土木工程专业英语词汇短语总结
Lesson 1 Introduction to Mechanics of Materials
材料力学mechanics of materials
材料强度strength of materials
轴向受力杆件axially-loaded bars
应变strain
应力stress
变形deformation
临界荷载critical load
拉压剪tension compression shear
等直杆件prismatic bar
轴力axial force
隔离体free body
拉力tensile force
截面cross section
形心centroid
无量纲的量nondimensional quantity
可变形的deformable
装配，集合assembly
推论derivation
方程equation
性能property
棱柱的prismatic
液体静力学的hydrostatic
集度，强度intensity
合力resultant 静力学statics
伸长，延长elongation
Lesson 2 Types of Beams and Stress
Resultants in Beams
横截的transverse
对称symmetry
弯曲bending
不对称的unsymmetrical/asymmetrical
销轴pin
滚轴roller
移动translate
水平地horizontally
支撑，支持sustain
嵌住的built-in
悬臂梁cantilever
悬臂overhang
均匀的，一致的uniformly
力偶couple
约束restraint
柔性的flexible
法向的，正态normal
图像diagram
对称轴axis of symmetry
简支梁simply supported beam(simple
beam)
集中力concentrated force
分布力distributed load
均布荷载uniformly distributed load
静力学平衡方程equation of static
equilibrium
竖向vertical direction
跨度，区间span
应力分布distribution of stresses
弯矩bending moment
静定statically determinate
水平约束horizontal restraint
Lesson 3 Principal Stresses in Beams
法向应力normal stress
剪应力shear stress
横截面cross section
中性轴neutral axis
主应力principal stress
弯矩M和剪力V bending moment and
shear force
主压应力compressive principal stress
主拉应力tensile principal stress
正交曲线orthogonal curves
应力迹线stress trajectory
应力等值线stress contour
局部效应localized effects
应力集中stress concentration
大小，数量magnitude
矩形的rectangular
相交intersect
腹板web
连接junction
角缝fillet
Lesson 4 Continuous Beams
连续梁continuous beam
轴向变形axial deformations
销轴支承pin support
辊轴支承roller support
静不定次数the degree of statical indetermincy
多余的redundant
叠加、迭加superposition
旋转角angles of rotation
正弯矩positive bending moment
形心间距centroidal distance
惯性矩inertia
中间的intermediate
有利的advantageous
同时的simultaneous
协调一致compactibility
Lesson 5 Unit-load Method for Calculating Displacements
单位荷载法：unit-load method
简单桁架simple trusses 静定/静不定结构statically
determinate/indeterminate structure
虚荷载dummy/fictitious load
移动translation
共线反向力collinear and oppositely
directed forces
虚功virtual work
相对位移relative displacement
扭转力偶twisting couple
与。。。一致correspond to...
笼统地in a generalized sense
Lesson 6 Reciprocal Theorems
互等定理reciprocal theorems
位移。。。reciprocal displacement
theorem
线弹性结构linearly elastic structure
相应的概念the concept of
correspondence
迭加原理principle of superposition
应变能strain energy
线性地linearly
按顺序in sequence
根据in accordance with
Lesson 7 Slipforms
滑模（施工）slipform
凸出物，凸部projection
凹部depression
挤压成型extrusion
企口，沟，槽groove
厚板plank
弯，起拱camber
膨胀swell
架yoke
千斤顶jack
脚手架scaffold
误差deviation
推论derivation
叠加(动词) superimpose
逐渐变细taper
桥墩bridge piers
钢筋和预埋铁件reinforcing steel and metal
inserts
摩擦friction
气动pneumatically
电动electrically
减少压力conteract the pressure
保持湿度keep the concrete moist
喷雾器fog spray
担任act as
在非常情况下in extreme cases
第8课：
升板法Lift-Slab Method
施工方法method of construction 连续地in succession
底层的，下垫的underlying
箱型出口box-out
液压千斤顶hydraulic jack
锚杆anchor
支撑，牛腿，托座bracket
竖向支撑sway bracing
横向支撑lateral bracing
剪力墙shear wall
叠nest
先法pretensioning
后法posttensioning
突（凸）出的protruding
（开）凹槽recess
套筒式的telescopic
吊杆，悬臂boom
焊接weld
屋顶层，阁楼garret
起重机，吊车crane
刚度核心core of rigidity
滑模slipform
布置，定线layout
地震引起的seismic
预制，装配prefabrictate
第9课：挖掘excavation
公制的模数单元metric modular unit
Lesson 13 Strength and Deformation of
Concrete in Compression
short-time loading 短期荷载
stress-strain relationship 应力应变关系
moderate testing speed 中等试验速度
compressive strength 抗压强度
high-strength concrete 高强混凝土
modulus of elasiticity 弹性模量
slope 斜率
stress-strain curve 应力应变曲线
reasonable accuracy 相当精度
empirical equation 经验公式
unit weigh 单位重量
hardened concrete 硬结的混凝土
sand-and-stone concrete砂石混凝土
hydrate 水化
reinforced-concrete 钢筋混凝土
lower-story较低层的
high-rise building 高层建筑
brittleness 脆性的
specimen 样品
longitudinal 轴心的，纵向的
schematically 图解法
prestressed concrete 预应力混凝土
cylinder strength 圆柱体强度
condition of loading 加载条件
internal disintegration of the material 材料
部分裂
transverse to 垂直于
Poission’s ratio 泊松比
longtime loading 长期荷载
engineering material 工程材料
duration of loading 荷载持续时间
rate of stress 应力变化率
rate of loading 加载速率
behavior of concrete 混凝土性能
creep 徐变
property of material 材料性能
continue deforming 持续变形
considerable length of time 相当长
constant stress 恒定应力
instantaneous strain 瞬时应变
total deformation 总变形
solid curve 实现
dashed curve 虚线
elastic instantaneous stain 弹性瞬时应变
reload 重新加载
be proportional to …与…成比例
ambient relative humidity 环境相对湿度
an outward migration of free pore water 游
离孔隙水向外流动
final asymptotic value 最终渐近值
the creep coefficient 徐变系数
lesson 14
combined stress 联合应力
footing 基础
slab 板
principal stress 主应力
biaxial 双轴的
triaxial 三轴的
maximum-tension stress 最大拉应力
mean normal stress 平均正应力
failure criterion 破环标准
interaction diagram 相关图nondimensionalize 使无量纲化nondimensional 无量钢的
quadrant 扇形
failure envelope 破坏包络线
uniaxial compression 单轴压缩
lesson 15
附加长期绕度additional longtime deflection
收缩shrinkage
蠕变creep 低/高强度low/high-strength
一个当量an equivalent
长期模量sustained modulus
持续荷载sustained loads
瞬时绕度short-time
deflection/instantaneous deflection
受弯构件flexural menber
配合曲线curve-fitting
正弯曲的positive-bending
负弯曲的negative-bending
正弯矩区和负弯矩区positive-and
negative-bending regions
受压筋含钢compression-steel
受拉筋含钢率tensile-steel radio
参数parameter
荷载与绕度load-deflection
非线性nonlinear
随时间变化的time-dependent
允许permit
复杂的elaborate
场所lieu
直接的explicit
高跨比span-depth radio
单向one-way
规定specify
考虑take account of
指出，提出point out
近于close to
参照，关于with reference to
取代，代替in lieu of
连续梁continuous beams
荷载持续部分sustained part of load
总绕度total deflection
短期重荷载heavy short-time load
短期峰值荷载short-time peak load
总荷载弯矩图total load-moment diagram
活荷载live load
单向实心板solid one-way slabs
单向加肋板ribbed one-way slabs
单位重unit weight
lesson 16
均质的homogeneous
截面，段，节section
结合，粘合bond
胶粘剂，粘着的adhesive
接触，连接contact
整块，整段single-piece
抛物线的parabolic
自旋，螺旋spin
边，缘edge
附近，近处vicinity
中跨midspan
限制，约束confine
削弱，损害impair
完整性，完善integrity 适当的，恰当的adequately
除……外except for
特别需要注意be of particular concert
弹性材料elastic material
剪应力shear stresses
弯曲应力bending stresses
分层梁laminated beam
中和轴neutral axis
矩形整梁single-piece rectangular beam 竖直剪应力vertical shear stresses
横截面面积cross-sectional area
Lesson 17
design for shear and diagonal tension 剪切与斜向拉伸设计
flexural requirements 抗弯要求premature failure 过早的破坏
longitudinal flexural stress 纵向弯曲应力stirrup 箍筋
bent-up longitudinal steel 弯起纵筋aggregate interlock 骨料咬合力
maintain 保持
integrity 整体性
concrete compression zone 混凝土受压区inclined cracks 斜向裂缝
edge-supported slabs 边缘支承体
ACI Code procedures 美国混凝土学会规
factored loads 计算荷载
nominal shear strength 标称抗剪强度
web steel 腹筋
strength-reduction factor 强度折减系数
conservatism 保守主义
conservative 保守的
failure mode 破坏方式
support reactions 支座反力
effective depth有效高度
tensile-steel ratio 受拉钢筋配筋率
provision 条文（复数provisions）
longitudinal spacing 纵向间距
yield strength 屈服强度
concrete –joist 混凝土密肋
flange 翼缘
web width 腹板宽
elsewhere 其他部位
dowel action 销栓作用
initiate 开始
Lesson 18
torsion 扭转
torsional strength 抗扭强度
longitudinal splitting 纵向劈裂
torque 扭矩
spiral 螺旋的
in actuality 实际上
upon cracking 一旦开裂
torsional resistance 抗扭力
cracking torque 开裂扭矩
torque-twist curve 扭矩-扭转曲线
twist 扭转
potential failure surface 可能的破坏面
be bounded by……以……为边界inclination 倾角
plain 素的、不配筋的
legs （箍筋的）肢
twisting couple 扭转力偶yield point 屈服点
lever 杠杆
lever arm 力臂
identical 相同的
analytically 解析地、分析地
primarily 主要地
chief 主要的
anchors 锚固
vand 成立
最外纤维outer fibers
平衡原理reasons of equilibrium
平平剪应力equilibrating horizontal shear stresses
应力轨迹stress trajectories
水平弯曲应力horizontal bending stresses
斜向拉伸diagonal tension
Stratum n. 层、地层（layer）soil stratum
Pile n. 桩
Caisson n. 沉箱
Strap n. 条、带
Column n. 柱（interior column 柱；exterior column 外柱）Capital n. 柱顶、柱头Perimeter n. 周围、圆周Concentrically ad.同心的、同轴的Eccentrically ad.偏心的Compacted ad.密实的、夯实的Settle n. 沉降
Total settlement 总沉降
Differential settlement 不均匀沉降Bearing pressure 支承压力
Allowable bearing pressure 地基承载力Spread foundation 扩基础
Beam-and-girder floor 肋形楼盖
Coarse-grained soils 粗颗粒土（砂土）Clay soils 粘土
Compressible soils 压缩性土
Wall footing 墙基础
Column footing 柱基础
Single-column footing 单柱基础（独立柱基础）
Combined footing 复试基础、联合基础Strap footing 条形基础
Mat foundation 板式基础、满堂基础
Raft foundation 浮筏基础
Lesson 22 steps in structure design process
Esthetics n. 美学
Dominate vt.高耸、于之上Amplification n. 增大、放大
Aerodynamic a. 空气动力学的
Response n. 反应、响应
Phase n.方面、相位
Revise vt. 校正、修正
Secondary a. 补充的
Inelastic a.非弹性的
Functional requirements 功能要求
Structure and loading 结构与荷载
Cost of the structure 造价
Loading conditions 荷载条件
Preliminary design 初步设计
Allowable stress design 允许应力设计（方
法）
Analysis 分析
Selection of section 截面选择
（section modulus截面模量；
plastic modulus塑性模量）
Secondary design items 次要设计项目
Local buckling 局部屈曲
Deflections 扰度
Stiffness 刚度
Brittle fracture 脆断
Lesson 23
干扰，效应disturbance
定位orientation
仓库warehouse
不规则的，不平的uneven
跨度，排架间距bay
定性的quantitative
校正adjustment
恒载dead load
活荷载live load
地震效应seismic disturbance
吊车运动crane movement
多层建筑multi-story building
最大正力矩maximum positive moment
第26课：
刚架rigid frame
容许应力设计法allowable stress design
塑性理论设计法plastic design
规specification
标准criteria
极限承载能力ultimate load capacity
无限塑流unrestrained plastic flow 韧性ductility
稳定性stability
弹性分析elastic analysis
塑性分析plastic analysis
弯矩重分布moment redistribution
临界设计弯矩cristical design moment
等截面横梁rafer of constant section 加腋，加托臂haunch
叠加，重合superposition
安全储备margin of safety
破坏形式failure mode
结构性能structural behavior
塑性抗弯强度plastic bending strength 非弹性失稳inelastic instability
在弯曲平面in the plane of bending
在弯曲平面外out of the plane of bending 横向扭转屈曲lateral-torsional buckling 局部压屈local buckling
侧移sidesway
lesson 27
残余的，残留的residual 疲劳（乏），视疲劳fatigue
有关的，相应的pertinent
钢结构构件structural steel member
框架frames
钢材性能properties of steel
规specifications
容许应力stress design
塑性理论plastic design concepts
受拉构件tension member
平板组合梁plate girders
受压构件compression members
扭转效应effect of torsion
侧向屈曲lateral buckling
失稳instability
残余应力residual stress
安全系数factor of safety
Lesson 28
high-rise buildings 高层建筑
scarcity 不足
evolves out of 来自于
interpretation 理解解释
bulky 庞大的
isolated 孤立的
integral part 整体的、不可分割的部分
multilevel 多层次的
versus 对……与……比较
inhabitant 居住者
ecological 生态学的
urbanization 城市化
migrate 迁移
density 密度
lightweight steel cage structure 轻质钢架结
构
congestion 拥挤
an organic interaction system 相互制约的有
机体
interaction交互作用
skyscraper 摩天大楼
economically feasible 经济合理的
zoning regulations 分区规划条例
of utmost importance 极度重要
visualize 设想
dead-end 死胡同
lobby 前厅走廊；游说
plazas 广场
support facilities 配套设施
utilities 公共事业
sewage 下水道
scale 规模
intricate 错综复杂的
systematic programming 系统的规划
urban context = urban environment
metropolitan area 大都市dehumanizing 不符合人类天性的
put aside 束之高阁
take initiative to do sth. 更主动地去做某事
Lesson 29 Sail Shell
Lesson 30 Cable Structure
帆形薄壳sail shell
非对称荷载asymmetrical load
轻质结构light-weight construction
可充气薄膜pneumatic membrane
缆索结构cable skeleton
壳体结构shell structure doubleheaded vectors
cylindrical shell
longitudinal bending moment
悬索结构cable structure
悬链线catenary
抛物线parabola
共面coplanar
空间系统spatial system
三维曲线three-dimensional curve
互反曲面anticlastic surface
同向曲面synclastic surface
母线generatrix
桥塔pylon 等距in equal step geodesic-shell structure