中文副词语法

中文副词语法
中文副词语法

副词

1.副词的意义和种类

副词常限制、修饰动词、形容词性词语,表示程度、范围、时间等意义。

表示程度:很、非常、极、十分、最、顶、太、更、挺、极其、格外、分外、更加、越、越发、有点儿、稍、稍微、略微、几乎、过于、尤其

表示范围:都、全、总、总共、共、统统、仅仅、只、光、净、一概、一律、一齐、单、单单、处处

表示时间、频率:已经、曾经、早已、刚刚、正、正在、就、就要、将、将要、曾、刚、才、在、马上、立刻、渐渐、早晚、从来、终于、一向、向来、从来、总是、始终、往往、永、赶紧、仍然、还是、屡次、依然、重新、还、再、再三、偶尔、顿时、终于、常、常常、经常、时常、时时

表示肯定、否定:不、没、没有、不用(甭)、必、必须、必定、准、的确、未、别、莫、勿、是否、不必、不曾

表示情态、方式:忽然、猛然、公然、特意、亲自、大肆、肆意、悄悄、连忙、赶紧、暗暗

表示语气:难道、决、岂、反正、也许、大约、大概、果然、居然、竟然、究竟、幸而、幸亏、偏偏、明明、恰恰、未免、只好、不妨、索性、简直、就、可、难怪、反倒、何尝、何必

同一小类的副词,语义和用法不一定都相同,有的差别还相当大。所以,同类副词在用法上的差别值得注意:

举例来说,“都、只”都表示范围,但是“都”表示总括全部,一般是总括它前面的词语,而“只”表示限制,限制它后面的词语的范围。例如

“中文(1)(2)(3)(4)班的同学都去了,只中文(5)班的同学没去。”

这一句的“都”所总括的对象是前面的“中文(1)(2)(3)(4)班的同学”,而“只”所限制的范围是后面的“中文(5)班的同学”。当然,“都”在疑问句里也可限制后面的词语。例如:在美国这么些年,你都去过哪些地方?你都点了哪些莱?

即使同样是总括它前面的词语,情况也很复杂。比如:

这些书我都看过了。(“都”总括它前面的“这些书”)

这本书我们都看过了。(“都”总括它前面的“我们”)

这些书我们都看过了。(脱离语境是有歧义的,“都”可以同时总括它前面的“这些书”和“我们”,也可以只总括它前面的“这些书”和“我们”中的一项。)使用副词须要注意副词的语义指向。语义指向的不同,也常常会引起歧义,须要认真分辨。比如:

小东东最喜欢大熊猫。

副总理分别会见了两个工商界团体的代表和当地的一些新闻记者。

“最”指向“小东东”指的是在所有的小朋友中,指向“大熊猫”指的是在所有的动物中。“分别”指向“两个工商界团体,”会见一共是三次,指向“两个工商界

团体的代表和当地的一些新闻记者,”会见总共是两次。当然,在一定的语境中歧义往往可以自行消除。

同样是否定“去”,“不去”是说话人就自己的意愿说的。“没去”是说这种行为尚未成为现实。“别去”是对别人的行为进行禁止和劝阻。

再比如“还”和“更”都可以表示程度,但“更”的比较项可以隐含。试比较:我这支钢笔还不如那支呢。我这支钢笔更不如那支呢。

前句是两项比较(这支和那支);后句是三项比较,等于说“(你这支钢笔不如那支)我这支钢笔〔比你这支〕更不如那支呢。”〔〕中的内容隐含了。“他果然迟到了”和“他居然迟到了”是预设不同,前句的预设是“他会迟到”,后句的预设是“他不会迟到”。

对副词的分类,是大致的粗略的,有的副词用法很多,如“也、才、就、还……”虽是同一个副词,也可能属不同的小类。

试以“就”为例。

“我一会儿就去。”,“就”表示事情短期内即将发生,表时间;

“我就两张了,怎么能给你呢!”,“就”表示范围,“只”之意;

“他就不听你的,你能怎么办?”,“就”表示语气,相当于“偏”。

再看“还”:

“还好、还行、还可以”,“还”表示程度,有比较而言不错之意;

“怎么还不来!”“还”表示时间,有“老也不来”之意;

“二十年了,你还那样”,“还”表示情态,有“依然”之意;

“还要怎么样”,“还”表示语气,有“究竟”之意。

可见,一个副词究竟表示什么意思,往往须结合全句语境仔细体会。

2.副词的语法特征

(1)副词都能作状语。程度副词“很、极”还可以作补语。例如:

他〔马上〕吩咐小王倒水。(表时间)

牛娃〔从来〕〔都〕〔很〕犟。(分别从时间、范围、程度三个角度修饰形容词谓语)

“很”作补语,前头要加“得”如“糟糕得很”。“极”作补语时后头要加“了”,如“伤心极了”。

作状语时,单音双音副词都可在谓语中心之前主语之后,双音副词里有一些还可以放到主语之前,例如:“也许她已经走到半路上。难道这种产品还会受欢迎吗?”,“已经”、“还”修饰句中谓语,“也许”、“难道”是句首状语,修饰全句。两种表述语用场合不同。

值得注意的是,在句子里,有一些副词既可以用来修饰谓词,也可以用来修饰名词性成分。用来修饰名词主语的副词不多,有“就、仅、仅仅、只、光、单、单单、几乎”等等,表示限制人或事物的范围。例如:“只这几个牌子过硬,你看要哪个?”(表示限制品牌的范围);“今天就我倒霉”(表示限制人的范围);“光轿车就有十几辆”(表示限制轿车的范围);“仅这一点理由就充分了”(表示限制理由的范

围,只一点就可以了)。“才、就、好、仅、大概、已经、不过、将近、恰好”等词可以修饰数量短语,这些带有数量义的结构可以做多种句法成分,例如:“做了恰好三十天;一家伙来了好几十个;近40人困在井下;用了才八个小时;结婚已经六年了;没找到工作的就四个人”。这种副词用来表明说话人对数量的一种看法,这种句子所叙述的事情都是已经成为事实的。

(2)副词一般不能单说,附着性较强,只有“不、别、没有、马上、也许、大概、一点儿、有点儿、当然、何必、刚好、刚刚、的确”等在省略句中可以单说。例如:

“味道怎么样?”只能回答说“好”或“很好,”不能说“很”。

“什么时候出发?”“马上。”“你去吗?”“不,我不去。”

(3)部分副词能兼有关联作用。有单用的,有成对使用的,例如:

1)单用:说了又说、打不赢就走、说清楚再走、不去也可以、这样更没有道理2)合用:又白又胖、不偏不倚、越忙越乱、既聋又哑、也好也不好、非去不可3)和连词配合使用:

不但……还、只有……才、既然……就、除非……才、如果……就、即使……也、虽然……却、不论……都

“白”、“怪”、“老”、“净”、“直”、“挺”、“光”等都是同音同形。这些词修饰名词时是形容词,修饰动词、形容词时是副词。例如:

形容词副词

白鞋(表性质)白忙了一阵(白等于空,表方式)

怪人(表性质)怪不好意思的(怪等于很,表程度)

净水(表性质)书本上净是尘(净等于全,表范围)

老年(表性质)老也不来(老等于一直,表时间)

直线(表性质)痛得直哭(等于一直,表时间)

裤子很挺(表性质)挺沉的(等于十分,表程度)

面子很光(表性质)光吃不做(等于只,表范围)

两个“白”、“怪”、“老”、“净”、“直”、“挺”、“光”等是同一个字,但它是两类词,因语义和语法性质都不同,两者意义上已经失去了联系,应该认为是同音词,不是形容词兼副词。同音同形与兼类的区别在于同音同形不但功能不同,而且在语义上也相差很远,而兼类仅仅是功能不同,在语义上是有比较密切的关系的。

有些形容词和副词意思很接近,都可以做状语,但副词只能做状语,形容词还可以做定语、谓语。我们要细心分辨:凡是能作谓语、谓语中心,又能作定语或补语的是形容词,否则是副词,试看下面的例子:

“忽然下起雨来了”和“突然下起雨来了”(作状语)都可以说,但还可以说“这个消息太突然了”、“突然事件”。

“偶然也去看场电影”和“偶尔也去看场电影”看似一样(作状语),但还可以说“这次事故完全是偶然的(作谓语)”、“这完全是偶然事故(作定语)”。

所以,“突然”、“偶然”是形容词。

“没有”(没)是副词又是动词,是兼类词。动词“没有”、“没”和副词“没有”、“没”的区别是用在谓词(动词、形容词)前是副词,用在体词(名词、代词)前是动词。例如:

从来没有见过这样的场面。(否定动作或性状的曾经发生或存在,是副词,这样用时是当状语)

没有枪,没有炮,敌人给我们造。(“没有”否定事物的存在或对事物的领有,这时是动词,谓语中心)

没有调查就没有发言权。(前一个“没有”为副词,后一个“没有”为动词)时间副词和时间名词有时也混淆,要注意区别,它们的相似点是都可做状语,但是副词不能做主语、宾语、定语,而时间名词可以。比如“曾经”、“通常”是副词,“过去”、“往常”是时间名词,尽管都可以充当状语,但时间名词还可以充当主语或宾语。试比较:

他曾经去过北京—他过去去过北京。过去的事情就别提了—曾经的事情就别提了。

你往常/通常不肯吃请,今天怎么一请就应了呢?一今天因为有事,所以比往常(通常)回来晚些。

从来、从前:从来如此——从前如此(今后不能);

从前有个和尚。(主语)从前的事情。(定语)。

刚刚、刚才:操场上刚刚发生了一件事——操场上刚才发生了一件事;

这件事发生在刚才。刚才的事情就这样发生了。(前者与介词组合构成介词短语,是名词,做补语。后者做定语)

副词口诀:

副词修饰动与形,范围程度与时间。肯否估计与情态,语气频率用法全。

稍微没有全都偏,简直仅仅只永远,已经曾经就竟然,将要立刻刚偶然,

渐渐终于决忽然,难道连续又再三,也许必须很非常,最太十分更马上,

越极总挺常常再,屡次一定也不还。时名副名看加在,名前可加副不来。

前很后名都不行,单独回答更不能。

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中学初中英语语法——英语重点词汇区别

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