英语语法之倒装句
英语语法之倒装句
完全倒装
表示地点的副词here, there 置于句首, 且主语是名词(不是代词) 时
表示时间、方向的副词或介词短语置于句首, 且主语是名词(不是代词) 时
作表语的形容词、分词、介词短语、such 置于句首时
部分倒装
“only+状语”置于句首, 主句需要部分倒装
具有否定意义或半否定意义的副词以及含否定词的介词短语置于句首作状语时
“so或neither + 助动词/情态动词/be 动词+主语”表示“……也/也不”
so/such...that...句型
以had/were/should 开头省略if 的虚拟条件句
形式倒装
感叹句
the more...the more...句型
whatever 或however 引导的让步状语从句
as /though 引导的让步状语从句
考点一倒装句
一、完全倒装(Full Inversion)
谓语部分完全放在主语之前的句子,便是完全倒装句。
1.副词、介词短语类:
①表示地点的副词here, there 置于句首, 且主语是名词(不是代词) , 需用完全倒装, 其形式为: There/Here+谓语+主语。常用于此句型的谓语动词为be, go, come, exist, follow, remain, lie等, 时态要用一般现在时。
There goes the last bus.末班公共汽车开走了。
Here is the address of your hotel.这里就是你宾馆的地址。
There goes the bell for break.下课铃响了。
Here you are.给你。(代词作主语, 不倒装)
②表示时间的副词(如: now, then 等) 、运动方向的副词(如:out, in, up, down, away 等) 及表示地点的介词短语置于句首, 且主语是名词(不是代词) , 需用完全倒装, 其形式为: 副词或介词短语+谓语+主语。常用于此句型的谓语动词为come, fall, follow,exist, lie, go, remain, run 等, 时态为一般现在时或一般过去时。
Now comes your turn! 现在该你了!
Up went the arrow into the air.箭直射向空中。
Under the table sleeps a white cat.在桌子下面睡着一只白色的猫。
Behind the counter he stood. 他站在柜台后面。(代词作主语, 不倒装)
2.表语类:
为了保持句子平衡或强调表语部分等, 将作表语的形容词、分词、介词短语、such 置于句首时, 需用完全倒装, 其形式为: 形容词/现在分词/过去分词/介词短语/such+be+主语。
Happy are those who are contented.知足者常乐。
Growing all over the mountain are wild flowers.漫山遍野长满了野花。
Seated on the ground are a group of young people.席地而坐的是一群年轻人。
Inside the parcel was a letter.包裹里有封信。
Such were his words.( = Such was what he said.)这就是他说的话。
二、部分倒装(Partial Inversion)
把be 动词、助动词或情态动词置于主语之前的句子叫部分倒装句。这类句型主要有下面几种:
1.only 修饰副词、介词短语或状语从句, 且放在句首时。
Only in this way can we learn English well.
只有用这种方法我们才能学好英语。
使用特点:
(1) 在部分倒装句中, 如果谓语部分无助动词, 则需找助动词来“帮助”构成倒装句。
(x) Only after the war learned he the sad news.
(√) Only after the war did he learn the sad news.
只是在战后他才得知那个不幸的消息。
(2) only 修饰状语从句时, 从句不可倒装, 主句倒装。
(x) Only when did he return we found out the truth.
(√) Only when he returned did we find out the truth.
只是当他回来的时候, 我们才查明了真相。
(3) only 修饰主语时, 句子不可倒装。
(x) Only can he answer the question.
(√) Only he can answer the question.只有他能回答这个问题。
题组训练单句填空
①(2014 湖南,29) Only when you can find peace in your heart will you keep good relationships with others.
②(2012 天津, 6) Only after Mary read her composition the second time did she notice the spelling mistake.
2. 否定词never, nor, not, hardly, little, seldom, scarcely,rarely 及表否定意义的介词短语at no time, under/in no circumstances, in no case, by no means, on no condition 等置于句首时。
Never before have I seen such a moving film. = I have neverseen such a moving film before.
以前我从未看过这么感人的电影。
Not a single mistake did he make. = He didn't make a single mistake.
他一个错误也没犯。
Hardly do I think it possible to finish the work before dark.= I hardly think it possible to finish the work before dark.
我认为在天黑之前完成这项工作几乎是不可能的。
题组训练单句填空
③(2013 辽宁, 26) At no time did they actually break the rules of the game. It was unfair to punish them.
3.六个重要的固定句型:
(1) “so+be 动词/助动词/情态动词+主语”意为“……也是如此”。
They love having lots of friends; so do those with disabilities.他们喜欢交很多朋友, 那些身有残疾的人也是如此。
使用特点:
①此句型也可写成“it is /was the same with...”或“so it is /waswith...”。
They love having lots of friends;
it is the same with those with disabilities.
so it is with those with disabilities.
②如果仅是对前面内容的肯定或附和(此时的so = indeed) ,那么, 句子不可使用倒装。试比较:
A: I was afraid.(I 指的是A)
B: So was I.(I 指的是B, 此句意为: I was afraid, too.)
A: 我害怕。B: 我也是。
A: I was afraid.(I 指的是A)
B: So you were. (you 指的也是A。此句意为: Indeed youwere afraid.)
A: 我害怕。B: 你就是这样。
(2) “neither/nor+ be 动词/助动词/情态动词+ 主语”意为“……也不这样”。
Lily can't ride a bicycle; neither/nor can Lucy.
莉莉不会骑自行车, 露西也不会。
使用特点:
①此句型也可写成“it is /was the same with...”或“so it is /was with...”。
Lily can't ride a bicycle;
it is the same with Lucy.
so it is with Lucy.
②此句型中的neither/nor 不可用so...not 替代, 但可用not...either 改写。
(x) I have never been abroad.So hasn't he.
(√) I have never been abroad.Neither/Nor has he.
(√) I have never been abroad.He has never/not been abroad,either.
我没出过国。他也没有。
(3)如此……以至于……
So+adj. /adv. ...that...
Such+(a/an+) adj. +n. ...that...
So clearly does he speak English that he can always make himself understood.
他说英语说得如此清晰, 以至于别人都能听得懂。
Such an interesting book does he have that we all want to read it.
他有一本如此有趣的书, 以至于我们都想读。
使用特点:
在这个句型中, so, such 后面的句子要倒装, 而that 引导的从句不倒装。
(4) Neither..., nor...意为“……不……, ……也不……”。
Neither do I know it, nor do I care about it.
我不知道这件事, 也不关心。
使用特点:
由于neither 和nor 都是否定词, 所以它们后面的句子均需倒装。
(5) Not only...but also...意为“不仅……而且……”。
Not only will help be given to people to find jobs, but also medical treatment will be provided for people who need it.
不仅要给那些找工作的人提供帮助, 而且也要给那些有需要的人提供药物治疗。
使用特点:
此句型也可写成Not only...but...或Not only...but...as well 的形式, 但but(also) 连接的句子必需用正常语序。
(6) Not until...意为“直到……才……”。
Not until 4:00 in the morning could he fall asleep.
直到早晨4 点他才睡着。
Not until he returned did we have supper.
直到他回来我们才吃晚饭。
但是: Not until did he return we had supper.(x)
使用特点:
not until 引导的是从句时, until 从句的主谓不可倒装, 只是主句需要倒装。
题组训练单句填空
④Jane won't join us for dinner tonight and Tom won't either .
⑤Not until he left his home did he begin to know how important the family was for him.
三、形式倒装(Formal Inversion)
形式上的倒装在语法上称为前置。它的特点是: 只把强调的内容提至句首, 主谓并不倒装。这样的结构非常多, 但有几个重要的句型需要特别注意:
1 .感叹句
What an interesting talk they had!
他们进行了一次多么有趣的谈话呀!
How interesting their talk is!
他们的谈话多么有趣呀!
使用特点:
对名词(或中心词是名词) 感叹时, 用what 引出; 对形容词或副词感叹时, 用how 引出。
2.the more..., the more...句型
The more you listen to English, the easier it becomes.
你听英语听得越多, 它就变得越简单。
使用特点:
(1) 此句型中的more 代表的是形容词或副词的比较级, 要灵活使用。
The harder you work, the greater progress you will make.
你学习越努力, 取得的进步就越大。
(2) 此句型中的第一个the more 引导的部分相当于一个条件状语从句; 第二个the more 引导的部分相当于一个主句。所以, 上面例句的意思实质上就是: If you work harder, you will makegreater progress.
3.however, whatever 引导的让步状语从句
(1) “however+adj. /adv. ”引导的让步状语从句
However difficult the problem may be, we must work it out this evening.
无论这个问题可能会有多难, 今晚我们必须解决它。
(2) “whatever+n. ”引导的让步状语从句
Whatever reasons you have, you should carry out your promise.
无论你有什么理由, 你都应当履行诺言。
4.as, though 引导让步状语从句时采用形式倒装的情况
(1) 表语的倒装
Tired as/though he was, he still went on with his work.
尽管很累, 他还是继续工作。
Strange as/though it seems, it is true.
尽管看上去奇怪, 这事却是真的。
Exhausted as/though she was, she wasn't able to sleep.
尽管筋疲力尽, 但她还是睡不着觉。
注意: 如果是单数名词或形容词的最高级作表语, 不再用冠词。
Youngest as/though he is in our class, he speaks English best.
他虽然是我们班年龄最小的, 但他英语说得最好。
(2) 谓语动词的倒装
Try as he might, he didn't pass the exam.
尽管很用功, 但他考试还是不及格。
Search as they would here and there, they could find nothing in the room.
尽管到处寻找, 但他们在房间里找不到任何东西。
注意: 行为动词前置时, 从句主语后面要用may, might, can,could, will, would 等情态动词, 若没有情态动词, 则需加上一个do(does 或did) 。若前置的行为动词是及物动词, 则其宾语也随其后一并提前。
Change your mind as /though you do, you will get no help from us.
即使你改变主意, 你也得不到我们的帮助。
(3) 状语的倒装
Much as he likes the bike, he doesn't want to buy it.
虽然他很喜欢那辆自行车, 但他不想买它。
Hard as I studied, I could not catch up with them.
我虽然学习努力, 但还是赶不上他们。
题组训练单句填空
⑥What an interesting role she played in the film! No wonder she has won an Oscar.
⑦In recent years travel companies have succeeded in selling us the idea that the further we go, the better (good) our holiday will be.
⑧Strange as /though it might sound, his idea was accepted by all the people at the meeting.