1996考研英语一阅读理解逐句翻译

1、Tight-lipped elders used to say, “It`s not what you want in this world, but what you get.”出言谨慎的年长者过去总说：“重要的不是在这个世界上你想要什么，而是你得到了什么。”

1.1 tight-lipped英/'tait'lipt/ 美/'tait'lipt/adj. 守口如瓶的；紧闭嘴巴的；寡言的

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1、Psychology teaches that you do get what you want if you know what you want and want the right things.心理学教导人们，如果你知道自己需要什么、并且要求合理，你就能得到它。

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1、You can make a mental blueprint of a desire as you would make a blueprint of a house, and each of us is continually making these blueprints in the general routine of everyday living. 你可以在头脑里勾画出愿望的蓝图，如同设计房屋的蓝图一样。而我们每个人在日常生活中都在不停地勾画着这样的愿望蓝图。

1.1 blueprint英/'blu?pr?nt/ 美/'bl?'pr?nt/n. 蓝图，设计图；计划vt. 计划；制成蓝图

2、If we intend to have friends to dinner, we plan the menu, make a shopping list, decide which food to cook first, and such planning is an essential for any type of meal to be served. 比方说，想请朋友吃晚餐，我们就会筹划菜谱、列购物单、决定先煮什么菜等，这样的筹划对于举行任何形式的宴请都是必不可少的。

2.1 essential英/?'sen?(?)l/ 美/?'s?n?l/n. 本质；要素；要点；必需品adj. 基本的；必要的；本质的；精华的

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1、Likewise, if you want to find a job, take a sheet of paper, and write a brief account of yourself. 2.1同样，如果你想找一份工作，那就拿一张纸，写一份对自我的简单描述吧。 1.1 account英/?'ka?nt/ 美/?'ka?nt/n. 账户；解释；账目，账单；理由；描述vt. 认为；把…视为vi. 解释；导致；报账

2、In making a blueprint for a job, begin with yourself, for when you know exactly what you have to offer, you can intelligently plan where to sell your services.为找工作制订计划蓝图时，要从你自己开始，因为只有当确切知道你可以提供什么服务时，你才能明智地筹划到哪儿去推销它们。

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1、This account of yourself is actually a sketch of your working life and should include education, experience and references. 对自我的描述实际上是对你的职业生涯的简介，它应包括教育背景、经验和证明材料。

1.1 sketch英/sket?/ 美/sk?t?/n. 素描；略图；梗概vt. 画素描或速写vi. 画素描或速写

2、Such an account is valuable. It can be referred to in filling out standard application blanks and is extremely helpful in personal interviews. 这样的描述是很有价值的，在填写标准的申请表格时可作为参照，在面试时更是尤为有用。

3、While talking to you, your could-be employer is deciding whether your education, your experience, and other qualifications, will pay him to employ you and your “ware s” and abilities must be displayed in an orderly and reasonably connected manner. 在与你面谈时，你未来的雇主将根据你的教育背景、经验和其他的资历来确定雇用你是否值得，因此你必须把你“待售的物品”和能力以有序而合理连贯的方式呈现出来。

3.1 ware英/we?(r)/ 美/wer/n. 陶器，器皿；制品；器具；货物vt. 留心；小心

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1、When you have carefully prepared a blueprint of your abilities and desires, you have something tangible to sell. 当你为自己的能力和愿望仔细地筹划了一幅蓝图后，你就有实在的东西可以推销了。

1.1 tangible英/'t?n(d)??b(?)l/ 美/'t?nd??bl/n. 有形资产adj. 有形的；切实的；可触摸的

2、Then you are ready to hunt for a job. Get all the possible information about your could-be job. Make inquiries as to the details regarding the job and the firm. Keep your eyes and ears open, and use your own judgment.那时你就准备去找工作，先搜集所有与你可能选择的工作相关的信息，对工作和公司的详情进行调查，留心看，留意听，使用你的判断力。

2.1 inquiry 英/?n'kwa?r?/ 美/?n'kwa?ri; '?n,kwa?ri; '?nkw?ri; '??kwa?ri/n. 探究；调查；质询

3、Spend a certain amount of time each day seeking the employment you wish for, and keep in mind: Securing a job is your job now. 每天花一定的时间寻找你想要的工作，请记住：找工作就是你现在的工作。

1、With the start of BBC World Service Television, millions of viewers in Asia and America can now watch the Corporation`s news coverage, as well as listen to it.随着BBC（英国广播公司）国际电视频道的开播，现在亚洲和美洲数以百万计的人不仅可以听到广播，也能看到它的电视新闻报道了。 1.1 corporation英/k??p ?'re??(?)n/ 美/,k?rp?'re??n/n. 公司；法人（团体）；社团；大腹便便；市政当局

1.2 coverage英/'k?v(?)r?d?/ 美/'k?v?r?d?/n. 覆盖，覆盖范围；新闻报道

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1、And of course in Britain listeners and viewers can tune in to two BBC television channels, five BBC national radio services and dozens of local radio stations. 当然，英国听众和观众可以收到两个BBC电视频道，五个BBC全国广播电台和几十个地方电台。

1.1 tune in收听；调谐；使…协调dozens of几十；许多

1.2 dozen 英/'d?z(?)n/ 美/'d?zn/n. 十二个，一打adj. 一打的

2、They are brought sport, comedy, drama, music, news and current affairs, education, religion, parliamentary coverage, children`s programmes and films for an annual license fee of ￡83 per household. 每户每年交83英镑的收视费便可收看体育、喜剧、戏剧、音乐、新闻时事、教育、宗教、议会报道、儿童节目及电影。

2.1 parliamentary英/,pɑ?l?'ment(?)r?/ 美/,pɑrl?'m?ntri/adj. 议会的；国会的；议会制度的Paragraph 3

1、It is a remarkable record, stretching back over 70 years -- yet the BBC`s future is now in doubt. 延续七十多年，BBC可谓历程辉煌，然而现在，BBC的未来却令人疑虑。

1.1 stretch英/stret?/ 美/str?t?/vt. 伸展张开；（大量地）使用，消耗（金钱，时间）；使竭尽所能；使全力以赴；n. 伸展，延伸vi. 伸展；足够买（或支付）stretch back 回溯到

2、The Corporation will survive as a publicly-funded broadcasting organization, at least for the time being, but its role, its size and its programmes are now the subject of a nation-wide debate in Britain. 虽然至少目前，它仍可以以公办广播机构的身份生存下去，但它的作用、规模和节目类型却成了全英国争论的话题。

2.1 at least for the time being至少现在是

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1、The debate was launched by the Government, which invited anyone with an opinion of the BBC -- including ordinary listeners and viewers -- to say what was good or bad about the Corporation, and even whether they thought it was worth keeping. 英国政府发起了这场讨论，它邀请每一位对BBC有看法的人——包括普通的听众和观众——对公司好坏进行评说，甚至可以评说他们是否认为公司值得办下去。

1.1 ordinary英/'??d?n(?)r?; -d(?)n-/ 美/'?rdn?ri/n. 普通；平常的人（或事）adj. 普通的；平凡的；平常的

2、The reason for its inquiry is that the BBC`s royal charter runs out in 1996 and it must decide whether to keep the organization as it is, or to make changes. 这样做的原因是BBC所持的皇家特许证于1996年到期，政府必须决定是让公司维持原状还是进行变革。 2.1 inquiry英/?n'kwa?r?/ 美/?n'kwa?ri/n. 探究；调查；质询The reason for its inquiry is that其调查的原因是

2.2 royal英/'r???l/ 美/'r???l/n. 王室；王室成员adj. 皇家的；女王的；高贵的；第一流的Royal Charter 皇家宪章（英国法律）

2.3 charter英/'t?ɑ?t?/ 美/'t?ɑrt?/n. 宪章；执照；特许状vt. 特许；包租；发给特许执照Paragraph 5

1、Defenders of the Corporation -- of whom there are many -- are fond of quoting the American slogan“If it ain`t broke, don`t fix it.” 公司的捍卫者为数不少，他们喜欢引用美国的广告口号：“如果没坏（broke），就不要修。”

1.1 quote 英/kw??t/ 美/kwot/n. 引用vi. 报价；引用；引证vt. 报价；引述；举证

1.2 slogan英/'sl??g(?)n/ 美/'slog?n/n. 标语；呐喊声

2、The BBC “ain`t broke,” they say, by which they mean it is not broken (as distinct from the word ‘broke`, meaning having no money), so why bother to change it? 这里说英国广播公司还没有“broke”，意思相当于既然没有“broken”（跨掉）（它区别于broke的意思，broke表示“没有钱”），那为什么还要自找麻烦去改变它呢？(长难句④)

2.1 distinct英/d?'st??(k)t/ 美/d?'st??kt/adj. 明显的；独特的；清楚的；有区别的

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1、Yet the BBC will have to change, because the broadcasting world around it is changing. 然而BBC将不得不进行变革，因为周围的广播世界正发生变化。

2、The commercial TV channels –ITV and Channel 4 -- were required by the Thatcher Government`s Broadcasting Act to become more commercial, competing with each other for advertisers, and cutting costs and jobs. 商业电视频道——ITV和第四频道——应撒切尔政府广播法案的要求进一步商业化，彼此竞争广告业务，降低成本，裁减劳务。

2.1 commercial英/k?'m???(?)l/ 美/k?'m???l/n. 商业广告adj. 商业的；营利的；靠广告收入的

3、But it is the arrival of new satellite channels -- funded partly by advertising and partly by viewers` subscription s -- which will bring about the biggest changes in the long term. 但从长远来看会引起最大变化的是新的卫星频道的出现，它们的部分资金来自广告收入，部分来自用户收视费。

3.1 arrival英/?'ra?v(?)l/ 美/?'ra?v?l/n. 到来；到达；到达者

3.2 satellite英/'s?t?la?t/ 美/'s?t?la?t/n. 卫星；人造卫星；随从；卫星国家

3.3 subscription英/s?b'skr?p?(?)n/ 美/s?b'skr?p??n/n. 捐献；订阅；订金；签署

1996 Text 3

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1、In the last half of the nineteenth century “capital” and “labour” were enlarging and perfecting their rival organizations on modern lines. Many an old firm was replaced by a limited liability company with a bureaucracy of salaried managers. 19世纪后半叶，“资方”和“劳方”按现代方式不断扩大并各自完善相互对立的组织。许多旧式企业被有限责任公司所取代，由领薪经理构成其管理机构。

1.1 rival英/'ra?vl/ 美/'ra?vl/n. 对手；竞争者adj. 竞争的vt. 与…竞争；比得上某人vi. 竞争

1.2 liability英/la??'b?l?t?/ 美/'la??'b?l?ti/n. 责任；债务；倾向；可能性；不利因素

1.3 bureaucracy英/,bj?(?)'r?kr?s?/ 美/bj?'rɑkr?si/n. 官僚主义；官僚机构；官僚政治

2、The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large professional element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders. 这种变革通过聘用大量专业人员来适应新时代的技术要求，并防止了效率的降低，而在过去这种低效率使得许多旧式家族企业在精力充沛的创业者之后的第二、三代手中破产倒闭。

2.1 engage英/?n'ge?d?; en-/ 美/?n'ɡed?/vi. 从事；参与；答应，保证；交战；啮合vt. 吸引，占用；使参加；雇佣；使订婚；预定

2.2 element英/'el?m(?)nt/ 美/'?l?m?nt/n. 元素；要素；原理；成分；自然环境

3、It was moreover a step away from individual initiative, towards collectivism and municipal and state-owned business. The railway companies, though still private business managed for the benefit of shareholders, were very unlike old family business. 且这也是公司摆脱个体创造力，向集体化和市营、国营迈出的一步。铁路公司，虽然仍是为股东谋利的私有企业，但还是与旧家族企业大不相同了。

3.1 moreover英/m??r'??v?/ 美/m?r'ov?/adv. 而且；此外

4、At the same time the great municipalities went into business to supply lighting, trams and other services to the taxpayers. 而与此同时，大城市的市政府也开始涉足实业界，为纳税人提供照明、电车及其他服务。

4.1

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1、The growth of the limited liability company and municipal business had important consequences. 有限责任公司及市政企业的发展带来了重大变化。

1.1 municipal英/mj?'n?s?p(?)l/ 美/mju'n?s?pl/adj. 市政的，市的；地方自治的

2、Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business. 对资本与企业的如此大规模的非个人操纵大大地增加了持股人作为一个阶层的数量及其重要性。他们在国民生活中代表着不承担责任的财富，与土地及土地所有者责任相分离，几乎也同样与企业的经营责任相分离。

2.1 manipulation英/m?,n?pj?'le??(?)n/ 美/m?,n?pj?'le??n/n. 操纵；操作；处理；篡改

2.2 capital英/'k?p?t(?)l/ 美/'k?p?tl/n. 首都，省会；资金；大写字母；资本家adj. 首都的；重要的；大写的

2.3 element英/'el?m(?)nt/ 美/'?l?m?nt/n. 元素；要素；原理；成分；自然环境

2.4 irresponsible英/??r??sp?ns?bl/ 美/,?r?'spɑns?bl/adj. 不负责任的；不可靠的

2.5 detach英/d?'t?t?/ 美/d?'t?t?/vt. 分离；派遣；使超然

2.6 landowner英/'l?nd??n?/ 美/'l?ndon?/n. 地主，土地所有者

3、All through the nineteenth century, America, Africa, India, Australia and parts of Europe were being developed by British capital, and British shareholders were thus enriched by the world`s movement towards industrialization. 整个19世纪，美洲、非洲、印度、澳洲及欧洲的部分地区都是靠英国的资本发展起来，而英国股东则因世界性的工业化而大发其财。

3.1 industrialization英/in,d?stri?lai'zei??n, -li'z-/ 美/in,d?stri?lai'zei??n, -li'z-/n. 工业化

4、Towns like Bournemouth and Eastbourne sprang up to house large “comfortable” classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividend s and occasionally attending a shareholders` meeting to dictate their orders to the management.像伯恩茅斯和伊斯特本这样的城市的兴起，原因在于给大批“享乐”阶层提供居住场所，这些人不工作却有丰厚的收入，除了领取红利，偶尔参加股东会议向管理人员发号施令外，他们与外界几乎没有任何联系。

4.1 spring英/spr??/ 美/spr??/n. 春天；弹簧；泉水；活力；跳跃adj. 春天的vt. 使跳起；使爆炸；突然提出；使弹开vi. 生长；涌出；跃出；裂开spring up出现；涌现；萌芽

4.2 retire 英/r?'ta??/ 美/r?'ta??/n. 退休；退隐；退兵信号vi. 退休；撤退；退却vt. 退休；离开；收回

4.3 dividend英/'d?v?dend/ 美/'d?v?d?nd/n. 红利；股息；[数] 被除数；奖金

4.4 occasionally英/??ke??n?li/ 美/o'ke??n?li/adv. 偶尔；间或

5、On the other hand “shareholding” meant leisure and freedom which was used by many of the later Victorians for the highest purpose of a great civilization. 另一方面，“持股”就意味着悠闲和自由，维多利亚后期许多人视之为伟大文明的最高目标。

5.1 leisure英/'le??/ 美/'li??/n. 闲暇；空闲；安逸adj. 空闲的；有闲的；业余的

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1、The “shareholders” as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capital and labour was not good. 这种股东不了解他们所持股的公司里工人们的生活、思想和需求,他们对劳资关系也不会产生积极的影响。

2、The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away. 领取报酬后代表公司经营的经理与工人以及工人需求的关系更加直接，但甚至他也不像正在被淘汰的旧式家族企业的家长制中的雇主那样熟悉了解工人的情况。

2.1 patriarchal英/pe?tr?'ɑ?k(?)l/ 美/,petr?'ɑrkl/adj. 家长的；族长的；由族长统治的

3、Indeed the mere size of operations and the numbers of workmen involved rendered such personal relations impossible. 的确，单就公司的经营规模和雇佣的工人数量而言，就使得建立这种私人关系不再可能。

3.1 render英/'rend?/ 美/'r?nd?/n. 打底；交纳；粉刷vt. 致使；提出；实施；着色；以…回报vi. 给予补偿

4、Fortunately, however, the increasing power and organization of the trade unions, at least in all skilled trades, enabled the workmen to meet on equal terms the managers of the companies who employed them. 然而，幸运的是，工会的势力和组织在日益壮大，至少在各个技术行业情况如此，这就使工人与雇用他们的公司经理们处于平等的地位。

5、The cruel discipline of the strike and lockout taught the two parties to respect each other`s strength and understand the value of fair negotiation.罢工和封厂的严酷惩罚使双方学会了互相尊重对方的力量，理解公正谈判的含义。

5.1 discipline英/'d?s?pl?n/ 美/'d?s?pl?n/n. 学科；纪律；训练；惩罚vt. 训练，训导；惩戒

5.2 fair英/fe?/ 美/f?r/n. 展览会；市集；美人adj. 公平的；美丽的，白皙的；[气象] 晴朗的vi. 转晴adv. 公平地；直接地；清楚地

5.3 negotiation英/n?g????'e??(?)n/ 美/n?,ɡo??'e??n/n. 谈判；转让；顺利的通过

1996 Text 4

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1、What accounts for the great outburst of major inventions in early America -- breakthroughs such as the telegraph, the steamboat and the weaving machine?在早期美国，像电报、汽船和织布机这样重大的发明突破纷涌而出，其原因何在？

1.1 outburst英/'a?tb??st/ 美/'a?tb?st/n. （火山、情感等的）爆发；破裂

1.2 major英/'me?d??/ 美/'med??/n. [人类] 成年人；主修科目；陆军少校adj. 主要的；重要的；主修的；较多的vi. 主修

1.3 breakthrough英/'bre?kθru?/ 美/'brek'θr?/n. 突破；突破性进展

1.4 weave 英/wi?v/ 美/wiv/vi. 纺织；编成；迂回行进vt. 编织；编排；使迂回前进n. 织物；织法；编织式样

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1、Among the many shaping factors, I would single out the country`s excellent elementary schools: a labor force that welcomed the new technology; the practice of giving premiums to inventors; and above all the American genius for nonverbal, “spatial” thinking about things technological.在诸多形成因素中，我想特别指出如下因素：这个国家优异的小学教育；欢迎新技术的劳动大军；对发明者进行奖励的做法；尤其是美国人在处理技术性事物时所具有的非语言的空间思维才能。（佳句②）

1.1 shaping英/'?e?p??/ 美/?ep??/n. 塑造；成形v. 塑造（shape的ing形式）；（使）成形adj. 塑造的；成形的

1.2 elementary英/el?'ment(?)r?/ 美/,?l?'m?ntri/adj. 基本的；初级的；[化学] 元素的

1.3 premium英/'pri?m??m/ 美/'prim??m/n. 额外费用；奖金；保险费;(商)溢价adj. 高价的；优质的

1.4 nonverbal英/n?n'v??b?l/ 美/,nɑn'v?bl/adj. 不用语言的；不用动词的

1.5 spatial英/'spe??(?)l/ 美/'spe?l/adj. 空间的；存在于空间的；受空间条件限制的

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1、Why mention the elementary schools? Because thanks to these schools our early mechanic s, especially in the New England and Middle Atlantic states, were generally literate and at home in arithmetic and in some aspects of geometry and trigonometry. 为什么要提小学教育？正是因为有了这些学校，我们的早期技工才普遍能读会写，并精通算术及部分几何和三角，（长难句①）这种情况在新英格兰和大西洋中部各州尤为可见。

1.1 mechanic英/m?'k?n?k/ 美/m?'k?n?k/n. 技工，机修工adj. 手工的

1.2 arithmetic英/?'r?θm?t?k/ 美/?'r?θm?t?k/n. 算术，算法

1.3 geometry英/d??'?m?tr?/ 美/d??'ɑm?tri/n. 几何学,几何结构

1.4 trigonometry英/,tr?g?'n?m?tr?/ 美/,tr?ɡ?'nɑm?tri/n. 三角法

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1、Acute foreign observers related American adaptiveness and inventiveness to this educational advantage. As a member of a British commission visiting here in 1853 reported, “With a mind prepared by thorough school discipline, the American boy develops rapidly int o the skilled workman.”目光敏锐的外国观察家把美国人的适应能力和创新能力与这种教育优势联系起来。正如1853 年访美的一个英国访问团成员所报道的那样，“由于有了学校彻底训练过的头脑，美国小伙子迅速地成为技术熟练的工人。”1.1 acute英/?'kju?t/ 美/?'kjut/adj. 严重的，[医] 急性的；敏锐的；激烈的；尖声的

1.2 commission英/k?'m??(?)n/ 美/k?'m???n/n. 委员会；佣金；犯；委任；委任状vt. 委任；使服役；委托制作

1.3 discipline英/'d?s?pl?n/ 美/'d?s?pl?n/n. 学科；纪律；训练；惩罚vt. 训练，训导；惩戒Paragraph 5

1、A further stimulus to invention came from the “premium” system, which preceded our patent system and for years ran parallel with it. This approach, originated abroad, offered inventors medal s, cash prizes and other incentives.推动发明的另一刺激因素来自“奖赏”制度，它产生于我们的专利制度之前，且多年来与后者一同实施。这种做法起源于国外，做法是为发明者颁发奖章、奖金和其他奖励。

1.1stimulus英/'st?mj?l?s/ 美/'st?mj?l?s/n. 刺激；激励；刺激物

1.2 precede英/pr?'si?d/ 美/pr?'sid/vt. 领先，在…之前；优于，高于vi. 领先，在前面

1.3 patent英/'p?t(?)nt; 'pe?t(?)nt/ 美/'p?tnt/n. 专利权；执照；专利品adj. 专利的；新奇的；显然的vt. 授予专利；取得…的专利权

1.4 parallel英/'p?r?lel/美/'p?r?l?l/n. 平行线；对比adj. 平行的；类似的，相同的vt. 使…与…平行

1.5 medal英/'med(?)l/ 美/'m?dl/n. 勋章，奖章；纪念章

1.6 incentive英/?n'sent?v/ 美/?n's?nt?v/n. 动机；刺激adj. 激励的；刺激的

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1、In the United States, multitudes of premiums for new devices were awarded at country fairs and at the industrial fairs in major cities. Americans flocked to these fairs to admire the new machines and thus to renew their faith in the beneficence of technological advance. 在美国，大量奖励新发明的奖品在乡村集市和大城市的工业博览会上颁发。美国人纷纷涌向这些集市和博览会去欣赏新机器，因而更加坚信技术进步会造福人类。（长难句③）

1.1 fair英/fe?/ 美/f?r/n. 展览会；市集；美人adj. 公平的；美丽的，白皙的；[气象] 晴朗的vi. 转晴adv. 公平地；直接地；清楚地

1.2 flock英/fl?k/ 美/flɑk/n. 群；棉束（等于floc）vi. 聚集；成群而行vt. 用棉束填满Paragraph 7

1、Given this optimistic approach to technological innovation, the American worker took readily to that special kind of nonverbal thinking required in mechanical technology.

2、As Eugene Ferguson has pointed out, “A technologist thinks about objects that cannot be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions: they are dealt with in his mind by a visual, nonverbal process... The designer and the inventor...are able to assemble and manipulate in their minds devices that as yet do not exist.”有了这种对技术革新的乐观态度，美国工人很快便习惯了机械技术需要的那种特别的非语言的思维方式。正如尤金〃弗格森曾指出的：“技术人员思考那些不能被简化为用明确的语言进行描述的物体；这些物体在他的头脑中以视觉性的、非语言性的方式被处理加工…设计者和发明者…能把那些尚不存在的机械在头脑中组装和操作。”

2.1 unambiguous英/?n?m'b?gj??s/ 美/'?n?m'b?gj??s/adj. 不含糊的；清楚的；明白的

2.2 assemble英/?'semb(?)l/ 美/?'s?mbl/vt. 集合，聚集；装配；收集vi. 集合，聚集

2.3 manipulate英/m?'n?pj?le?t/ 美/m?'n?pjulet/vt. 操纵；操作；巧妙地处理；篡改

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1、This nonverbal “spatial” thinking can be just as creative as painting and writing. 这种非语言的空间思维方式与绘画和写作一样具有创意。

1.1 creative英/kri?'e?t?v/ 美/kr?'et?v/adj. 创造性的

2、Robert Fulton once wrote, “The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheels, etc., like a poet among the letters of the alphabet, considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmit s a new idea.”罗伯特〃法欧曾写道：“技术人员坐在杠杆、螺钉、楔子、轮子等中间，如同一位诗人处在词汇之中，应该把它们看做是自己思想的一种表达，每一个新的组合都能传达一个新的意念。”

2.1 lever英/'li?v?/ 美/'l?v?/n. 杠杆；控制杆vt. 用杠杆撬动；把…作为杠杆vi. 用杠杆撬

2.2 screw英/skru?/ 美/skru/n. 螺旋；螺丝钉；吝啬鬼vt. 旋，拧；压榨；强迫vi. 转动，拧

2.3 wedge英/wed?/ 美/w?d?/n. 楔子；导致分裂的东西vt. 楔入；挤进；楔住vi. 楔入；挤进

2.4 wheel英/wi?l/ 美/wil/n. 车轮；方向盘；转动vt. 转动；使变换方向；给…装轮子vi. 旋转；突然转变方向；盘旋飞行

2.5 exhibition英/?eks??b??n/ 美/??ks??b???n/n. 展览，显示；展览会；展览品

2.6 arrangement英/?'re?n(d)?m(?)nt/ 美/?'rend?m?nt/n. 布臵；整理；准备

2.7 transmit英/tr?nz'm?t; trɑ?nz-; -ns-/ 美/tr?nz?m?t/vt. 传输；传播；发射；传达；遗传vi. 传输；发射信号

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1、When all these shaping forces -- schools, open attitudes, the premium system, a genius for spatial thinking -- interacted with one another on the rich U.S. mainland, they produced that American characteristic, emulation. 当所有这些成因——学校、开放的态度、奖赏制度及空间思维天赋在富饶的美国大陆上相互作用时，便造就了美国人的特点——竞争。

1.1 interacted adj. 互相作用的vi. 相互作用（interact的过去式和过去分词）

1.2 emulation英/,emj?'le???n/ 美/,?mj?'le??n/n. [计] 仿真；竞争；效法

2、Today that word implies mere imitation. But in earlier times it meant a friendly but competitive striving for fame and excellence.今天这个词仅表示“模仿”（取其仿效之意），而在早期美国，它却意味着为名誉和优秀而进行友好、竞争的拼搏。

2.1 imitation英/?m?'te??(?)n/ 美/,?m?'te??n/n. 模仿，仿造；仿制品adj. 人造的，仿制的

1996 Text 5

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1、Rumor has it that more than 20 books on creationism/evolution are in the publisher`s pipeline s. A few have already appeared. 有传言说，有20多本关于创世论与进化论之争的书即将出版，其中有几本已经面世。

1.1 pipeline 英/'pa?pla?n/ 美/'pa?pla?n/n. 管道；输油管；传递途径

2、The goal of all will be to try to explain to a confused and often unenlightened citizenry that there are not two equally valid scientific theories for the origin and evolution of universe and life. 出版所有这些书的目的是试图告诉那些迷惑不解且常常头脑不开化的普通百姓：就宇宙和生命的起源与发展问题而言，不可能存在两种同样成立的科学理论。

2.1 unenlightened英/?n?n'la?t(?)nd; -en-/ 美/,?n?n'la?tnd/adj. 落后的；无知的；未受启迪的

2.2 valid英/'v?l?d/ 美/'v?l?d/adj. 有效的；有根据的；合法的；正当的

3、Cosmology, geology, and biology have provided a consistent, unified, and constantly improving account of what happened. “Scientific” creationism, which is being pushed by some for “equal time” in the classrooms whenever the scientific accounts of evolution are given, is based on religion, not science. 对于所发生的一切，宇宙学、地质学、生物学已经提供了一贯的、统一的并且是在不断完善的解释。而“科学”创世论——当课堂上讲授进化论时，有些人就想争抢“相同的课时”来解释它——是基于宗教，而非科学的。

3.1 cosmology英/k?z'm?l?d??/ 美/kɑz'mɑl?d?i/n. [天] 宇宙论，[天] 宇宙学

3.2 geology英/d??'?l?d??/ 美/d??'ɑl?d?i/n. 地质学；地质情况

3.2 biology英/ba?'?l?d??/ 美/ba?'ɑl?d?i/n. （一个地区全部的）生物；生物学

3.3 consistent英/k?n's?st(?)nt/ 美/k?n's?st?nt/adj. 始终如一的，一致的；坚持的

3.4 unified英/'ju:nifaid/ 美/'ju:nifaid/adj. 统一的；一致标准的v. 统一；使一致（unify的过去分词）

3.5 constantly英/'k?nst(?)ntl?/ 美/'kɑnst?ntli/adv. 不断地；时常地

4、Virtually all scientists and the majority of non-fundamentalist religious leaders have come to regard “scientific” creationism as bad science and bad religion.实际上，所有科学家和大多数非原教旨主义宗教领袖们都已将“科学”创世论看作是拙劣的科学和拙劣的宗教。

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1、The first four chapters of Kitcher`s book give a very brief introduction to evolution. At appropriate places, he introduces the criticisms of the creationists and provides answers. 金切尔这本书的前四章简要地介绍了进化论。在适当的地方，作者引入了对创世论的非难并提供了回答。

2、In the last three chapters, he takes off his gloves and gives the creationists a good beating. He describes their programmes and tactics, and, for those unfamiliar with the ways of creationists, the extent of their deception and distortion may come as an unpleasant surprise. 在书的后三章，他毫不客气地对创世论者进行了猛烈抨击。他揭露了这些人的行动计划和骗人手段，对那些不了解创世论者惯用手法的人来说，其欺骗和歪曲事实的程度会令人感到气愤和震惊。

2.1 glove英/gl?v/ 美/ɡl?v/n. 手套vt. 给…戴手套

2.2 tactic英/'t?kt?k/ 美/'t?kt?k/n. 策略，战略adj. 按顺序的，依次排列的

2.3 extent英/?k'stent; ek-/ 美/?k'st?nt/n. 程度；范围；长度

2.4 deception英/d?'sep?(?)n/ 美/d?'s?p??n/n. 欺骗，欺诈；骗术

2.5 distortion英/d?'st???(?)n/ 美/d?s't?r??n/n. 变形；[物] 失真；扭曲；曲解

3、When their basic motivation is religious, one might have expected more Christian behavior. 由于他们的基本动机是宗教，人们原本还期待他们会做出更具基督精神的行为。

3.1

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1、Kitcher is a philosopher, and this may account, in part, for the clarity and effectiveness of his arguments. 金切尔是位哲学家，这也许能部分说明他的立论为何明确而有说服力。

1.1 philosopher英/f?'l?s?f?/ 美/f?'lɑs?f?/n. 哲学家；哲人

1.2 clarity英/'kl?r?t?/ 美/'kl?r?ti/n. 清楚，明晰；透明

1.3 effectiveness英/?'fekt?vn?s/ 美/?'f?kt?vn?s/n. 效力

2、The non-specialist will be able to obtain at least a notion of the sorts of data and argument that support evolutionary theory. The final chapter on the creationists will be extremely clear to all. 非专业人士起码可以从中了解支持进化论的各种数据和观点。关于创世论者的最后一章对每个人来说都阐述得极为清楚。

2.1 specialist英/'spe?(?)l?st/ 美/'sp???l?st/n. 专家；专门医师adj. 专家的；专业的

2.2 notion英/'n???(?)n/ 美/?no???n/n. 概念；见解；打算

2.3 sort英/s??t/ 美/s?rt/n. 种类；方式；品质vt. 将…分类；将…排序；挑选出某物vi. 分类；协调；交往

3、On the dust jacket of this fine book, Stephen Jay Gould says: “This book stands for reason itself.” And so it does -- and all would be well were reason the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate. 这部优秀作品的护封上，斯蒂芬〃杰〃古尔德这样写道：“本书代表了理性”。的确如此——如果理性是创世论和进化论之争的唯一评判标准，一切问题就已解决了。

3.1 dust英/d?st/ 美/d?st/n. 灰尘；尘埃；尘土vt. 撒；拂去灰尘vi. 拂去灰尘；化为粉末

3.2 jacket英/'d??k?t/ 美/'d??k?t/n. 羽绒滑雪衫；西装短外套；短上衣，夹克；土豆皮；书籍的护封；文件套，公文夹vt. 给…穿夹克；给…装护套；给…包上护封；dust jacket n. 书皮；包书纸

3.3 well英/wel/ 美/w?l/n. 井；源泉adj. 良好的；健康的；适宜的adv. 很好地；充分地；满意地；适当地v. 涌出