rate at which carbohydrates are lost in respiration.

a. saturation point

b. light point

c. Compensation point

20.（）Utilization of a resource in short supply by two or more organisms with the

result that at least one of the organisms grows or reproduces less.

a. Competition

b. partition

c. resources sharing

21.（）Absence of one species due to presence of another species utilizing the same

resources.

a. species exclusion

b. Competitive exclusion

c. resources exclusion

22.Conservation Management of the Earth’s resources in a way which restores and maintains the

balance between human requirements and the other species in the world.

23.Constantly limiting factor Environmental factor that is always in short supply but varies little

over time so that a population is limited to a more or less fixed size by the factor.

24.（）Organism that lives off dead organic matter which it breaks down to simpler

compounds.

a. producer

b. Decomposer

c. consummer

25.Demography Study of changes in population sizes.

26.（）Describes an environmental factor whose influence on population size increases

as the population grows in size.

a. density independent

b. Density dependent

c. density factor

27.（）Describes an environmental factor whose influence on population size is

unrelated to the number of individuals in the population.

a. density dependent

b. density factor

c. Density independent

28.（）The spread of deserts into semi-arid lands.

a. sandification

b. Desertification

c. soil degradation

29.（）Small particles of organic matter derived form the remains of dead organisms.

a. Detritus

b. litter

c. hummus

30.（）Scientific study of the interactions that determine the distribution, abundance

and characteristics of organisms.

a. biology

b. niche

c. Ecology

31.（）A community of organisms and its physical environment.

a. community system

b. biosystem

c. Ecosystem

32.（）Morphologically distinct form within a species produced by natural selection.

a. biotype

b. Ecotype

c. life form

33.（）Percentage of energy in sunlight converted by a plant into carbohydrate.

a. Efficiency of photosynthesis

b. efficiency of energy

c. efficiency of light

34.（）Table which shows the percentage of the energy gathered by an organism that is diverted to various metabolic activities such as maintenance, growth and reproduction.

a. energy table

b. Energy budget

c. energy balance

35.（）Surroundings of an organism, including other organisms and physical features.

a. site

b. condition

c. Environment

36.Equilibrium Balance between tow counteracting features, which produces a lack of overall change.

37.Equilibrium theory of island biogeography Notion that the number of species on an island is determined by a balance between the rate at which species arrive at the island and the rate at which they go extinct.

38.（）Sum of evaporation and transpiration from an area of land and its vegetation.

a. water loss

b. water interception

c. Evapotranspiration

39.（）Increase in population size by a constant factor each unit of time.

a. logistic growth

b. Exponential growth

c. population growth

40.（）Observation and recording of organisms in their natural environment.

a. experiment

b. investigation

c. Field work

41.（）Diagrammatic representation of the fate of a single carbon atom in a community.

a. trophic level

b. Food chain

c. food webs

42.（）Diagrammatic representation of the energy and nutrient flow through a community.

a. food chain

b. trophic level

c. Food web

43.（）Total niche an organism could occupy in the absence of competition and predation by other species.

a. realized niche

b. Fundamental niche

c. total nich

44.（）Belief that no two species can exist together if they occupy the same niche.

a. Gause’s competitive exclusion principle

b. Raukier’s competitive exclusion principle

c. Tansley’s competitive exclusion principle

45.（）Gradient analysis Technique that allows communities to be studied across a range of environments.

46.（）Trapping of heat within the Earth’s atmosphere.

a. photosysthis

b. Greenhouse effect

c. heat effect

47.（）Dry weight of carbohydrate made by a plant in photosynthesis.

a. net primary productivity

b. Gross primary productivity

c. total primary productivity

48.（）Organism, such as an animal, that needs to take in organic compounds from its environment.

a. autotroph

b. Heterotroph

49.（）Series of communities found in an aquatic habitat as a result of primary

succession.

a. Xeroseres

b. Hydrosere

50.（）Between species.

a. Interspecific

b. intraspecific

51.（）Within a species.

a. Interspecific

b. intraspecific

52.（）Describes a species adapted by natural selection to living at relatively constant population levels.

a. r-selected

b. K-selected

53.Keystone species A species that plays a pivotal role in the maintenance of an ecosystem and on which many other species depend.

https://www.360docs.net/doc/924940179.html,w of conservation of energy Statement that energy can neither be created nor destroyed.

55.Leaf area index The area of leaves found over a unit area of ground in the vegetation.

56.Life table Presentation of numerical data collected during a population study to show age-specific survival and reproduction.

57.（）Dead organic matter added to the soil in the form of leaves, etc.

a. detritus

b. Litter

c. hummus

58.（）Shape of the graph of the number of individuals in a population as a function of time when the growth in the size of the population follows the logistic equation and the initial number of individuals in the population is very low.

a. expotional curve

b. Logistic curve

59.（）Idealised growth equation: dN/dt=rN(1-N/K), where dN/dt=rate of growth of the population, r=intrinsic rate of increase, K=carrying capacity, and N= number of individuals in the population at a given time.

a. Logistic equation

b. expotional equation

60.（）Organism, such as a tree or coral, which is made up of an indeterminate number of repeatable units.

a. repeat organism

b. Modular organism

c. inmodular organism

61.Mutualism Relationship between two species from which each species benefits.

62.Natural selection A major mechanism of evolution where the individuals which survive pass on their advantageous traits to their offspring.

63.（）Overall gain in dry weight of a plant or community, equal to gross primary productivity minus respiration.

a. Net primary productivity

b. total primary productivity

64.（）Complete account of how an organism uses its environment.

a. inhabitat

b. Niche

c. site

65.（）Movement of substances from organism to organism and between organisms and the physical environment, allowing the same substances to be available to organisms time and time again.

a. nutrient thansfer

b. nutrient flow

c. Nutrient cycling

66.（）Underlying substrate that gives rise to a soil.

a. Parent material

b. parent soil

c. underlying soil

67.（）Organism, such as a green plant, that gets its energy from sunlight.

a. chemiautotroph

b. Photoautotroph

68.（）Manufacture of organic compounds by organisms using the energy from sunlight.

a. Photosynthesis

b. transpiration

69.Photosynthetic efficiency Percentage of available sunlight that is used in photosynthesis.

70.（）Inorganic surroundings of an organism, such as temperature, salinity and pH.

a. Physical environment

b. biotic environment

71.（）Group of organisms of the same species living together within a common area at the same time.

a. community

b. Population

c. individual

72.（）Control of population size.

a. Population regulation

b. Population control

c. Population growth

73.Prairie Temperate grassland found in central North America.

74.（）Organism that eats only plants.

a. carnivorous

b. Primary consumer

75.（）synthesis of organic compounds by photoautotrophs and chemoautotrophs.

a. Primary production

b. Primary consummer

76.（）Succession that begins on bare unclonised ground or in newly formed lakes.

a. secondry succession

b. Primary succession

77.（）Organism (photoautotroph or chemoautortoph) which exists without needing to take in organic compounds.

a. Producer

b. consummer

c. decomposer

78.Production Sum of the resources an organism devotes to growth and reproduction.

79.Production efficiency Percentage of energy assimilated that is devoted to growth or reproduction.

80.Pyramid of biomass Diagrammatic representation of the weight or mass of organisms at the different trophic levels in a community.

81.Pyramid of energy Diagrammatic representation of the flow of energy from a trophic level of a community to the ones above.

82.Pyramid of numbers Diagrammatic representation of the numbers of organisms at the different trophic levels in a community.

83.（）Describes a species which natural selection has caused to maximize its rate of increase.

a. r-elected

b. k-elected

84.（）Actual niche of an organism, as opposed to its fundamental niche.

a. fundamental niche

b. total niche

c. Realised niche

85.（）Division of a resource such as food among tow or more species so that each species has access to a different part of the resource.

a. Resource partitioning

b. resource competition

c. resource sharing

86.Root nodule Swelling on the roots of plants containing symbiotic nitrogen fixing bacteria.

87.（）Tropical grassland.

a. Savannah

b. prairie

c. marsh

88.Secondary consumer Organism that eats only herbivores.

89.（）Succession that begins in areas that have previously supported vegetation and retain at least some of the effects of this previous colonization.

a. primary succession

b. Secondary succession

c. first succession

90.（）Regulation of plant numbers in a population as the individuals grow in size and compete for resources.

a. Self-thinning

b. self-regulation

c. self-control

91.Semi-desert Biome intermediate between desert and grassland or scrub in the amount of rainfall receivied.

92.（）Ability of a plant to grow well in the shade.

a. shade adaptable

b. Shade tolerance

c. shade suitable

93.（）Compartment in a nutrient cycle where the nutrient accumulates.

a. Sink

b. source

c. storage

94.（）The loss of soil from an area, often as an indirect result of a human activity such as the removal of tress or the introduction of domestic herbivores.

a. soil loss

b. soil degradation

c. Soil erosion

95.Solar radiation sunlight, including the non-visible part of the spectrum.

96.Standing crop Mass of living organisms in an area.

97.（）Natural change in the structure and species composition of a community.

a. vegetation change

b. Succession

c. community chang

98.（）The principle that a way of life or method of obtaining a resource should be capable of being continued indefinitely.

a. stability

b. Sustainability

99.（）Study of the ecological relationships of a community.

a. Synecology

b. autecology

100.（）Boreal forest dominated by evergreen coniferous trees.

a. Savannah

b. Taiga

c. tundra

101.（）Physical features of the environment such as altitude, slope and aspect.

a. geography

b. geology

c. Topography

102.（）Altitude or latitude beyond which no trees grow.

a. Tree line

b. foreat line

c. altitude line

103.Trophic efficiency Efficiency of energy transfer from a trophic level to the one above.

104.Trophic level Position at which an organism feeds in a community; for instance, carnivores feed off herbivores.

105.（）Treeless vegetation found at higher latitudes than the tree line.

a. Savannah

b. taiga

c. tundra

106.Turnover time Measure of how long a typical atom spends in a particular compartment in a nutrient cycle.

107.（）Breakdown of rocks into smaller particles.

a. decomposition

b. Weathering

c. decay

108.（）Series of communities that develop on dry land as a result of primary succession.

a. Xerosere

b. hydrosere

三、判断正误（在括号里打√或×），并将错误的地方改正（每题1分共计10分）

重点复习summary

四、专业翻译（（每题分，共计20分）

重点复习summary

PartⅡ中文题部分（共计50分）

四、名词解释（每题2分共计10分）

重点复习以下

生态环境森林生态系统食物链自养生物异养生物营养级生产力生物量菌根生物地球化学循环

生物化学循环耐荫性积温物侯生理干旱

群落表现面积种群调节自然稀疏最大林分密度水量平衡

生态对策k对策种r 对策种原生裸地次生裸地

生态演替原生演替次生演替气候顶级群落边缘效应

生物学特性生态学特性立地指数立地级森林线

树木线种间关系化感作用生态干扰优势种

优势度生活型环境梯度群落梯度生态梯度

偏利共生异株克生半寄生生态位基础生态位

现实生态位α多样性β多样性生态稳定性生物多样性

生态平衡可持续发展环境承载力生态足迹

五、填空（共计30分）

1.生物世界的等级结构为:分子→(1)＿＿＿＿＿→(2)＿＿＿＿＿→(3)＿＿＿＿＿→(4)＿＿＿

＿＿→(5)＿＿＿＿＿→(6)＿＿＿＿＿→(7)＿＿＿＿＿→生态圈。

2.生态系统的结构特征表现为生态系统由(1)＿＿＿＿＿和(2)＿＿＿＿＿组成，生态系统的功能

特征表现为（3)＿＿＿＿＿和（4）＿＿＿＿＿。

3.森林生态系统的生物成分按其功能可分为（1)＿＿＿＿＿、(2)＿＿＿＿＿和(3)＿＿＿＿＿三

部分。

4.依能量的来源可将生物分为(1)＿＿＿＿＿和（2）＿＿＿＿＿，其中(1)＿＿＿＿＿包括（3)＿

＿＿＿＿和（4）＿＿＿＿＿；（2）＿＿＿＿＿包括（5)＿＿＿＿＿、（6）＿＿＿＿＿、（7）＿＿＿＿＿和（8）＿＿＿＿＿。

5.食物链包括（1)＿＿＿＿＿和（2）＿＿＿＿＿两种类型。

6.生态系统的养分循环包括（1)＿＿＿＿＿、(2)＿＿＿＿＿和(3)＿＿＿＿＿三种类型。

7.地球化学循环中的沉积循环包括（1)＿＿＿＿＿、(2)＿＿＿＿＿和(3)＿＿＿＿＿三种途径。

8.C进入陆地生态系统的途径分别有（1)＿＿＿＿＿、(2)＿＿＿＿＿和(3)＿＿＿＿＿。

9.C离开陆地生态系统的途径分别有（1)＿＿＿＿＿和(2)＿＿＿＿＿。

10.有机N降解包括氨化作用和硝化作用，其中氨化作用是将（1)＿＿＿＿＿变成（2)＿＿＿＿＿的过程，硝化作用是将（3)＿＿＿＿＿变成（4)＿＿＿＿＿的过程。

11.太阳辐射的波谱按波长自短至长分别由将（1)＿＿＿＿＿（2)＿＿＿＿＿（3)＿＿＿＿＿（4)＿＿＿＿＿和（5)＿＿＿＿＿组成。

12.美国的霍普金斯（Hopkius）研究认为，在北美温带，每向北移动纬度1度或向东移动经度5度，或上升124米，植物在春天和初夏的物侯期将各（1)＿＿＿＿＿4天，秋天的物侯期将（2)＿＿＿＿＿4天，这个规律被称为霍普金斯物侯定律。

13.土壤有效含水量是（1)＿＿＿＿＿和（2)＿＿＿＿＿的差值。

14.按照植物对水分的适应性可将植物分为（1)＿＿＿＿＿（2)＿＿＿＿＿和（3)＿＿＿＿＿三种类型。

15.我国采用的干燥度指标计算公式为：＿K=＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿。

16.小集水区水量平衡公式为：＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿（若用符号表示，须写出其含义）。

17.根据产生机理，地表径流的形成有（1)＿＿＿＿＿和（2)＿＿＿＿＿两种方式。

18.种群中个体的空间分布格局包括（1)＿＿＿＿＿、（2)＿＿＿＿＿和（3)＿＿＿＿＿三种类型。

19.种群在无限环境下的指数增长模型为（1)＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿，而在有限环境下的Logistic增长模型为（2)＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿（若用符号表示，须写出其含义）。

20.按照林分密度效应，最大林分密度与材积的关系式为＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿（若用符号表示，须写出其含义）。

21.丹麦植物学家Raunkiaer按照生活型把高等植物划分为五大类，分别是（1)＿＿＿＿＿、（2)＿＿＿＿＿、（3)＿＿＿＿＿、（4)＿＿＿＿＿和（5)＿＿＿＿＿。

22.关于植被随环境梯度的变化存在两种对立观点：一种是以欧洲植物群落学派为代表的（1)＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿观点，一种是以植物群落学家前苏联的拉孟斯基（Раменский １９２４）和美国的格里森（Ｇｌｅｓｏｎ １９２６）为代表的（２)＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿观点。

23.群落中的种间关系主要包括（1)＿＿＿＿＿、（2)＿＿＿＿＿、（3)＿＿＿＿＿、（4)＿＿＿＿＿、（5)＿＿＿＿＿和（６)＿＿＿＿＿等六种类型。

24.在不存在其他竞争的情况下某生物种所能占据的最大生态位被称为（1)＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿，而在存在其他竞争的情况下某生物种所能占据的实际生态位被称为（２)＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿，二者的关系是（３）＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿。

25.生物多样性包括（1)＿＿＿＿＿、（2)＿＿＿＿＿、（3)＿＿＿＿＿和（4)＿＿＿＿＿四个层次，其中根据研究对象是群落内还是群落间又将物种多样性分为（5)＿＿＿＿＿和（６)＿＿＿＿＿两种类型。

26.生物种的α多样性可用（1)＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿（2)＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿和（3)＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿等指标来测度；β多样性可用（4)＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿（5)＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿和（6）＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿等指标来测度。

27.物种α多样性的Simpson指数计算公式为（1)＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿，Shannon-weiner指数计算公式为（2)＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿（若用符号表示，须写出其含义）。

28.物种β多样性的群落系数计算公式为＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿（若用符号表示，须写出其含义）。

29.关于从热带低地向高纬度和高海拔过渡群落中物种多样性降低的原因存在许多假说，主要的有：（1)＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿假说、（2)＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿假说、（3)＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿假说和（4)＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿假说。

30."岛屿"生物种数量与面积关系式为＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿（若用符号表示，须写出其含义）。

31.关于"岛屿"生物种数量与面积关系的平衡假说认为, "岛屿"上生物种数量是（1)＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿与（2)＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿之间动态平衡的结果。

32.植被演替按演替初始生境的水分条件可分为（1)＿＿＿＿＿演替、（2)＿＿＿＿＿演替和（3)＿＿＿＿＿演替；按起点裸地性质可分为（4)＿＿＿＿＿演替和（5)＿＿＿＿＿演替；按演替的方向可分为（6)＿＿＿＿＿演替、（7)＿＿＿＿＿演替和（8)＿＿＿＿＿演替。

33.森林干扰的类型按起因可分为（1)＿＿＿＿＿＿干扰、（2)＿＿＿＿＿＿干扰、（3)＿＿＿＿＿＿干扰和（4)＿＿＿＿＿＿干扰。

六、简答题（10分）

重点复习以下内容

1.简要分析自然界“优胜劣汰，适者生存”所包含的生态学原理。

2.从生态学角度分析“欲知地道,物其树”的科学原理。

3.从生态学角度分析“适地适树”（即选择适宜生境条件的树种进行造林）的科学原理。

4.从生态学角度分析“桔生淮南则为桔，桔生淮北则为枳”的科学原理。

5.从生态学角度分析发展可持续林业的科学原理。

6.简要论述影响生产力的因子。

7.简要论述生物化学循环（养分内循环）的生态学意义。

8.用框图表示生物地球化学循环的全过程，并简要论述之。

9.简要论述在林业生产当中如何考虑光因子。

10.简要论述不适温度对林木生长造成的危害类型和原理。

11.简要论述水分与林业的关系。

12.简要论述土壤与林木生长的关系。

13.简要论述造成植物呈集群分布格局的原因。

14.简要论述森林“自然稀疏”的生态学原理。

15.简要论述关于生物多样性的各种假说。

16.关于森林演替的顶极学说主要有哪些？分别简要论述之。

17.简要论述影响群落演替的因素。

18.简要论述植被与环境的关系.

19.谈谈学习生态学的收获与体会（重点说明生态学的作用和意义）.

20.例说明如何应用生态学理论于生产实践。.