英国文学史期末复习重点[优质文档]
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英国文学史
Part one: Early and Medieval English Literature
Chapter 1 The Making of England
1. The early inhabitants in the island now we call England were Britons, a tribe of Gelts.
2. In 55 B.C., Britain was invaded by Julius Caesar.
The Roman occupation lasted for about 400 years.
It was also during the Roman role that Christianity was introduced to Britain.
And in 410 A.D., all the Roman troops went back to the continent and never returned.
3. The English Conquest
At the same time Britain was invaded by swarms of pirates(海盗). They were three tribes from Northern Europe: the Angles, Saxons and Jutes.
And by the 7th century these small kingdoms were combined into a United Kingdom called England, or, the land of Angles.
And the three dialects spoken by them naturally grew into a single language called Anglo-Saxon, or Old English.
4. The Social Condition of the Anglo-Saxon
Therefore, the Anglo-Saxon period witnessed a transition from tribal society to feudalism.
5. Anglo-Saxon Religious Belief and Its Influence
The Anglo-Saxons were Christianized in the seventh century.
Chapter 2 Beowulf
1. Anglo-Saxon Poetry
But there is one long poem of over 3,000 lines. It is Beowulf, the national epic of the English people. Grendel is a monster described in Beowulf.
3. Analysis of Its Content
Beowulf is a folk lengend brought to England by Anglo-Saxons from their continental homes. It had been passed from mouth to mouth for hundreds of years before it was written down in the tenth century.
4. Features of Beowulf
The most striking feature in its poetical form is the use of alliteration, metaphors and understatements.
Chapter 3 Feudal England
1) The Norman Conquest
2. The Norman Conquest
The French-speaking Normans under Duke William came in 1066. After defeating the English at Hastings, William was crowned as King of England.
The Norman Conquest marks the establishment of feudalism in England.
3. The Influence of the Norman Conquest on the English Language
By the end of the fourteenth century, when Normans and English intermingled, English was
once more the dominant speech in the country.
3) The Romance
1. The Content of the Romance
The most prevailing kind of literature in feudal England was the romance.
4. Malory’s Le Morte D’Arthur
The adventures of the Knights of the Round Table at Arthur’s court
Chapter 5 The English Ballads
2. The Ballads
The most important department of English folk literature is the ballad. A ballad is a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas, with the second and fourth lines rhymed.
Of paramount importance are the ballads of Robin Hood.
3. The Robin Hood Ballads
Chapter 6 Chaucer
1. Life
Geoffrey Chaucer, the founder/father of English poetry.
3. Troilus and Criseyde
Troilus and Criseyde is Chaucer’s longest complete p oem and his greatest artistic achievement. But the poet shows some sympathy for her, hitting that her fault springs from weakness rather than baseness of character.
4. The Canterbury Tales
The Canterbury Tales is Chaucer’s masterpiece and one of the mo numental works in English literature.
6. His Language
Chaucer’s language, now called Middle English, is vivid and exact.
Chaucer’s contribution to English poetry lies chiefly in the fact that he introduced from France the rhymed stanza of various types, especially the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic meter (the “the heroic couplet”) to English poetry, instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse.
The spoken English of the time consisted of several dialects, and Chaucer did much in making
dialect of London the standard for the modern English speech.
Part Two: The English Renaissance
Chapter 1 Old England in Transition
1. The New Monarchy
The century and a half following the death of Chaucer was full of great changes.
And Henry 7, taking advantage of this situation, founded the Tudor dynasty, a centralized monarchy of a totally new type, which met the needs of the rising bourgeoisie and so won its support.
2. The Reformation
Protestantism
The bloody religious persecution came to a stop after the church settlement of Queen Elizabeth.
3. The English Bible
William Tyndall
Then appeared the Authorized Version, which was made in 1611 under the auspices of James I and so was sometimes called the King James Bible.
The result is a monument of English language and English literature.
The standard modern English has been fixed and confirmed.
4. The Enclosure Movement
5. The Commercial Expansion
Chapter 2 More
1. Life
Thomas More
2. Utopia
Utopia is More’s masterpiece, written in the fo rm of a conversation between More and Hythlody, a returned voyager.
The name “Utopia” comes from two Greek words meaning “no place”.
3. Utopia, Book One
Book One of Utopia is a picture of contemporary England with forcible exposure of the poverty among the laboring classes.
4. Utopia, Book Two
In Book Two we have a sketch of an ideal commonwealth in some unknown ocean, where property is held in common and there is no poverty.
Chapter 3 The Flowering of English Literature
3. Edmund Spenser
1) Life
The Poet’s Poet of the period was Edmund Spenser.
In 1579 he wrote The Shepher’s Calendar, a pastoral poem in twelve books, one for each month of the year.
2) The Faerie Queene (masterpiece)
Spenser’s greatest work, The Faerie Queene (published in 1589-1596), is a long poem planned in 12 books, of which he finished only 6.
iambic feet Spenserian Stanza
4. Francis Bacon (father/founder of English essay)
the founder of English English materialist philosophy
Bacon is also famous for his Essays. When it included 58 essays.
Bacon is the first English essayist.
Chapter 4 Drama
7. The Playwrights
There was a group of so-called “university wits”(Lyly, Peele, Marlowe, Greene, Lodge and Nash).
Chapter 5 Marlowe
1. Life
The most gifted of the “university wits” was Christopher Marlowe.
2. Work
Marlowe’s best includes three of his plays, Tamburlaine, The Jew of Malta and Doctor Faustus.
3. Doctor Faustus
Marl owe’s masterpiece is The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus.
5. Marlowe’s Literary Achievement
Marlowe was the greatest of the pioneers of English drama.
It is Marlowe who first made blank verse (rhymeless iambic pentameter) the principal instrument of English drama.
Chapter 6 Shakespeare
1. Life
William Shakespeare was born on April 23, 1564, in Stratford-on-Avon.
After his death, two of his above-mentioned fellow-actors, Herminge and Condell, collected and published Shakespeare’s plays in 1623. To this edition, which has been known as the First Folio.
4. The Great Comedies
A Midsummer Night’s Dream, The Merchant of Venice, As You Like It and Twelfth Night have been called Shakespeare’s “great comedies”.
6. The Great Tragedies
Shakespeare created his great tragedies, Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth.
7. Hamlet
the son of the Renaissance
9. The Poems
1) Venus and Adonis
2) The Rape of Lucrece
3) Shakespeare’s Sonnets
10. Features of Shakespeare’s Drama
Shakespeare and the Authorized Version of the English Bible are the two greatest treasuries of the English language.
Shakespeare has been universally acknowledged to be the summit of the English Renaissance.
Part Three: The Period of the English Bourgeois Revolution
Chapter 1 The English Revolution and the Restoration
5. The Bourgeois Dictatorship and the Restoration
in 1688 Glorious Revolution
6. The Religious Cloak of the English Revolution
Puritanism was the religious doctrine of the revolutionary bourgeoisie during the English Revolution. It preached thrift, sobriety, hard work and unceasing labour in whatever calling one happened to be, but with no extravagant enjoyment of the fruits of labour.
Chapter 2 Milton
1. Life and Work
Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained and Samson Agonistes.
2. Paradise Lost
1) Paradise Lost
Paradise Lost is Milton’s masterpiece.
blank verse.
Chapter 3 Bunyan
1. Life
The Pilgrim’s Progress was published in 1678.
2. The Pilgrim’s Progress
1)The Pilgrim’s Progress is a religious allegory.
Chapter 4 Metaphysical Poets and Cavalier Poets
a school of poets called “Metaphysical” by Samuel Johnson.
by mysticism in content and fantasticality in form
John Donne, the founder of the Metaphysical school of poetry.
Chapter 6 Restoration Literature
2. John Dryden
The most distinguished literary figure of the Restoration Period was John Dryden.
Dryden was the forerunner of the English classical school of literature in the next century.
Part Four: The Eighteenth Century
Chapter 1 The Enlightenment and Classicism in English Literature
1. The Enlightenment and 18th Century England
2) The Enlightenment in Europe
The 18th century marked the beginning of an intellectual movement in Europe, known as the Enlightenment, which was, on the whole, an expression of struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism. The enlighteners fought against class inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism.
3) The English Enlighterners
The representatives of the Enlightenment in English literature were Joseph Addison and Richard Steele, the essayists, and Alexander Pope, the poet.
Chapter 2 Addison and Steele
1. Steele and The Tatler
Richard Sreele
In 1709, he started a paper, The Tatler, to enlighten, as well as to entertain, his fellow coffeehouse-goers.
His appeal was made to “coffeehouses,”that is to say, to the middle classes, for whose enlightenment he stood up.
“Issac Bickerstaff”
2. Addison and The Spectator
The general purpose is “to enliven morality with wit, and to temper wit with morality.”
They ushered in the dawn of modern English novel.
Chapter 3 Pope
1. Life
Alexander Pope, the most important English poet in the first half of the 18th century.
3. Workmanship and Limitation
Pope was an outstanding enlightener and the greatest English poet of the classical school in the first half of the 18th century.
Pope is the most important representative of the English classical poery.
But he lacker the lyrical gift.
Chapter 4 Swift
3. Bickersta f f Almanac (1708)
Swift wrote his greatest work Gulliver’s Travels in Ireland.
Chapter 5 Defoe and the Rise of the English Novel
1. The Rise of the English Novel
the realistic novel: Defoe, Swift, Richardson and Fielding
Swift’s world-famous novel Gulliver’s Travel s
Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe (the forerunner of the English realistic novel)
Richardson: Pamela, Clarissa and Sir Charles Grandison
Fielding was the real founder of the realistic novel in England.
The novel of this period … spoke the truth about life with an uncompromising courage.” The novelists of this period understood that “the job of a novelist was to tell the truth about life as he saw it.” (Ibid.) This explains the achievement of the English novel in the 18th century.
4. Robinson Crusoe
1) Today Defoe is chiefly remembered as the author of Robinson Crusoe, his masterpiece. Chapter 6 Richardson
Samuel Richardson
Pamela was, in fact, the first English psycho-analytical novel.
After Pamela, Richardson wrote two other novels: Clarissa Harlowe and Sir Charles Grandison.
Clarissa is the best of Richardson’s novel.
Chapter 7 Fielding (the father of English novel)
1. Life
His first novel Joseph Andrews was published in 1742.
His Jonathan Wild appeared in 1743. It is a powerful political satire.
In 1749, he finished his great novel Tom Jones.
Amelia was his last novel. It is inferior to Tom Jones, but has merits of its own.
3. Joseph Andrews
4. Tom Jones
1) The Story
Fielding’s greatest work is The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling.
6. Summary
2) Fielding as the Founder of the English Realistic Novel
As a novelist, Fielding is very great. He is the founder of the English realistic novel and sets up the theory of realism in literary creation.
He has been rightly called the “father of t he English novel.”
Chapter 10 Johnson
1. Life
Samuel Johnson, lexicographer, critic and poet.
2. Johnson’s Dictionary
In 1755 his Dictionary was published.
His Dictionary also marked the end of English writers’ reliance on the patronage of noblemen for support.
Chapter 13 Sentimentalism and Pre-Romanticism in Poetry
1. Life
Thomas Gray
2. Pre-Romanticism
In the latter half of the 18th century, a new literary movement arose in Europe, called the Romantic Revival.
Pre-Romanticism was ushered in by Percy, Macpherson and Chatterton, and represented by Blake and Burns.
Chapter 14 Blake
1. Life
William Blake
2. Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience
4. Blake’s Position in English Literature
For these reasons, Blake is called a Pre-Romantic or a forerunner of the Romantic poetry of the 19th century.
Chapter 15 Burns
1. Life
His Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect were printed. (masterpiece)
The Scots Musical Museum and Select Collection of Original Scottish Airs
2. The Poetry of Burns
1) Burns is remembered mainly for his songs written in the Scottish dialect on a variety of subjects.
3. Features of Burns’ Poetry
Burns is the national poet of Scotland.
Part Five: Romanticism in England
Chapter 1 The Romantic Period
the Industrial Revolution the French Revolution
Amid these social conflicts romanticism arose as a new literary trend. It prevailed in England during the period 1798-1832.
These were the elder generation of romanticists, sometimes called escapist romanticists, including Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey, who have also been called the Lake Poets.
Active romanticists represented by Byron, Shelley and Keats.
The general feature of the works of the romanticists is a dissatisfaction with the bourgeois society, which finds expression in a revolt against or an escape from the prosaic, sordid daily life, the “prison of the actual” under capitalism.
Poetry, of course, is the best medium to express all these sentiments.
The only great novelist in this period was Walter Scott.
Scott marked the transition from romanticism to the period of realism which followed it. Chapter 2 Wordsworth
Coleridge
In 1798 they jointly published the Lyrical Ballads.
The publication of the Lyrical Ballads marked the break with the conventional poetical tradition of the 18th century, i.e., with classicism, and the beginning of Romantic revival in England.
The Preface of the Lyrical Ballads served as the manifesto of the English Romantic Movement in poetry.
Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey have often been mentioned as the “Lake Poets” because they lived in the Lake District in the northwestern part of England.
His deep love for nature runs through such short lyrics as Lines Written in Early Spring, To the Cuckoo, I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud, My Heart Leaps Up, Intimations of Immortality and Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey. The last is called his “lyrical hymn of thanks to nature”.
Wordsworth’s poetry is distinguished by the simplicity and purity of his language.
Chapter 3 Coleridge and Southey
1. Coleridge
Coleridge’s best poems, The Rime of the Ancient Mariner.
Chapter 4 Byron
1. Life
Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage
He finished Childe Harold, wrote his masterpiece Don Juan.
2. Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage
This long poem contains four cantos. It is written in the Soenserian stanza.
3. Don Juan
Byron remains one of the most popular English poets both at home and abroad.
Chapter 5 Shelley
4. Promethus Unbound
Shelley’s masterpiece is Promethus Unbound, a lyrical drama in 4 acts.
6. Lyrics on Nature and Love
Ode to the West Wind
Chapter 6 Keats
2. Long Poems
Keats wrote five long poems: Endymion, Isabella, The Eve of St. Agnes, Lamia and Hyperion.
5) The unfinished long epic Hyperion has been regarded as Keat’s greatest achievement in poetry.
3. Short Poems
1) His leading principle is: “Beauty in truth, truth in beauty.”
3) Ode to Autumn, Ode on Melancholy, Ode on a Grecian Urn and Ode to a Nightingale
Chapter 10 Scott
2. His Historical Novels
Scott has been universally regarded as the founder and great master of the historical novel. According to the subjet-matter, the group on the history of Scotland, the group on English history and the group on the history of European countries.
In fact, Scott’s literary career marks the transition from romanticism to realism in English literature of the 19th century.
Part Six: English Critical Realism
Chapter 2 Dickens
Charles Dickens critical realism
Dickens: Pickwick Papers, American Notes, Martin Chuzzlewit and Oliver Twist
4) Dickens has often been compared Shakespeare for creative force and range of invention. “He and Shakespeare are the two unique popular classics that England has given to the world, and they are alike in being remembered not for one masterpiece but for creative world.”
David Copperfield
Chapter 3 Thackeray
2. Vanity Fair: A Novel Without a Hero
Vanity Fair is Thackeray’s masterpiece. characters: Amelia Sedley and Rebecca (Becky) Sharp
Thackeray can be placed on the same level as Dickens, as one of the greatest critical realists of 19th-century Europe.
Chapter 4 Some Women Novelists
1. Jane Austen (1775-1817)
英国文学史及选读 复习要点总结概要
《英国文学史及选读》第一册复习要点 1. Beowulf: national epic of the English people; Denmark story; alliteration, metaphors and understatements (此处可能会有填空,选择等小题 2. Romance (名词解释 3. “Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”: a famous roman about King Arthur’ s story 4. Ballad(名词解释 5. Character of Robin Hood 6. Geoffrey Chaucer: founder of English poetry; The Canterbury Tales (main contents; 124 stories planned, only 24 finished; written in Middle English; significance; form: heroic couplet 7. Heroic couplet (名词解释 8. Renaissance(名词解释 9.Thomas More—— Utopia 10. Sonnet(名词解释 11. Blank verse(名词解释12. Edmund Spenser “The Faerie Queene” 13. Francis Bacon “essays” esp. “Of Studies” (推荐阅读,学习写正式语体的英文文章的好参照,本文用词正式优雅,多排比句和长句,语言造诣非常高,里面很多话都可以引用做格言警句,非常值得一读 14. William Shakespeare四大悲剧比较重要,此外就是罗密欧与朱立叶了,这些剧的主题,背景,情节,人物形象都要熟悉,当然他最重要的是 Hamlet 这是肯定的。他的sonnet 也很重要,最重要属 sonnet18。 (其戏剧中著名对白和几首有名的十四行诗可能会出选读 15. John Milton 三大史诗非常重要,特别是 Paradise Lost 和 Samson Agonistes。对于 Paradise Lost 需要知道它是 blank verse写成的,故事情节来自 Old Testament,另外要知道此书 theme 和 Satan 的形象。
英国文学史及选读__期末试题及答案
考试课程：英国文学史及选读考核类型：A 卷 考试方式：闭卷出卷教师: XXX 考试专业：英语考试班级：英语xx班 I.Multiple choice (30 points, 1 point for each) select from the four choices of each item the one that best answers the question or completes the statement. 1._____，a typical example of old English poetry ,is regarded today as the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons. A.The Canterbury Tales B.The Ballad of Robin Hood C.The Song of Beowulf D.Sir Gawain and the Green Kinght 2._____is the most common foot in English poetry. A.The anapest B.The trochee C.The iamb D.The dactyl 3.The Renaissance is actually a movement stimulated by a series of historical events, which one of the following is NOT such an event? A.The rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture. B.England’s domestic rest C.New discovery in geography and astrology D.The religious reformation and the economic expansion 4._____is the most successful religious allegory in the English language. A.The Pilgrims Progress B.Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners C.The Life and Death of Mr.Badman D.The Holy War 5.Generally, the Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries, its essence is _____. A.science B.philosophy C.arts D.humanism 6.“So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,/So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.”(Shakespeare, Sonnets18)What does“this”refer to ? A.Lover. B.Time. C.Summer. D.Poetry. 7.“O prince, O chief of my throned powers, /That led th’ embattled seraphim to war/Under thy conduct, and in dreadful deeds/Fearless, endangered Heaven’s perpetual king”In the third line of the above passage quoted from Milton’s Paradise Los t, the phrase“thy conduct”refers to _____conduct. A.God’s B.Satan’s C.Adam’s D.Eve’s
英国文学史期末复习重点
英国文学史 Part one: Early and Medieval English Literature Chapter 1 The Making of England 1. The early inhabitants in the island now we call England were Britons, a tribe of Gelts. 2. In 55 B.C., Britain was invaded by Julius Caesar. The Roman occupation lasted for about 400 years. It was also during the Roman role that Christianity was introduced to Britain. And in 410 A.D., all the Roman troops went back to the continent and never returned. 3. The English Conquest At the same time Britain was invaded by swarms of pirates（海盗）. They were three tribes from Northern Europe: the Angles, Saxons and Jutes. And by the 7th century these small kingdoms were combined into a United Kingdom called England, or, the land of Angles. And the three dialects spoken by them naturally grew into a single language called Anglo -Saxon, or Old English. 4. The Social Condition of the Anglo -Saxon Therefore, the Anglo -Saxon period witnessed a transition from tribal society to feudalism. 5. Anglo -Saxon Religious Belief and Its Influence The Anglo -Saxons were Christianized in the seventh century. Chapter 2 Beowulf 1. Anglo -Saxon Poetry But there is one long poem of over 3,000 lines. It is Beowulf, the national epic of the English people. Grendel is a monster described in Beowulf. 3. Analysis of Its Content Beowulf is a folk lengend brought to England by Anglo -Saxons from their continental homes. It had been passed from mouth to mouth for hundreds of years before it was written down in the tenth century. 4. Features of Beowulf The most striking feature in its poetical form is the use of alliteration, metaphors and understatements. Chapter 3 Feudal England 1）T he Norman Conquest 2. The Norman Conquest The French -speaking Normans under Duke William came in 1066. After defeating the English at Hastings, William was crowned as King of England. The Norman Conquest marks the establishment of feudalism in England.
2014-2015英国文学史及选读期末试题B
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(完整)最全面英国文学史知识点总结,推荐文档
英国文学史 I. Old English Literature & The Late Medieval Ages
英国文学史复习资料(三年级专业生期末考试必备)[1] (1)
英国文学史资料British Writers and Works I. Old English Literature & The Late Medieval Ages
(完整word版)吴伟仁--英国文学史及选读--名词解释
①Beowulf: The national heroic epic of the English people. It has over 3,000 lines. It describes the battles between the two monsters and Beowulf, who won the battle finally and dead for the fatal wound. The poem ends with the funeral of the hero. The most striking feature in its poetical form is the use if alliteration. Other features of it are the use of metaphors(暗喻) and of understatements(含蓄). ②Alliteration: In alliterative verse, certain accented(重音) words in a line begin with the same consonant sound(辅音). There are generally 4accents in a line, 3 of which show alliteration, as can be seen from the above quotation. ③Romance: The most prevailing(流行的) kind of literature in feudal England was the Romance. It was a long composition, sometimes in verse(诗篇), sometimes in prose(散文), describing the life and adventures of a noble hero, usually a knight, as riding forth to seek adventures, taking part in tournament(竞赛), or fighting for his lord in battle and the swearing of oaths. ④Epic: An epic is a lengthy narrative poem, ordinarily concerning a serious subject containing details of heroic deeds and events significantly to a culture or nation. The first epics are known as primacy, or original epics. ⑤Ballad: The most important department of English folk literature is the ballad which is a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas(诗节), with the second and fourth lines rhymed. The subjects of ballads are various in kind, as the struggle of young lovers against their feudal-minded families, the conflict between love and wealth, the cruelty of jealousy, the criticism of the civil war, and the matters and class struggle. The paramount(卓越的) important ballad is Robin Hood(《绿林好汉》). ⑥Geoffrey Chaucer杰弗里.乔叟: He was an English author, poet, philosopher and diplomat. He is the founder of English poetry. He obtained a good knowledge of Latin, French and Italian. His best remembered narrative is the Canterbury Tales(《坎特伯雷故事集》), which the Prologue(序言) supplies a miniature(缩影) of the English society of Chaucer’s time. That is why Chaucer has been called “the founder of English realism”. Chaucer affirms men and women’s right to pursue their happiness on earth and opposes(反对) the dogma of asceticism(禁欲主义) preached(鼓吹) by the church. As a forerunner of humanism, he praises man’s energy, intellect, quick wit and love of life. Chaucer’s contribution to English poetry lies chiefly in the fact that he introduced from France the rhymed stanza of various types, especially the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic(抑扬格) meter(the “heroic couplet”) to English poetry, instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse. ⑦【William Langland威廉.朗兰: Piers the Plowman《农夫皮尔斯》】
(完整)英国文学史知识点,推荐文档
一、The Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066) 1、这个时期的文学作品分类：pagan(异教徒) Christian(基督徒) 2、代表作：The Song of Beowulf 《贝奥武甫》( national epic 民族史诗) 采用了隐喻手法 3、Alliteration 押头韵（写作手法） 例子：of man was the mildest and most beloved, To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise. 二、The Anglo-Norman period (1066-1350) Canto 诗章 1、romance 传奇文学 2、代表作：Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (高文爵士和绿衣骑士) 是一首押头韵的长诗 三、Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) 杰弗里.乔叟时期 1、the father of English poetry 英国诗歌之父 2、heroic couplet 英雄双韵体：a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韵) lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格) 3、代表作：the Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷的故事(英国文学史的开端) 大致内容：the pilgrims are people from various parts of England, representatives of various walks of life and social groups. 朝圣者都是来自英国的各地的人,代表着社会的各个不同阶层和社会团体 小说特点：each of the narrators tells his tale in a peculiar manner, thus revealing his own views and character. 这些叙述者以自己特色的方式讲述自己的故事，无形中表明了各自的观点，展示了各自的性格。 小说观点：he believes in the right of man to earthly happiness. He is anxious to see man freed from superstitions(迷信) and a blind belief in fate(盲目地相信命运). 他希望人们能从迷信和对命运的盲从中解脱出来。 4、Popular Ballads 大众民谣：a story hold in 4-line stanzas with second and fourth line rhymed(笔记) Ballads are anonymous narrative songs that have been preserved by oral transmission(书上). 歌谣是匿名叙事歌曲,一直保存着口头传播的方式
英国文学史及选读2017期末复习名词解释中英
名词解释 ENGLISH LITERATURE--DEFINITION OF TERMS 1 were passed down from generation to generation. 3) Robin Hood is a famous ballad singing the goods of Robin Hood. Coleridge’s The Rime of the Ancient Mariner is a 19th century English ballad. 2Critical Realism of the 19th century flourished in the forties and in the beginning of fifties.2)The realists first and foremost set themselves the task of criticizing capitalist society from a democratic viewpoint and delineated the crying contradictions of bourgeois reality. But they did not find a way to eradicate social evils.3) Charles Dickens is the most important critical realist. 3With the advent of the 18th century, in England, as in other European countries, there sprang into life a public movement known as the Enlightenment. The Enlightenment on the whole, was an expression of struggle of the then progressive class of bourgeois against feudalism. The social inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism. They attempted to place all branches of science at the service of mankind by connecting them with the actual deeds and requirements of the people. 启蒙主义：启蒙主义是在18世纪在英国发生的。总体上，启蒙主义是当时的资产阶级对封建主义，社会的不平等、死寂、偏见和其他的封建残余的一种反对。通过将科学的各个分支与人民的日常生活和需要联系起来，启蒙主义者们努力将他们变成为人民大众服务的工具 4-of-Consciousness” or “interior monologue”, is one of the modern literary techniques. It is the style of writing that attempts to imitate the natural flow of a character’s thoughts, feelings, reflections, memories, and mental images as the character experiences them. It was first used in 1922 by the Irish novelist James Joyce. Those novels broke through the bounds of time and space, and depicted vividly and skillfully the unconscious activity of the mind fast changing and flowing incessantly, particularly the hesitant, misted, distracted and illusory psychology people had when they faced reality. The modern American writer William Faulkner successfully advanced this technique. In his stories, action and plots were less important than the reactions and inner musings of the narrators. Time sequences were often dislocated. The reader feels himself to be a participant in the stories, rather than an observer. A high degree of emotion can be achieved by this technique.
吴伟仁的英国文学史及选读
History and Anthology of English Literature Part One The Anglo-Saxon Period Beowulf Questions: 1.The earliest literature falls into two divisions ___________, and_______________. 2.Christianity brings England not only __________ and___________but also the wealth of a new language. 3.Who is Beowulf? And What is Beowulf? 4.How did Beowulf come into being? 5.Who is Grendel? And what is the result of Grendel?s fight with Beowulf? 6.How did the Jutes hold the funeral for him? Key points of this part: The most important work of old English literature is Beowulf------- the national epic of the English people. It is of Germanic heritage, perhaps the greatest Germanic epic and contains evidently pre-Christian elements existing at first in an oral tradition, the poem was passed from mouth to mouth for generations before it was written down. The manuscript preserved today was written in the Wessex tongue about 1000A.D., consisting altogether of 3183 lines. There are three episodes related to the career of Beowulf: 1.the fight with the monster, Grendel. 2.The fight with Grendel?s mother, a still more frightful she-monster. 3.The moral combat with the fire Dragon. The significance lies in the vivid portrayal of a great national hero, who is brave, courageous, selfless, and ever helpful to his people. There are three important features:: 1.Alliteration (words beginning with the same consonant sound). This is characteristic of all old English verse. 2.Metaphors and understatements. There are many compound words used in the poem to serve as indirect metaphors that are sometimes very picturesque. , e.g. “riging-giver”is used for King; “hearth-companions “for his attendant warriors; “Whale?s road” for the sea; “spear-fighter” for soldier etc. And as understatement we can see: “not troublesome”for welcome; “need not praise”for a right to condemn. This quality is often regarded as characteristic of the English people and their language. 3.Mixture of pagan and Christian elements: the observing of omen, cremation, blood-revenge, and the praise of worldly glory.
英国文学史及选读知识要点I
Part I The Anglo-Saxon Period(449-1066) I Background 449 the Teutons ( the Jutes, the Anglos, the Saxons) II Literature The literature of this period falls into two divisions—pagan and Christian Two Anglo-saxon Christian poets: Caedmon （凯德蒙，公元7世纪盎各鲁－萨克逊基督教诗人）who lived in the latter half of the 7th century and who wrote a poetic Paraphrase of the Bible. Cynewulf（基涅武甫,盎各鲁――萨克逊诗人，生活在公元9世纪，其古英语诗稿于10世纪被发现，有《埃琳娜》,《使徒们的命运》，《基督升天》和《朱莉安娜》）, the author of poems on religious subjects III The Song of Beowulf( Beowulf, 公元7-8世纪之交开始流传于民间的同名史诗中的主人公，曾与水怪，火龙搏斗) Status: England’s national epic Written at the beginning of the tenth century Composed much earlier Length:3182 The whole song is essentially pagan in spirit and matter. Features : alliteration; metaphors; understatement Subject matter Part II The Anglo-Norman Period (1066—1350) I historical background: The Norman Conquest II. The Literature The literature which they brought to England is remarkable for its bright, romantic tales of love and adventure. III. Romance 1. Romance was the prevailing form of literature in feudal England. 2. Definition and features(理解) IV. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight a late-14th century middle-English outlining an adventure of Sir Gawain, a knight of King Arthur’s Round Table. It was a verse romance of 2530 lines, considered as the best of Arthurian romances. Part III Geoffrey Chaucer(1340?-1400) I Major works The Romaunt of the Rose《玫瑰传奇》is a translation from a French poem. His masterpiece: The Canterbury Tales II Contributions 1. Chaucer—the forerunner of Renaissanc e