大学英语课后答案

Translation

第五单元

A1、一个地方，不论多么荒凉，条件多么恶劣，人们都能把它变成战场。此处谷地正是一处军事绝地。只需五十人把守住山谷的出口，就能切断里面军队的给养，迫使他们投降。眼下，北方联邦军的五个步兵团就隐藏在谷中的树林之中。

悬崖上，岩石的最外沿，在蓝天的映衬下，矗立着一座庄严而又令人敬畏的雕像，一动不动。雕像造型是一个人端坐在一匹马上，腰板挺直，颇具军人风度，同时又兼有石雕神像般的安详。灰色的军服与背景十分协调，由于阴影而显得柔和恬淡。一直卡宾枪横放在马鞍上，他右手紧握着枪柄，左手牵着马缰绳，从这一侧看不见。骑马人的头微微偏向一边，只看得见鬓角和胡子的轮廓；他正俯视谷底。

No country is so wild and difficult but men will make it a theatre of war; concealed in the forest at the bottom of that military rat-trap, in which half a hundred men in possession of the exits might have starved an army to submission, lay five regiments of Federal infantry.

On the cliff, — motionless at the extreme edge of the capping rock and sharply outlined against the sky, —was a statue of impressive dignity. The figure of the man sat the figure of the horse, straight and soldierly, but with the repose of a god carved in marble. The gray uniform harmonized with its background, softened and subdued by the shadow. A carbine lay across the saddle, kept in place by the right hand grasping it at the “grip;” the left hand, holding the bridle rein, was invisible. The face

of the rider, turned slightly away, showed only an outline of temple and beard; he was looking downward to the bottom of the valley.

2.Long before the emergence of the written word, ballads, accompanied by music and dance, and myths, passed around by word of mouth, were widely popular. Chinese literature finds its origins in these traditions. However, ballads were what people improvised out of daily life, and due to lack of means to record and preserve them in ancient times, they quickly disappeared without leaving much of a trace. Today, we can only deduce their existence from ancient books, which recorded some time-honored ballads, though most of these are believed to be derivatives of later generations. Ballads in the Book of Songs are the earliest writings that can be dated. From this point of view, ancient mythology obviously has had a great influence on Chinese literature.

与舞蹈和音乐相伴的歌谣以及口头流传的神话，远在文字出现之前就已大量产生。中国的文学正是发端于此。不过歌谣本是人们在生活中随兴而发的东西，上古时代也没有保存和记载它们的手段，因之也就很快湮灭，不留痕迹。我们只能从一些古籍书中推断它们的存在。古书中记载了一些据称是年代非常久远的歌谣，但是大多出于后人的伪托，能够断定朝代的歌谣要到《诗经》里才能看见。从这点来看，古代神话对中国文学的影响更为显著。

B、1、要说到去世后才大放异彩的作家，这个快乐的结局也一样源于是少数派固执的坚持。他们不能够，也不会忘记他。他们一直在品鉴他，讨论他，购买他的作品。他们一直对他保有激情。他们对自己的判断非常确信，以至于到了最后大多数人习惯了这位作家的名字，平静地接受他是一位天才。实际上他到底是不是一流作家，多数派并不

是很在意。

2. Poetry, one might say, is to prose what dancing is to walking. Though sometimes we stroll for pleasure, ordinarily walking is a means to an end. We walk, scarcely aware of the physical sensation of walking, in order to get somewhere. The sooner the better. But we dance to stay where we are, enjoying the repetitive yet varied flowing of one movement into another, and enjoying the harmony between our movement and that of the music and of our partner.

第六单元A

Being able to die at home is a major part of the appeal of hospice, but patients and family members may not see it that way at first. "A lot of people still view hospice as giving up and letting the disease win," says Campbell. That's why the decision to call in hospice care can be an incredibly difficult one for a family to make. Once they do, though, most patients and their families soon understand the value of having a team of dedicated professionals -- including social workers, health aides, chaplains, and nurses -- work together to provide not only physical but also emotional and spiritual support.America’s first hospice was founded in 1974, and the idea spread rapidly. Half of all Americans will now use hospice care at some point in their lives, and around 75% of deaths in American hospitals occur after an explicit decision not to intervene. In Europe, too, there has been a revolution in attitudes to care for people

who are nearing the end of life, and in people’s willingness to broach the subject. Yet for all its successes, the hospice movement faces challenges that will far outstrip the resources now dedicated to palliative care, even in the richest countries.

1、能够在家中逝去是人们选择临终关怀的主要原因之一。但是病人和他们的家属起初并没有认识到这一点。坎贝尔说: “很多人把临终关怀视为放弃治疗并且向疾病屈服。”这正是为什么对于家人来说做出选择临终关怀这个决定有如此艰难的原因。然而，一旦他们做了这个决定，大多数病人和家人很快就会理解其中的意义所在，即一支由社工、健康师（助理）、牧师和护士组成的专业人士通力合作为病人和家属提供身体上、感情上和精神上的支持与帮助。

2. America’s first hospice was founded in 1974, and the idea spread rapidly. Half of all Americans will now use hospice care at some point in their lives, and around 75% of deaths in American hospitals occur after an explicit decision not to intervene. In Europe, too, there has been a revolution in attitudes to care for people who are nearing the end of life, and in people’s willingness to broach the subject. Yet for all its successes, the hospice movement faces challenges that will far outstrip the resources now dedicated to palliative care, even in the richest countries. Hospices are generally associated with cancer, where after a certain stage life expectancy is short and fairly predictable. But treating people as “either temporarily immortal or dying” is the current habit.

An important category of people, already huge in the rich world and soon to grow in developing countries, consists of elderly people who will never be well, but have no idea when they will die. There is no single answer: hospitals, nursing homes and family care will all play a role. Looking after the old is bound to be complicated; elderly people with several diseases can all too easily find themselves bounced from family doctor to health adviser to specialists in one field after another. But depending on their medical and political culture, different countries are tackling the problem in different ways

美国的第一家临终关怀院成立于1974年。此后，临终关怀的理念迅速流行。如今，半数美国人在关怀院度过人生最后时光。美国75%的绝症患者选择放弃治疗，听凭天命。对于如何关心临终病人，欧洲人的态度也大有改观，不再回避这个话题。但临终关怀运动仍面临挑战，使得目前用于缓痛护理上的资源投入大量流失，即便是在发达国家，此种情况也有发生。

临终关怀的对象多数是癌症患者。癌症恶化到一定阶段后，患者一般都去日无多。但目前对病人的救治，要么把他们看作不死，要么把他们看作必死。在发达国家，存在着大量健康状况不佳，但并未患绝症的老年人口，这一人群在发展中国家也将逐渐扩大。这一问题只有通过医院、养老院和家庭三方的共同努力才能解决。照顾老年人并不简单；那些身患多种疾病的老年人经常在家庭医生、健康顾问或是专科医生之间无所适从。对此，依据本国医疗及政治环境的不同，各国有

着不同的解决途径。

B、1、在欧盟是什么驱使人们为器官移植捐赠器官，尽管医疗科技的进步很大程度上提高了器官移植的成功率，但是严重的器官短缺就意味着很多病患在等待移植器官的名单中就已经逝去。在西欧，2003年就有将近4万人等待肾脏移植。在美国，对器官的需求远远超出了供应。部分原因是因为仅有百分之四十二的合法器官捐赠者最终会选择捐助器官。努力扩大可用的器官供应对于解决对器官的需求已经变得越来越重要。然而，这通常需要依靠各国制定针对各国实际的法令以及民众对这项法令的认识。

What Drives People to Donate Organs for Transplant in the European Union?

Although progress in medical science and technology has vastly improved success rates for organ transplants, a severe shortage of donated organs means that many patients die while on the waiting list.In Western Europe, nearly 40,000 patients were waiting for a kidney transplant in 2003. In the US, demand for organs overstretches supply partly because only 42 per cent of eligible organ donors end up actually donating.Efforts to expand the available organ supply have become increasingly crucial for meeting transplant demand. However, this usually depends on country-specific regulations as well as people’s awareness of this legislation.

3.Britons are being asked if people should get cash incentives to donate

eggs and sperm, and whether the funeral expenses of organ donors should be paid in a bid to address a severe shortage. The medical ethics think-tank, the Nuffield Council on Bioethics has launched a public consultation to look at whether people think it is right that donors should receive payments or other incentives to meet a growing demand. Currently, paying people to donate most organs, beyond offering modest expenses, is illegal in Britain. About 8,000 people need an organ transplant in Britain each year and hundreds die waiting for a suitable donor. The organ shortage has forced many to seek treatment overseas. Britain has one of the lowest rates of organ donation, at just 13 per million of population.

日前，英国开展了一项有关器官捐献的调查。该调查旨在了解公众对于卵子和精子捐献者是否应获得现金奖励以及是否应为器官捐献者支付葬礼费用等问题的看法，以解决该国器官捐献严重短缺的状况。了。英国医学伦理智囊机构纽菲尔德生命伦理委员会(The medical ethics think-tank, the Nuffield Council on Bioethics)日前发起了一项公众征询活动，调查英国民众如何看待用现金补偿及其它激励方式鼓励人们捐献器官以满足不断增长的需求。目前在英国，在支付必要合理的费用之外，花钱进行器官交易的做法是违法的。英国每年约有8,000人需要接受器官移植，很多人因等不到合适的捐献者而死去。器官短缺迫使很多人去国外就医。英国是全世界器官捐献率最低的国家，100万人中仅有13人捐献。