翻译讲义

翻译讲义
翻译讲义

第四章翻译方法与技巧(句法)

第一节分句法与合句法

翻译英语句子时,有时我们可将原文的句子结构整个保存下来或只稍加改变;但是

不少情况则必须将原来的句子的结构作较大的改变。分句法是指将原文的一个简单句译成两个或两个以上的句子;合句法则是把原文两个或两个以上的简单句或一个复合句在译文中用一个单句来表达。

一.分句法

1、将原文中的一个单词译成句子

1)They, not surprisingly, did not respond at all.

他们根本没有答复,这是不足为奇的。(将一个副词译为一个句子)

2)That region was the most identifiable trouble spot.

那地区是个麻烦的地方,这是大家最容易看得出的。(将一个形容词译为一句子)

2、将原文中一个短语译成句子

1)Sunrays filtered in wherever they could, driving out darkness, and choking the shadows.

阳光射入了它能透过的几乎所有地方,赶走了黑暗,驱散了阴影。

(将一个分词短语译为句子)

2)Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, a universally accepted law.

能量既不能被创造也不能被消灭。这是一条普遍公认的规律。

(将一个名词语译为一个句子)

3、将一个句子拆开译成两个或两个以上句子

His failure to observe the safety regulations resulted in an accident to the machinery.

因为他没有遵守安全规则,机器出了故障。(将一个句子译为一个主句和一个从句)

二、合句法

1、将原文中两个或两个以上的简单句译成一个单句

His father had a small business in the city of Pisa. This city is in the north and near the sea.

他的父亲在意大利北部近海的比萨做小生意。(将两个单句译为一个单句)

2、将原文中的主从复合句译成一个单句

When I negotiate, I get nervous. When I get nervous, I eat.

我在谈判时总是有些紧张。紧张时我就吃东西。(将两个主从复合句分别译成单句)

3、将原文中的并列复合句译成一个单句

From Florence, the river Arno ran down to Pisa, and then it reached the sea.

阿诺河从佛罗伦萨流经比萨入海。(并列分句合一)

第二节被动语态的译法

被动语态是动词的一种特殊形式,表示句子中的主语是动作的承受者,也就是动作的对象。一般来说,只有需要动作对象的及物动词才有被动语态。汉语中往往用“被”、“受”等词来表示被动意义。

一般不及物动词不能构成被动语态,但不及物动词和介词结合构成短语词后,相当

于一个及物动词,就可以构成被动语态,形成“不及物动词的被动语态+介词”这样的结构。例如:

A conclusion has been arrived at. 己经得出一个结论。

The design was not approved of at the meeting .该设计在会上未获通过。

英语中被动语态使用广泛,而汉语中被动语态的使用范围却狭窄得多。英语被动语态的句子在译成汉语时,很多情况下都可译成主动句,但也是有一些可保持被动语态,在处理英语原文被动语态时,我们常采用下列方法。

一、译成主动句

1、原文主语仍译成主语

1)The whole nation was armed in a few days.

几天之内全国就武装起来了。

2)The transistors are widely used in communication systems.

晶体管广泛用于通信系统。

2、原文主语译成宾格

1)A new kind of magnifying glass is being made in that factory.

那个工厂正在制造一种新的放大镜。

2)Communications satellites are used for international live transmission throughout the world.

全世界都将通信卫星用于国际的实况转播。

3、译成汉语中带“的”字结构的主动句

1)The crews were trained at Eglin Field, Fla.

机组人员是在佛罗里达州埃格林空军基地训练的。

2)The decision to attack was not taken lightly.

进攻的决定不是轻易做出的。

4、译成汉语的无主句

1)The unpleasant noise must be immediately put an end to.

必须立即终止这种讨厌的噪声。

2)What kind of device is needed to make the control system simple?

需要什么装置使控制系统简化?

5、以“it”为形式主语的被动语态在译文中常要改成主动形成,有时不加主语,有时则加上不确定的主语,例如“有人”,“大家”,“人们”,“我们”等。

不加主语:

It is hoped that…希望……

It is reported…据报……

It is said…据说……

It may be said that…可以说……

It must be admitted that…必须承认……

It must be pointed out…必须指出……

加主语:

It is asserted that…有人主张……

It is believed that…有人相信……

It is generally considered that…大家认为……

It is well known that…众所周知……

It will be said…有人会说……

It was told that…有人曾经说……

二、译成被动句

将英语原文中的被动句译成汉语被动句时,常借助“被”、“遭”、“受”等形式加以表达。例如:

1、Radio waves are also known as radiant energy.

无线电波也被认为是辐射能。

2、Machines are made to run by electricity.

机器由电带动运转。

3、Is the air in this area still being polluted by smog?

这个地区的空气还在受烟雾污染吗?

4、Other processes will be discussed briefly.

其他方法将简单地加以讨论。

5、How long has nuclear power been known to scientists?

核动力为科学家所认识己经有多久了?

第三节名词从句的译法

英语名词从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句等。

翻译时大多数可译成相对应的汉语,但也还有一些其它处理方法。下面分别加以介绍:

一、主语从句

1、以what, whatever, whoever等代词引导的主语从句一般可按原文顺序翻译,例如:

1)What he told me is only half-truth.

他告诉我的只是些半真半假的东西而己。

2)Whatever he saw and heard on his trip gave him a very deep impression.

他此行所见所闻都给他留下了深刻的印象。

3)What central bankers(中央银行)want to know, above all, is whether the supply of money is big enough to meet the demand for money, without exceeding it (which is what leads to inflation).

中央银行需要了解的最重要的问题是货币的供给是否足够满足货币的需求,是否会供大于求(供大于求会引发通货膨胀)。

2、以“it”作形式主语的主语从句:

1)逻辑主语从句如提前译出,有两种情况:若强调,“it”一般可译出来;如不强

调,“it”可不译出来。

① It doesn't make much difference whether he attends the meeting or not.

他参不参加会议没有多大关系。(不强调)

② It seemed inconceivable that the pilot could have survived the crash.

在飞机坠毁之后,驾驶员竟然还能活着,这看来是不可想象的。(强调)

2)逻辑主语从句不提前,“it”一般不需译出。

① It is suggested that the meeting should be canceled.

有人建议取消会议。

② Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a country’s economy

is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. (2000年第72题)

再者,显而易见的是一个国家的经济实力与其工农业生产效率密切相关,而效率的提高则又有赖于各种科技人员的努力。

3、以that引导的主语从句用于句首,翻成汉语时一般可以后置:

That our environment has little, if anything, to do with our abilities, characteristics and behavior is central to this theory. (1990年第63题)

这种理论的核心是,我们的环境同我们的才能、性格特征和行为即使有什么关系的话,也是微不足道的。

二、宾语从句

1)用that, what, how等引起的宾语从句汉译时一般不须改变顺序。

① I told him that because of the last condition, I′d have to turn it down.

我告诉他,由于那最后一个条件,我只得谢绝。

② The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection

with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.(2004年第46题)

希腊人认为,语言结构与思维过程之间存在着某种联系。这一观点在人们尚未认识到语言的千差万别以前就早已在欧洲扎下了根。

2)用“it”作形式宾语的句子,that宾语从句可按原文顺序译出,“it”可不译。

① I made it clear to them that they must hand in their papers before 10 o′clock in the morning.

我向他们讲清楚了的,他们必须在上午十时前交卷。

② You have all heard it repeated that men of science work by means of

induction and deduction, that by the help of these operations, they, in a sort of sense, manage to extract from Nature certain natural laws, and that out of these, by some special skill of their own, they build up their theories.(1993年第73题)

你们都多次听说过,科学家是用归纳法和演绎法工作的,他们用这些方法,在某种意义上说,力求从自然界找出某些自然规律,然后他们根据这些规律,用自己的某种非同一般的本领,建立起他们的理论。

三.表语从句

与宾语从句一样,一般可按原文顺序译出,例如:

1、Another common argument against the concept of machine intelligence

is that a computer is dumb machine which does only what it is told by its human programmer.

反对机器有智能的另一种普遍的论点认为,计算机是一种无声的机器,它只是按照人给出的程序工作。

2、One reason is that it will expand enormously what might be called the

market for “altruistic” piracy.

原因之一是所谓的“无私心的”盗版市场的膨胀。

3、It is not that the scales in the one case, and the balance in the other,

differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working;

but that the latter is a much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former.(1993年第72题)

这并不是说磅秤和天平在构造原理或工作方式上存在的差别,而是说与前者相比,后者是一种更精密得多的装置,因而在计量上更准确得多。

4、One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science

continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on.(2002年第46题)

难题之一在于所谓的行为科学几乎全部都依赖从心态、感情、性格特征、人性等方面去寻求行为的根源。

四.同位语从句

1、同位语从句汉译时不提前:

1) He expressed the hope that he would come over to visit China again.

他表示希望再到中国来访问。

2)Behaviorists, in contrast, say that differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy.(1990年第68题)

相反,行为主义者认为,成绩的差异是由于黑人往往被剥夺了白人在教育及其他环境方面所享有的许多有利条件。

3) This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments

came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.(1996年真题第72题)

这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间,当时一些国家的政府得出结论:政府要向科研机构提出的具体要求通常是无法详尽预见的。

2、同位语从句提前译出:

1) It does not alter the fact that he is the man responsible for the delay. 延迟应由他负责,这个事实是改变不了的。

2) Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every

relevant respect,extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.

(1997年第74题)

这类人持极端看法,认为人与动物在各相关方面都不相同,对待动物无须考虑道德问题。

3、用“即”或冒号、破折号引出同位语从句:

1)We had to face the fact that our prospects were less than good.

我们不得不正视这样的事实:我们的前景并不妙。

2)And there was the possibility that a small electrical spark might accidentally bypass the most carefully planned circuit.

而且总有这种可能性—一一个小小的电火花,可能会意外地绕过了最为精心设计的线路。

4、单词、短语作同位语的译法:

1)说明身份,称号的英语同位语往往放在专有名词后面,汉译时一般放在前面:

They silently surrounded Tom, a young soldier, in order to take him prisoner.

他们悄悄地包围了一个年轻战士汤姆,企图俘虏他。

2)限定性同位语不须改变位置;

I have been to all the cinemas in this city, big or small.

这个城市的电影院我都到过,大的也罢,小的也罢。

第四节定语从句的译法

一、限制性定语从句

1、前置法

译成带“的”的定语词组,放在被修饰词之前:

Those who support the “nature” side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological factors.(1990年第62题)

在这场争论中,赞成“天性”一方的那些人认为,我们的性格特征和行为模式大多是由生物因素决定的。

2、后置法

如果从句结构复杂,译成汉语时,前置定语显得太长而不符合汉语表达习惯,这就往往译成后置的并列分句。

1) 译成并列分句,重复英语先行词:

Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.(2001年第48题)

皮尔森汇集世界各地数百位研究人员的成果,编制了一个独特的新技术千年历,它列出了人们有望看到数百项重大突破和发现的最迟日期。

2)译成并列句,省略英语先行词:

It is he who received the letter that announced the death of your uncle. 是他接到那封信,说你的叔叔去世了。

3、溶合法

溶合法是指把原句中的主句和定语从句溶合到一起译成一个独立的句子的翻译方法。它较适用于翻译限制性定语从句,如“There be…”结构形式。另外,在定语从句中,将英语主句压缩成汉语词组做主语,而把定语从句译成谓语部分等,从而溶合成一个句子:

Probably there is not one here who has not in the course of the day had occasion to set in motion a complex train of reasoning, of the very same kind, though differing in degree, as that which a scientific man goes through in tracing the causes of natural phenomenon.

这里大概不会有人在一整天里没有机会进行一连串复杂的思考活动,这些活动与科学家在探索自然现象原因时所经历的思考活动,尽管复杂程度不同,但在类型上是完全一样的。

二、非限制性定语从句

1、前置法

一些较短而具有描写性的英语非限制性定语从句,可译成带“的”的前置定语:1)The sun, which had hidden all day, now came out in all its splendour.

那个整天躲在云层里的太阳,现在又光芒四射地露面了。

2)He liked his sister, who was warm and pleasant, but he did not like his brother, who was aloof and arrogant.

他喜欢热情愉快的妹妹,而不喜欢冷漠高傲的哥哥。

2、后置法

1)译成并列分句

①定语从句后置,重复英语关系词所代表的含义:

Instead, governments should try to revive domestic consumption, which would help insulate the region from the vagaries of the world economy.

然而,政府应该尽力激活国内消费需求;这样才能使这一地区免受难以预测的经济冲击的影响。

②定语从句后置,省略关系词所代表的含义:

Consider the survey evidence, which shows that while most Americans want to have both science and religion in their lives, they'll only go so far to preserve the former at the expense of the latter.

思考一下调查的证据,可以发现,虽然绝大多数美国人在生活中都想拥有科学与宗教,但是他们只会以牺牲后者来保存前者的存在。

③定语从句前置,重复关系词所代表的含义:

World War II was, however, more complete than World War I which was a collision among the imperialist powers over the spoils of markets, resources and territories.

第一次世界大战是帝国主义列强之间争夺市场、资源和领土的冲突,而第二次世界大战却比第一次更加复杂。

2)译成独立句

After the Asian crisis of 1997, when plunging currencies, free-falling asset prices and bankrupt banks had brought regional economies to a standstill, various national leaders declared that South-East Asia should not look solely to exports to resuscitate its economic fortunes.

在1997年的亚洲金融危机中,暴跌的币值,狂贬的资产价格以及破产的银行使这一地区的经济处于停滞的状态。经历了这场危机后,这一地区的领导人纷纷声称东南亚地区不能仅仅只依靠出口来复兴经济。

三.兼有状语特点的定语从句

有的定语从句,意义上有状语特点,说明原因、结果、目的、让步、假设等关系,可相应地译成状语从句。

1、译成表“因”分句

1)We know that a cat, whose eyes can take in more rays of light than ours, can see things clearly at night.

我们知道,由于猫的眼睛比我们人的眼睛吸收更多的光线,所以猫在黑夜也能看东西很清楚。

2)The bodies who play major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years, and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger, longer frames.

这些年以来,因为从事主要职业运动项目的选手们的身高发生了显著变化,所以经理们倒是很愿意更改队服使其能套上越来越多的大个子。

2、译成表“果”分句

1)There was something original, independent, and heroic about the plan that pleased all of them.

这个方案富于创造性,独出心裁,很有魄力,所以使他们都喜欢。

2)The author of some forty novels, a number of plays, volumes of verse, historical, critical and autobiographical works, an editor and

translator, Jack Lindsay is clearly an extraordinarily prolific writer—a fact which can easily obscure his very real distinction in some of the areas into which he has ventured.

杰克?林德萨是一位杰出的多产作家,他一生创作了约40部小说,若干戏剧,大量诗歌,以及历史、评论和自传作品。同时他还兼任编辑和翻译家。因此,这一事实很轻易地掩盖了他在自己所冒险的领域里的真正光芒。

3、译成表“让步”的分句

1)He insisted on building another house, which he had no use for.

他坚持要再造一栋房子,尽管他并无此需要。

2)Actually, it isn't, because it(上文提及的这种问法)assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have.

事实并非如此,因为这种问法是以人们对人的权利有共同的认识为基础的,尽管这种共同认识并不存在。

4、译成表“目的”的分句

1)The injury prevented him from playing contact sports and led him to golf, the sport that changed his life.

这起事故使他不能从事对抗性体育项目,却使他迷上了高尔夫,从而高尔夫运动改变了他的生活。

2)I have not given up my efforts to get a passport that will enable me to visit that country.

我没有放弃努力来争取一张护照,以便访问那个国家。

5、译成表“条件”、“假设”的分句

1)Men become desperate for work, any work which will help them to keep alive their families.

人们极其迫切要求工作,不管什么工作,只要它能维持一家人的生活就行。

2)The applicant who arrives late is almost certain not to be appointed, as no employer likes unpunctuality.

如果求职者迟到,肯定不会被录用,因为雇主不喜欢不守时的员工。

第五节状语从句的译法

英语状语从句包括表示时间、原因、条件、让步、目的等等各种从句。

一、时间状语从句

1、译成相应的时间状语,位置相对灵活:

After inflationary expectations take hold, they get built into contracts for labour, goods and services, producing a vicious cycle.

在通货膨胀预期站住脚了之后,就会延伸到劳动力市场,商品市场和服务行业,使恶性循环不断继续下去。

2、译成并列的分句:

1)译文前置

They set him free when his ransom had not yet been paid.

他还没有交赎金,他们就把他释放了。

2)后置不变

I was about to speak when Mr. Smith cut in.

我正想讲,史密斯先生就插嘴了。

二、原因状语从句

1、译成表“因”的分句:

1)“因”在“果”之前

Additional social stresses may occur because the population explosion or problems arise from mass migration movements.

大量人口流动造成的人口激增,抑或种种问题或许会对社会造成新的压力。

2)“果”在“因”之前

This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields.

这种困境将是确定无疑的,因为能源的匮乏使得农业无法以高能量消耗这种美国耕种方式继续下去了,而这种耕种方式使投入少数农民就可获得高产成为可能。

2、译成因果偏正复句中的主句:

1)Pure iron is not used in industry because it is too soft.

纯铁太软,所以不用在工业上。

2)Because he was convinced of the accuracy of this fact, he stuck to his opinion.

他深信这件事正确可靠,因此坚持己见。

3、译成无关联词的因果关系并列分句:

1)Where there is sound, there must be sound waves.

哪里有声音,哪里就必有声波。

2)After all, it did not matter much, because in 24 hours, they were going to be free.

反正关系不大,24小时以后他们就自由了。

三、表示条件的状语从句

1、译成表示条件的分句,汉语一般前置:

1)When this question is answered, even better and cheaper magnetic materials can be developed.

如果这一问题得到解决,就能研制出更好、更便宜的磁性材料。

2)Over time, however, things get more complicated; because energy is such

a crucial part of the economy, if prices stay high for a prolonged

period, they will both raise the inflation rate and lower the rate of economic growth.

然而,随着时间的推移,情况会变得越来越复杂。因为能源是国民经济中至关重要的一个环节。如果能源的价格在很长一段时间内仍维持在很高的水平上,那么就不仅会抬高通货膨胀率而且还会降低经济增长率。

2、译成表示“假设”的分句,一般前置:

If one of them collapsed, as they often did, the guide used to carry him over the mountains.

假如其中一个人垮了,这种事常在他们中间发生,向导就要背着他过山,

3、译成补充说明情况的分句,一般后置:

You can drive tonight if you are ready.

你今晚就可以出车,如果你愿意的话。

四、表示让步的状语从句

1、译成表示“让步”的分句,前置较灵活:

1)While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to the one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past. (1999年第71题)

尽管几乎有多少历史学家对历史下的定义就有多少,但是现代实践与一种定义最接近,即认为历史就是试图再现并解释过去的重大事件。

2)Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above. (2000年第73题)

大众通讯的显著发展使各地的人们不断感到有新的需求,不断接触到新的习俗和思想,由于上述原因,政府常常要推出更多的革新。

3)A lateral move that hurt my pride and blocked my professional progress prompted me to abandon my relatively high profile career although, in the manner of a disgraced government minister, I covered my exit by claiming “I wanted to spend more time with my family".

一次平级调动伤了我的自尊,并阻碍了我的事业发展,这促使我放弃了自己地位较高的职业,尽管我还要像颜面丢尽的政府部长那样,我通过说“我想花更多的时间与家人待在一起”,以此来掩饰自己的离开。

2、译成表示“无条件”的条件分句,一般前置

Plugged into the intercommunication system, the man can now communicate with the rest of the crew no matter what noise is going on about him。

不管周围是多么喧闹,插头一接上机内通话系统,他就能和同机其余的人通话。

五、表示目的的状语从句

山东师范大学翻译讲义

山东师范大学外国语学院 英汉翻译English-Chinese Translation 贾磊 2011

1.Editing/修改 English Chinese ..the best collection of his drawings being in the Uffizi in Florence 他最好的草图都被收集在佛罗伦萨的乌菲兹美术馆 …during the funeral service,St Stephen and St Augustine were said to have miraculously intervened to place the body in its tomb with their own hands.据说圣史蒂芬和圣奥古斯丁神秘地介入了殡葬仪式并亲手将尸体放入墓地 He(Prince of Angri)had offered Caravaggio6,000scudi(a large sum)to fresco a loggia,an offer that was refused, doubtless because he disliked the medium,which he is not definitely know to have employed.亲王支付给卡拉瓦乔六千银币(一大笔钱)请他为自己的凉廊绘制壁画却遭到了拒绝,显然画家不喜欢这种绘画,因为这样不能明确地表明他是受雇而创作。 This marriage of convenience is clearly doomed.显然,这场贪图财利的婚姻,将不可避免地走向灾难的结局。 Wright of Derby was one of the earliest artists to restore men and women(pictorially at least)to what society then believed was their proper spheres:men think and reason, women feel.德比的莱特是把男人和女人重新恢复到当时社会所认为的适当社会地位的早期艺术家之一(至少在绘画上如此),即:男人善于思考推理,女人善于感性体验。 Unfetted by the conventions that such grandiloquent portaits required,Reynolds created his freshest and most daring portait of a society beauty.雷诺兹没有被这种浮华肖像画的惯例所束缚,他创造了一个上流社会美女的最令人耳目一新,也是最大胆创新的肖像画。 Sitting backwards in a chair,Mrs Abington has her thumb in her mouth as she stares distractedly,yet with bright, captivating eyes,out into space.阿宾顿夫人靠在椅背上,拇指放于嘴中,瞪着眼睛若所所思,但她明亮美丽的眼睛却望向苍穹。 在20世纪初期 拿破仑的妈妈在骄傲地观礼。 He confronts a people whose language he does not know, on whose kindness he must rely,and with whom–his poetic gifts now all but useless to him–he must attempt to communicate.他碰上的这个民族,他不懂他们的语言,他又必须依赖他们的善良生存,而且他必须试着去跟他们沟通——现在诗人的天赋对他来说已是百无一用。 The painting must have been admired by Edgar Degas, because the older artist started in earnest on his own quest to represent the“modern”,but female,body in the act of bathing in1884-85,just as Caillebotte signed and dated his most important late painting.这幅画肯定受到了埃德加?德加的赞美,因为这位艺术前辈早在1884-85年就开始用他自己的方式虔诚地表现“现代的”,而不是女性的,浴中人体艺术,正如同卡耶波特在他晚期最重要的作品中所签署并注明的一样。 当它还在画架上时便被著名的俄国收藏家史楚金(Sergei Shchukin)预定收藏。 Schwitters was particularly influenced by Kandinsky’s ideas about the synthesis of different art forms and his ideal of creating a universal Gesamtkunstwerk(‘total work of art’).康定斯基对不同艺术表现形式之间应相互融合的思想以及他希望创造一个世界性的完全的纯艺术作品的理想深深地影响着施维特斯。 Essentially self-taught,in autumn1954the young American Jasper Johns destroyed all the works in his New York studio as a prelude to reinventing his art from first principles.1954年秋天,贾斯帕?约翰斯——一位基本上是自学成才的年轻的美国小伙子——销毁了他纽约工作室里所有的作品,这一举动,拉开了约翰斯挑战抽象主义画风的序幕。

第三讲英汉句式对比与翻译讲义

第二讲英汉句式结构对比与翻译 如果说词是最小的可以独立运用的意义单位,那么句子是语言的基本运用单位。一般情况下,进行语篇翻译时,无论是英译汉还是汉译英,基本上都是以句子为翻译单位的。尤其是英译汉时,即使是一个很长的句子,一般也要将整个句子通盘考虑,搞清整个句子的逻辑关系才能将句子翻译成既能忠实传达原文信息、风格、逻辑关系又能保持通顺的中文。 如果是汉译英,有时句子较长,可以根据意群进行切分,然后将切分开的句子逐句译为英文。将英汉两种语言的句式结构进行对比,了解两种语言在句式结构上的异同之处,对翻译来说是非常重要的一环。 英文句式结构 英文句式结构基本上都可以归纳为主谓结构,即S+V(主语+谓语动词)的结构,即使是祈使句,也不过是省略了主语的句子。英文的句子结构在S+V的结构上可以扩展,但总不外乎五种基本变化。 (1)S+V:He langhed. (2)S+V+O:Mary is reading Harry Potter. 3)S+V+O+O.c. We heard them quarrelling. (4)S+V+I.O+D.C He gave me some first-hand marerial. (5)S+link.V+P He is in dangerous situation. 以上这些句型充分显示出英文的基本句式结构是主谓结构,而且这是一种高度语法化的句式结构,其中主语一般是动作的发出者(doer\agent)或动作的承受者(doee),即整个句子分别为主动语态和被动语态。 用上述主谓结构来套中文的句子模式,有一部分汉语句子与上述英语句子基本是对应的。例(1)至(5)的意思,中文也有与英文相似的结构,分别为: (1)C:他笑了。 (2)C:玛丽在读《哈里.波特》。 (3)C:我们听见他们争吵。 (4)C:他给我一些一手资料。 (5)C:他处于危险的境地。/他处境危险。 二、中文句式结构 (一)主谓结构(S + V ) 例1:他没来。(S + V ) He didin’t come. 例2:全家人都在看电视。(S + V + O) The family are watching TV. 例3:我们看到很多人站在广场上。( S + V + O + O.C ) We saw many people standing on the square. 例4:你能递给我那本书吗?( S + V + I.O + D.C) Would you please pass me the book? 例5:他看上去很失望。(S + link. V + P) He looks disappointed.

翻译讲义

一.课堂导入 (以温故提问的方式导入) 1、提问:从高考的特点与考查目的出发,文言文翻译要严格遵循的两个原则是什 么? 第一: 忠于原文,力求做到_____、 _____、 _____ 。(信达雅) 第二: 字字落实,以_____为主,以_____为辅 (直译意译) (①让学生用自己语言表述文言文翻译“信、达、雅”三字原则的理解 ②直译:指译文要与原文保持对应关系,重要的词语要相应的落实,要尽力保持原文遣词造句的特点和相近的表达方式,力求语言风格也和原文一致。意译:指着眼于表达原句的意思,在忠于愿意的前提下,灵活翻译原文的词语,灵活处理原文的句子结构。) 2、提问: 文言文翻译的“六字决”? ①对:一般指把原名中的文言单音词对译为现代汉语的双音或多音词。 ②换:有些词语意义已经发展,用法已经变化,语法已经不用,在译文中, 应换这些古语为今语。 ③留:人名、地名、年号、国号、庙号、谥号、书名、物名都保留不译;与 现代汉语表达一致的词语可保留。 ④删:一些没有实在意义的虚词,如表敬副词、发语词、部分结构助词等,同义复用的实词或虚词中的一个和偏义复词中陪衬的词应删去。 ⑤补:省略的部分;词语活用相应的部分;代词所指的内容;使上下文衔接连贯的内容等。 ⑥调:把文言文中倒装的句子成分调整过来,使之符合现代汉语的语法习惯。前四种方法是用于解词,后二种方法是用于调整文言文特殊句式造成的语序不合现代规范现象。 二.文言句子翻译题的解题步骤: (一)总体分五步: 第一步: 第二步: 第三步: 第四步

第五步: (二)分步解析: 第一步: 通读语句、整体理解 这一步其实是很重要的,告诉学生,翻译的第一步要从整体理解句意入手,不要一拿到题目就一个字一个字的去抠,会出现前后不照应、句意不通顺等毛病,而且也这样容易走入死胡同。初次读句,只要理解句子的大意就行,这为下面推断词义打下基础。 第二步: 找得分点、发现“生词” 这一步是关键,因为挑出来让学生翻译的句子,一定有几个得分点,突破这些点是解题成功的关键。另外,每一位学生由于情况不同,在这些句子中总有几个字是他们一时难以断定词义甚至根本不知词义的“生词”。在这一步中,要让学生用笔把这些字圈出来,然后逐个解决。具体解释词语时,可以给学生提供下面的方法: 第三步:理清句式、调整语序 有很多情况下,因为没有看出句子中所隐藏的特殊句式,导致很多学生翻出来的句子很乱,不合现代文的句子规范。所以,翻译句子一定要把语序理顺。告诉学生,要掌握以下几种文言文特殊句式: 第四步:草拟底稿、连词成句 这一步可以在草稿纸(考试时可以在试卷上)上先大致草拟一下答案,结合上面几步连词成句。 第五步: 调整至答卷 这最后一步即把第四步的草稿再作调整,然后誊写到答卷上,这样既可以保证答案的思路清晰,又可以保持卷面清洁。 总结规律:①做翻译题的时候,应该有踩点得分的意识,要洞悉命题者关键想考查你哪些地方。要抓住翻译的两个关键点:一是关键词,二是特殊句。

英汉翻译复习资料

填空题复习资料: 1.翻译人才在中国古代被称作象寄之才/象胥/舌人。 2.东晋时期的道安提出 “按本而传”的翻译思想,被人们称为直译的鼻祖。 3.六朝时期鸠摩罗什曾提出“改梵为秦,失其藻蔚,虽得大意,殊隔文体,有似嚼饭与人,非徒失味,乃令呕哕也。”主张“依实出华。” 被人们称为意译的鼻祖。 4.《春秋谷梁传》中记载了孔子的“名从主人,物从中国”的翻译思想,而该译论比古罗马哲人西塞罗提出的“不要逐字翻译”早四五百年。 5.三国时期的支谦所作《法句经序》被看作是我国第一篇有关翻译的论文。钱钟书在其《管锥编》中指出:“严复译《天演论》牟例所 标:‘译事三难:信、达、雅’,三字皆已见此序。” 6.中国译学理论中不同时期的翻译标准可大致描述为:案本—求信—神似—化境—忠实,通顺—翻译标准多元互补论。 7. 按翻译题材,翻译可分为文学翻译、政论翻译、应用文翻译和科技翻译。 8.20世纪50年代初,傅雷在《〈高老头〉重译本序》中提出了“所求的不在形似而在神似”的重要观点;60年代初,钱钟书在《林纾的翻译》中提出了“化境”的翻译标准。 9. Translations are like women—when they are faithful they are not beautiful, when they are beautiful they are not faithful. 此比喻与我国老子的一个说法不谋而合。老子说:“信言不美、美言不信”。 10.20世纪90年代,美籍意大利学者韦努蒂(Lawrence Venuti )提出了抵抗式翻译/反翻译resistance translation翻译理论,该理论对于提高译者的地位很有帮助,但还不足以构成新的范式。 11.斯内尔-霍恩比(Mary Snell-Hornby)在其2006年的新著 《翻译研究的多重转向》中介绍:20世纪80年代,西方翻译研究出现文化转向;90年代出现实证论转向和全球化转向;而进入新世纪,翻译研究又回到了语言学时代,出现了“U字形转向”(U-turn)。 12. 1964年, 奈达博士在《翻译科学初探》(Toward a Science of Translating)一书中将译文读者引入翻译标准,提出了功能翻译(Functional Equivalence)(请用中英文填写)的翻译原则。 13.辜正坤在全国首届翻译理论研讨会上提出了“翻译标准多元互补论”,在该理论体系中,提出了翻译的最高标准是最佳近似度,这是一个形同虚设的抽象标准,真正有意义的是一大群具体标准。

翻译课讲义(5)

作业讲评: 1.I hope you won’t mind when …词序需作调整;2.When I go without you for a nice chat …单独去(独自)… 3.but you cannot take the place of other friends any more than they do yours (take your place) paraphrase: Just as they can not take the place of you, so you cannot take the place of other friends.你不能代替我其他朋友,正如他们也不能代替你一样。 同样句型举例: I'm never more aware of the limitations of language than when I try to describe beauty. Language can create its own loveliness, of course, but it cannot deliver to us the radiance we apprehend in the world, any more than a photograph can capture the stunning swiftness of a hawk or the withering power of a supernova. 直到用语言描绘美,我才深感语言的贫乏与无奈。当然,语言也可以创造自己的美。但世界上我们所感受到的美是不可言传的,正如相片无法捕捉到雄鹰那令人惊叹的敏捷或超新星发出的巨大力量一样。 4.just as I do yours =just as I need your care, encouragement and sobering criticism

汉英翻译讲义第2部分

第三章词语的翻译 3.1 词的指称意义(denotation)和蕴涵意义(connotation)的理解与表达 A) 翻译下列句子,注意句中划线部分词语指称意义和蕴涵意义的表达 1. 他两岁就学会看表了。He could _________________ even when he was two. 2. 我能看出你在想什么。I can __________ your mind. 3. 你要是觉得这东西还看的过去,就买下来吧。If you think ________________________, then buy it. 4. 他看出了她的破绽。He ____________ her weak points. 5. 那是万万不行的。That’s _________________ out of the question. 6. 我万万没有想到。The idea ____________ occurred to me. 7. 党员应该虚心倾听群众的意见。A party member should listen carefully to the______________of the masses. 8. 他们对这项计划提出了修改意见。They made some___________________ for the revision of the plan. 9. 大家对你很有意见。People have a lot of ____________________ about you. 10.他们就推举谁做下届总统侯选人取得了一致意见。 They have reached ___________________ on who will be the presidential candidate for the next general election. 11.他们在会上闹起了意见.They got into _____________________ at the meeting. 12.两位领导人就双边关系及共同关心的问题交换了意见。 The two leaders exchanged __________________on bilateral relations and issues of common concern. 13. 那件大衣的面子很漂亮。_________________________ of the coat is very beautiful. 14. 如果怕丢面子,就说不好英语。 If one is afraid of ________________________________, he cannot expect to speak English well. 15. 我是个爱面子的人,这种事我可做不出。I would not do such a thing---I’m _______________________________. 16. 不是我不买你的面子,实在是这事儿不好办。 I have shown _____________________________________, but there is really nothing I can do for you. I’d like to ________________________________________, but there is really nothing I can do for you. 17. 南京的风俗:但凡新媳妇进门,三日就要到厨下收拾一样菜,发个利市。这菜一定是鱼,取“富贵有余”的意思。 The custom in Nanjing is for all brides to __________________________ by gong to the kitchen on the third day and _________ a fish, _____________ stands for fortune. 18. 他是我父亲。这姑娘是漂亮。此人是书就读。 He _____ my father. This girl is ______beautiful. This man reads _________________________. 是古非今是可忍,孰不可忍。 ________ the past to condemn the present. ___________ can be tolerated, what cannot?

翻译讲义-文秘

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商务英汉翻译讲义

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英汉翻译讲义

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英汉翻译经典例子及答案.doc

1.Health is above wealth, for this cannot give so much happiness as that. 健康比财富更重要,因为财富不能像健康那样给人以幸福。 2.Here great disturbances at the heart of the earth caused mountains and volcanoes to rise above the water. For hundreds of years tiny coral creatures have worked and died to make thousands of ring-shaped islands called atolls (环礁). 在那里,由于地心引力的剧烈干扰,一道道山脉,一座座火山升出水面。千百年来,微小的珊瑚虫在这里繁衍、死亡,形成了数不胜数的被称为环礁的环状岛屿。 3.Old lines and methods of communication do not work easily or efficiently with as much information as we now have. 由于我们今天的信息太多,那些旧的通讯线路和方法已不能灵便有效地处理他们了。 4. Scarcely can any law be made which is beneficial to all; but if it benefits the majority, it is useful. 法律难顾及所有人,于大多数人有利足矣。 5.The water spread out for miles in places in Kenya and Somalia, cutting off villages and forcing herders to crowd with their livestock onto a few patches of dry land. 在肯尼亚和索马里的某些地方,河水漫出河床,宽达数英里。 洪水切断了村与村之间的联系,迫使牧民们和家畜挤在一起,

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