中考英语专题复习——冠词与名词

中考英语专题复习——冠词与名词
中考英语专题复习——冠词与名词

专题一冠词和名词

知识清单

常考点清单一冠词

一、冠词在句中的位置及分类

冠词主要放在名词之前,说明名词所表示的人或物,它不能离开名词而单独存在。冠词有两种:a和an为不定冠词,the为定冠词。

二、冠词的泛指和特指用法

泛指是指首次提到的、不限定的人或物。特指是指上文已提到的人或物,或是指被限制性修饰语在其后加以限定的人或物,也可以是指说话者双方心目中所默认的特定的人或事物。冠词的特指和泛指用法可归纳为下表:

a(n)

上文提到过的人或事物

可数名词前一定要用冠词被限制性修饰语所限定的人或事物

特指说话双方所默认的人或事物

世上独一无二的事物

the

指类别

the特指被限制性修饰语所限定的人或事物

复数可数名词说话双方所默认的人或事物

不可数名词前

泛指人或事物

零冠词指类别

三、不定冠词的用法

1. 在叙述时用于第一次提到的某人或某物。

This is a book. 这是一本书。

2. 泛指人或事物的某一类别,以区别其他种类。

A plane is a machine that can fly.

3. 泛指某人或某物。

A girl is waiting for you.

4. 用于表示时间、速度、价格等意义的名词之前,有“每一”的意思,相当于every。

two kilometers an hour, five lessons a week, twice a month

5. 用在某些物质名词或抽象名词前,表示“一阵,一份,一类,一场”等。

There’ll be a strong wind in South China.

6. 用于某些固定词组中。

a few/ little / bit (一点儿), have a swim / walk / talk / look / dance / drink / rest = swim/ walk / talk / look

/ dance / rest, have a old (感冒), have a good time (玩得高兴), in a hurry (匆忙), for a while (一会儿), keep a diary (写日记), do sb a favor (帮助某人)

7. 用于可视为一体的两个名词前。

a knife and fork 一副刀叉

四、定冠词the的用法

1. 表示双都知道的人或事物。

Give me the book, please.

2. 表示特指的或上文已提到过的人或事物。

Do you know the girl in red? 你认识那个穿红衣服的女孩吗?

I have a book. The book is very interesting. 我有一本书。这本书很有趣。

3. 表示世界上独一无二的事物。

The earth moves around the sun. 地球围绕着太阳转。

4. 用在序数词、形容词最高级前面,以及对两个人或事物进行比较时起特指作用的比较级前。

The first lesson is very easy. 第一课很简单。

She is the most careful student in my class. 她是我们班最认真的学生。

He is the younger of the two boys. 他是两个男孩中比较小的那一个。

5. 用在姓氏的复数名词前表示一家人或夫妻俩。

The Greens are watching TV now. 格林一家人正在看电视。

6. 用在单数名词前表示一类人或事物。

The orange is orange. 橘子是橘黄色的。

7. 用于江河、海洋、山脉、群岛、沙漠等专有名词前,或在由普通名词构成的专有名词前。

the Great Wall 长城the United States 美国

8. 与某些形容词连用表示一类人。

The rich should help the poor. 富人应该帮助穷人。

9. 用在表示方位或乐器名称的名词之前。

Jilin is in the north of China. 吉林位于中国的北部。

I like playing the piano. 我喜欢弹钢琴。

10. 用在某些固定词组中。

in the morning / afternoon / evening (在早晨/中午/晚上); in the daytime (在白天); in the end (最后); all the time (一直); at the same time (同时); by the way(顺便说); in the open air (在户外); at the age of (在……岁时); at the beginning of (在……开始时); on the other side of (在……的另一边); in the middle of (在……中间); at the moment (立刻, 马上)

五、定冠词的位置

1. 当定冠词与all, half, both, double等词连用修饰名词时,定冠词放在这些词之后。

Look, all the books are here. 瞧,所有的书都在这儿。

Both the boys are from Class 1, Grade 2. 这两个男孩都是二年级一班的。

They walked half the journey. 他们走了一半的旅程。

2. 当定冠词与表示倍数、分数的词连用时,需要放在这些词之后。

The bed is three times the size of that one. 这张床是那张床的三倍大。

The rope is one third length of that one. 这根绳子是那根的三分之一长。

六、零冠词的用法

1. 不可数名词和复数名词表泛指时前面用零冠词。

Man can’t live without water. 没有水人就不能活。

Horses are domestic animals. 马是一种驯养的动物。

2. 某些专有名词,如人名、地名、国名、物质名词、抽象名词表示泛指时前面用零冠词。

China is a great country.

Mary lives in New York.

3. 名词前已有指示代词、物主代词、不定代词或名词所有格等修饰时,用零冠词。

Every student likes English in our class.

4. 用在表节日、日期、星期、月份、季节等的词前面,但若特指某年的某月份或某年的某季节,则需

要在月份、季节前加the。

June 1st is Children’s Day.

Spring comes after winter.

5. 用在称呼和表示头衔的名词前。

This is Professor Li. What’s wrong, Granny?

6. 用在三餐、球类及学科名词前。

I went to school without breakfast this morning. 今天早晨我没吃早饭就去上学了。

He often plays basketball after school. 他经常放学后踢足球。

7. 用在“专有名词+普通名词”构成的街名、路名、山名等的名词前。

Nanjing Road 南京路Hainan Island 海南岛

8. 用在与by连用的交通工具名词前。

by car, by train 但take a car, in a boat, on the bike前需用冠词。

9. 用在公共假日、节日名称前。

New Year’s Day, Women’s Day

10. 用在某些固定词组或习惯用语中。

day and night (日日夜夜), face to face (面对面), side by side (肩并肩), step by step (一步一步地), at school / work / home (在学校/在工作/在家), in danger (在危险中), in bed (卧病在床), in time (及时), at noon/night / dawn (在中午/晚上/黎明), on duty / watch (值日/执勤)

[题组训练] 根据需要,用冠词a, an, 或者the填空。

1. He is __________ honest boy, so we believe him.

2. Swimming is __________ great fun in __________ summer.

3. There is __________ “h” in the word “hour”, but __________ “h” doesn’t make __________ sound.

4. I prefer playing __________ guitar to __________ Chinese chess.

5. __________ first lesson is __________ easiest one in this book.

6. I caught __________ bad cold and stayed in __________ bed yesterday.

7. John is __________ stronger of the twin brothers.

8. — How about __________ charity show? — Should say it was __________ great success.

易混点清单一冠词

一、不定冠词a / an的区别

a用在以辅音音素开头的单词前,an用在以元音音素开头的单词前,判断一个单词是元音开头,还是辅音开头,要根据其读音,而不是根据字母。

an honest boy, a useful book

There is an “f”in the word “five.”

我们可以这样来记忆:不见元音不加an,不看字母看发音。

1. 在26个字母中,前面用an的字母有:a, e, f, h, m, n, o, r, s, x, 其他用a。

2. 以u开头的单词要注意区别。

an umbrella, an unusual story, an unhappy boy, a university, a useful book

二、单数名词前加定冠词、不定冠词,复数名词前不加冠词都可以表示“一类”。

A horse is a useful animal.

The horse is a useful animal. 马是一种有用的动物。

Horses are useful animals.

三、有定冠词和无定冠词的区别

1. go to school上学(是学生)

go to the school 到学校去(不一定是学生)

2. go to bed 就寝,上床睡觉

go to the bed 向床边走去,走到床前(不一定是去睡觉)

3. in hospital 因病住院

in the hospital 在医院里(不一定是病人)

4. at table 吃饭

at the table 在桌子旁

5. at school 在上学

at the school 在学校里

6. in class 在上课

in the class 在班级里7. in future 今后

in the future 将来

8. in front of 在(……外部的) 前面

in the front of 在(……内部的) 前面9. next year 明年

the next year 第二年

10. by sea 乘船

by the sea 在海边

11. in bed (睡、病、躺) 在床上

in the bed (某物) 在床上

12. on earth 究竟

on the earth 在地球上

四、序数名词前用定冠词与不定冠词的区别

“the+序数词”表示“第几……”;“a+序数词”表示“又一,再一”。

The cake is delicious, and I would like a second one. 蛋糕很好吃,我想再吃一块。

五、a number of, the number of

a number of意思是“许多”,相当于a lot of;the number of意思是“……的数目,……的数量”,作主语时谓

语动词用单数形式。

A number of students like playing computer games. 许多学生喜欢玩电脑游戏。

The number of the students is about 1, 500 in our school. 我们学校学生的人数大约是1500。

六、当名词被其他词修饰时,不定冠词a或an的位置应注意:

1. 当名词被such, half, what, many等修饰时,不定冠词被放在这些词之后。

He left in such a hurry that he forgot to close the door. 他离开地如此匆忙以至于忘了关门。

It took me half an hour to write the letter. 写那封信花了我半个小时。

What an interesting book it is! 这是多么有趣的一本书啊!

Many a man has gone to the big cities for work. 许多人到大城市去打工了。

2. 当名词前面的形容词前有so,how,too等词时,不定冠词应放在形容词之后。

She was so nice a girl that she took the blind man to the station.

她是这么好的一个女孩啊,她把那位盲人带进了车站。

How nice a film this is! 这是多么好的一部电影啊!

3. 当名词前面有形容词和quite, rather或very时,不定冠词置于quite或rather之后,very之前。

quite a good book 一本十分好看的书

rather a useful tool 一种相当有用的工具

a very interesting story 一个非常有趣的故事

[题组训练] 将下列句子改成同义句。

1. This book is so interesting that I can’t stop reading.

This is __________ __________ __________ book that I can’t stop reading.

2. The swimming pool is fifty metres long.

This is a __________ swimming pool.

3. There are about 1,200 workers in the factory.

__________ __________ __________ the workers in the factory is about 1,200.

4. If you exercise more, you’ll be healthier.

__________ __________ you exercise, __________ __________ you’ll be.

常考点清单二名词

一、名词的分类

名词即表示人或物的名称的词,它分为专有名词和普通名词两大类。具体情况见下表:

二、可数名词的复数形式

1. 名词按其所表示的事物的性质分为可数名词(Countable Nouns)与不可数名词(Uncountable Nouns),可

⑴中国人 a Chinese → Chinese

日本人 a Japanese → Japanese

⑵英国人an Englishman → Englishmen

法国人 a Frenchman → Frenchmen

⑶美国人an American → American

阿拉伯人an Arab → Arabs

⑷埃及人an Egyptian → Egyptians

⑸德国人 a German → Germans

⑹澳大利亚人an Australian → Australians

可用口诀记住这一点,即:中日不变英法变,其余s加后面。

3. 以o结尾的名词,有些在词尾加-es.

potato → potatoes, tomato → tomatoes, hero → heroes, negro → negroes

有些在词尾加-s。

zoo → zoos, radio → radios, photo → photos, piano → pianos, kangaroo → kangaroos, bamboo → bamboos

4. 复合名词前面的名词是man, woman, 变复数时,构成复合名词的两个名词全部都要变成复数形式;如果

是其他词,变复数时,只需把后面的名词变成复数形式。

man teacher → men teachers, woman driver → women drivers, boy student → boy students, apple tree → apple trees

5. 字母、数字、引语或缩略语(词)语的复数形式是在其后加’s或s。

There are two f’s in the word “office”.

单词office里有两个f。

Many VIPs are coming to our city.

许多重要人物即将到我们市来。

6. 有些以-f或-fe结尾的词直接加-s变成复数。

roof → roofs 屋顶belief → beliefs信仰proof → proofs 证据chief → chiefs 首领

三、名词所有格

1. 名词所有格表示名词之间的所有关系。有两种表示形式,一种是’s所有格,另一种是of 所有格。

Beijing is China’s capital.

Beijing is the capital of China.

2. 用and连接两个并列的单数名词表示共有关系,这时只在最后一个名词前加’s。

This is Mary and her sister’s bedroom.

Lucy and Lily’s mother is a nurse.

用and连接两个并列名词,表示分别拥有各自的物品时,两个名词在词尾都加’s表示所有关系。

These are Tom’s and Mary’s bags.

Weihua’s and John’s licenses are missing.

3. 以s结尾的名词,在s后面加“’”,不以s结尾的词在词尾加’s。

Teachers’ Day Children’s Da y

4. of所有格常用于表示无生命的东西。

the door of the room

the leaves of the tree

5. 双重所有格有两种形式:①of +名词所有格;②of +名词性物主代词。

He is a friend of my brother’s.

Is she a daughter of yours?

6. 表示店铺、医院、诊所、住宅等名称时,常在名词后加上’s代表全称。

at the doctor’s = at the doctor’s office

7. 在one, body和some, any, no, every综合起来的复合名词后加’s构成名词所有格。

someone’s book

这些代词和else连用时,’s应放在else后。

somebody else’s pencil

8. 表示时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命的名词,也可以在词尾加’s或’构成所有格。

today’s news

ten minutes’ ride/drive/walk

四、名词在句中的作用

1. 作主语

名词在句中能作很多成分,但作主语是它的主要用途之一。

English is very useful.

英语很有用。

The children are playing games happily.

孩子们在高兴地做游戏。

2. 作定语

名词作定语时,一般用单数形式。

paper tigers(纸老虎),work places(工作的地方)

3. 作及物动词和介词的宾语

She works hard at Chinese every day.

她每天在努力地学中文。

4. 作表语

Tom is my good friend.

汤姆是我的好朋友。

5. 作宾语补足语

They chose the boy monitor.

他们选择那个男孩当班长。

6. 作状语

My father will come back next Monday.

我父亲将于下周一回来。

7. 作同位语

This is Miss. Smith, our English teacher.

这位是史密斯小姐,我们的英语老师。

[题组训练] 用所给单词的正确形式填空。

1. When the cat is away, the __________ (mouse) will play happily together.

2. Those you admire very much are called __________ (hero).

3. I’ve got a toothache, so I need to go to the __________ (dentist).

4. How many __________ (woman doctor) are there in the hospital?

5. The red car over there belongs to my __________ (father).

6. It’s about twenty ______ (minute) ride from my house to the city centre.

7. Most of the tourists on the coach are __________ (German), only two of them __________ (Japanese).

8. Would you please make some __________ (room) for the old man, sir?

易混点清单二名词

一、有些名词既是可数名词,又是不可数名词,但意义有所不同。

work (工作) — a work (著作)

glass (玻璃) — a glass (玻璃杯)

paper (纸) —a paper (报纸、证件、试卷)

tea (茶) — a tea (一种茶) (表示种类)

wood — a wood (小树林)

room (空间) — a room (房间)

二、有不少名词在汉语中是可数的,在英语中却不可数,比如说:a news, a bread, a cloth等。如果要表示“一”这

一概念,就必须加a piece of一类的定语。

a piece of news 一则新闻

a piece of advice 一条建议

a piece of bread 一块面包

a piece of work 一份工作

a carton of milk 一盒牛奶

a basket of food 一篮子食品

a block of ice 一块冰

a pair of glasses 一副眼镜

a pair of trousers 一条裤子

a piece of music 一曲音乐

三、有些名词以s结尾,但它们不是复数。

physics (物理学), maths (数学),politics(政治),news(新闻)

四、“数词+名词+形容词”构成的复合形容词,中间的名词不能用复数形式,必须用单数形式。

She is a five-year-old girl. 他是一个五岁的女孩。(five-year-old不能说成是five-years-old)

a five-pound note 一张五英镑的纸币

a six-foot-deep hole 一个六英尺深的洞

a two-metre-long ruler 一把两米长的尺子

a ten-story-high building 一幢十米高的楼房

a two-inch-thick dictionary 一本两英寸厚的字典

a 100-metre race 一百米的比赛

五、分辨可数名词盒不可数名词的八句口诀

可数不可数好分辨,名词所示物分两半。

每半还能把原名叫,不可数名词就遇到。

有的名词是两面堵,意变不可数为可数。

bike(自行车)如果把一辆自行车分两半,每半只能叫自行车的一部分,不能再叫自行车,所以bike是可数名词。

water(水)如果把一杯水分为两杯装,每杯仍可叫水。因此,water是不可数名词。

orange(橘汁)把一瓶橘汁分成两瓶,每瓶还可叫橘汁,故orange(橘汁)为不可数名词,但意为“橘子”

时是可数名词。

六、双重所有格与of所有格的用法

中考英语冠词复习

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