自考英语2 课堂笔记 Unit 1

Text A What Is a Decision?

第一段：

1. A decision is a choice made from among alternative courses of action that are available.

made 是过去分词，作choice的定语，可改为定语从句which / that is made …，from among是双重介词结构，除from以外，还有until、but、except后面可再跟介词短语。

2. The purpose of making a decision is to establish and achieve organizational goals and objectives.

该句中to establish and achieve …是不定式短语，充当句子表语成分。

3. The reason for making a decision is that a problem exists, goals or objectives are wrong, or something is standing in the way of accomplishing them.

句中介词for与前面名词reason搭配，表示"…的理由"。另外，当reason充当句子主语时，该句表语从句必须以that引导。句中in the way意为"妨碍、阻碍"，way的搭配还有on the way（在…的路上）、by the way（顺便问一下、顺便说一句）。

第二段：

1. Thus the decision-making process is fundamental to management.

该句中be fundamental to意为be important to

2. Almost everything a manager does involves decisions, indeed, some suggest that the management process is decision making.

该句第一分句的主谓结构是everything involves decisions，everything 是主语，故谓语必须有"s"标记。句中a manager does 为定语从句，前面省略了关系代词that。此处切不可使用which。第二分句中suggest意为"提出、认为"。若表示"建议"，其宾语从句则必须使用虚拟语气，动词为：(should) do型。

3. Although managers cannot predict future, many of their decisions require that they consider possible future events.

该句中require意为"要求"，其宾语从句中也必须使用虚拟语气，动词为：(should) do型。

4. Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be and try to leave as little as possible to chance, but since uncertainty is always there, risk accompanies decisions.

句中make a guess at 意为"猜一猜"，注意介词at；what引导的是一名词性从句，作宾语；chance在此处表示"偶然性"。

5. Sometimes the consequences of a poor decision are slight; at other times they are serious.

该句slight和serious显然为反义词，前者意为"轻"，后者表示"严重"。

第三段：

1. Choice is the opportunity to select among alternatives.

该句名词opportunity后面的to select …是定语成分，因opportunity 与动词select之间没有任何逻辑主谓关系，故以不定式作定语。

2. If there is no choice, there is no decision to be made.

该句中there is no decision to be made也可写成there is no decision making。

3. Decision making is the process of choosing, and many decisions have a broad range of choice.

此句中range是名词，表示"范围"，它还可作动词，意为"在…范围内变化"，常与from …to…搭配。

4. For example, a student may be able to choose among a number of different courses in order to implement the decision to obtain a college degree.

a number of表示"许多"，后接可数名词的复数形式，而the number of则表示"…的数量"；in order to表示"为

了"。

5. For managers, every decision has constraints based on policies, procedures, laws, precedents, and the like.

based on …在句中充当constraints的定语成分，可改写为定语从句which are based on …，be based on意为"

以…为基础、以…为根据、建立在…基础之上"；and the like相当于and so on，表示"等等"。

6. These constraints exist at all levels of the organization.

该句exist是不及物动词。

第四段

1. Alternatives are the possible courses of action from which choices can be made.

from which …是定语从句，修饰courses of action，表示"可从中进行选择的可能的行动方案"。

2. If there are no alternatives, there is no choice and, therefore, no decision.

3. If no alternatives are seen, often it means that a thorough job of examining the problems has not been done.

该句意为"If you can't see any alternative, often it means that you haven't examined the problems thoroughly."

4. For example, managers sometimes treat problems in an either/or fashion; this is their way of simplifying complex problems.

比较sometimes, some times, sometime, some time：它们分别表示"有时"、"几次"、"（将来）某个时候"、"一段时间"。

5. But the tendency to simplify blinds them to other alternatives.

blind sb to sth意为"使某人看不到…"。

第五段：

1. At the managerial level, decision making includes limiting alternatives as well as identifying them, and the range is from highly limited to practically unlimited.

本段仅一句，as well as 表示"不仅…而且…"，但和not only …but also …结构有区别，当使用as well as 时，被强调的成分在前，而在not only …but also结构中，被强调的成分在后。例如：I have studied French as well as English. = I have studied not only English but also French.

第六段：

1. Decision makers must have some way of determining which of several alternatives is best--that is, which contributes the most to the achievement of organizational goals.

some 接"单数可数名词"时，表示"某种、某个"；接"复数可数名词"时，表示"一些"。Contribute to 意思是"

促使、促进、有助于"。

2. An organizational goal is an end or a state of affairs the organization seeks to reach.

seek to do相当于try to do，意思是"力求做某事"；the organization seeks to reach前面省略了which 或that，是一定语从句。

3. Because individuals (and organizations) frequently have different ideas about how to attain the goals, the best choice may depend on who makes the decision.

depend on意思是"依靠、依赖"。英语中表示"依靠、依赖"的动词有不少，而且常与on搭配，例如：rely on, live on, feed on, rest on, draw on等等。who makes the decision是宾语从句。

4. Frequently, departments or units within an organization make decisions that are good for them individually but that are less than optimal for the larger organization.

句中decisions有两个定语从句，都由that 引导，but连接两个that从句；less than后接数词时表示"少于、不到"，而此句中less than后接形容词，意思是"不太、不那么"，例如：less than happy（不太高兴），less than perfect （不太完美）。

5. Called suboptimization, this is a trade-off that increases the advantages to one unit or function but decreases the advantages to another unit or function.

句首called …是过去分词短语，表示被动，充当状语，其逻辑主语是句子主语this。

6. For example, the marketing manager may argue effectively for an increased advertising budget.

句首for example是短语，意思是"例如"，它不同于such as，前者常接句子，后者则接名词，因为as 是介词；

argue for意为"赞成、力主、为…作争辩"。

7. In the larger scheme of things, however, increased funding for research to improve the products might be more beneficial to the organization.

however常作插入语，意思是"然而"；be beneficial to表示"对…有益、对…有好处"。

第七段

1. These trade-offs occur because these are many objectives that organizations wish to attain simultaneously.

occur是不及物动词，意思是appear（出现）或happen（发生）；that引导定语从句，修饰objectives；simultaneously 意为"同时"，另有at the same time, in the meantime, meanwhile等短语。

2. Some of these objectives are more important than others, but the order and degree of importance often vary from

person to person and from department to department.

vary from person to person意思是"因人而异"，vary后面可与from …to …搭配，表示"在…范围内变化、变动"；另有动词range，后面也可与from …to …搭配，但是，当from与in后面所接名词相同时，只可用vary。例如：

Marriage customs vary from country to country.婚俗因国家而异。

The ages of these children range / vary from 10 to 15.这些孩子的年龄从１０岁到１５岁变化不等。

3. Different managers define the same problem in different terms.

in常与terms搭配使用，in different terms意思是"以不同的说法"。

4. When presented with a common case, sales managers tend to see sales problems, production managers see production problems, and so on.

when presented with…是when加上过去分词短语，作时间状语，这是when they are presented with …之省略；

present sb with sth和present sth for sb是present的两种常用搭配，意为"把…呈现/呈交/赠送给某人"；具有同样双宾结构的动词还有：provide, supply, furnish；tend to do sth意为"倾向于做某事、往往会做某事"。

第八段：

1. The ordering and importance of multiple objectives is also based, in part, on the values of the decision maker.

be based on是固定搭配（第三段第5句出现过），意思是"以…为基础、以…为根据、建立在…基础之上"；

in part（部分地）= partially = partly。

2. Such values are personal; they are hard to understand, even by the individual, because they are so dynamic and complex.

they are hard to understand中的不定式to understand形式上是主动结构，实际是被动意义。在"主语+ be + hard / difficult / easy / simple to do"句型中，不定式以主动形式来表示被动意义。例如：The problem is difficult to solve. 这个问题难以解决。

3. In many business situations different people's values about acceptable degrees of risk and profitability cause disagreement about the correctness of decisions.

cause意为"导致、引起"，同义的还有：bring about, lead to, result in, give birth to等等。

第九段：

1. People often assume that a decision is an isolated phenomenon.

that引导宾语从句。

2. But from a systems point of view, problems have multiple causes, and decisions have intended and unintended consequences.

point of view意思是"观点"。

3. An organization is an ongoing entity, and a decision made today may have consequences far into the future.

made today是过去分词短语，表示被动，修饰主语a decision。

4. Thus the skilled manager looks toward the future consequences of current decisions.

look toward意为"考虑、展望"。

Text B Secrets of Success at an Interview

第一段：

1. The subject of today's talk is interviews.

today's 为所有格形式，英语中表示"时间、距离、量度等"的无生命名词也可以有所有格形式。

第二段：

1. The key words here are preparation and confidence, which will carry you far.

which引导非限制性定语从句，which指代前面的名词preparation and confidence。

第三段：

1. Do your homework first.

此处homework指面试之前的准备工作。

第四段：

1. Find out all you can about the job you are applying for and the organization you hope to work for.

find out意思是"查明、了解、弄清楚"；all后面有定语从句you can about the job …and the organization …，从句引导词that被省略；注意：all后面若需要关系代词，该用that，不可使用which！另外，the job后面也有定语从句you are applying for，the organization后面的定语从句是you hope to work for，这两个定语从句前面都省略了which / that；apply for意为"申请"。apply 的用法有：apply for（申请）、apply to（适用于）、apply sth to sth（把…

应用于…）。

1. Many of the employers I interviewed made the same criticism of candidates.

I interviewed是定语从句，修饰前面的employers。

2. "They have no idea what the day to day work of the job brings about.

what 引导的是idea的同位语从句；若将have no idea替换为don't know，意思不变，但what从句则成了宾语从句；bring about = lead to = result in = give birth to（带来、引起、导致）

3. They have vague notions of 'furthering the company's prospects' or of 'serving the community', but have never taken the trouble to find out the actual tasks they will be required to do."

take the trouble to do sth意思是"不辞劳苦、费力、下功夫（做某事）"；find out意思是"查明、了解、弄清楚"(在第四段出现过)；they will be required to do是定语从句，前面省略了which / that，修饰the actual tasks。

第六段：

1. Do not let this be said of you.

Do not let this be said of you. 意思是"不要让人们这样评价你。"句中be said是被动结构，该句可改写为：Do not let people say this of you. 其中say sth of sb意思是"对某人作…的评论/评价"；let作谓语时，宾语后面的补足语的不定式符号"to"必须省略！类似于动词let的用法的动词总共是11个：see, look at, watch, observe, notice, hear, listen to, let, have, make, feel。再如：

I saw him go upstairs.

He had me buy a book for him.

2. It shows an unattractive indifference to your employer and to your job.

名词indifference与介词to 搭配。其形容词形式indifferent同样与介词to 搭配。

第七段：

1. Take the time to put yourself into the interviewer's place.

put oneself into sb's place意思是"设身处地替某人想想"。

2. He wants somebody who is hard-working with a pleasant personality and a real interest in the job.

who引导的是定语从句，修饰somebody；名词interest与介词in搭配，其形容词形式interested同样与介词to 搭配。

1. Anything that you find out about the prospective employer can be used to your advantage during the interview to show that you have bothered to master some facts about the people who you hope to work for.

that you …employer是定语从句，修饰anything；注意：此处关系代词不可使用which!在以下５种情况下，关系代词只能使用that，而不能使用which：

1) something, anything, everything, nothing + that

2) 最高级+ n. + that

3) 序数词+ n. + that

4) all + that

5) little, any, no, only, last, next + n. +that

to one's advantage意思是"对某人有利"；to show …是不定式短语，充当目的状语；bother后面可加介词about 或不定式to do sth搭配。

第九段

1. Write down (and remember) the questions you want to ask the interviewer(s) so that you are not speechless when they invite your questions.

该句是一复合句，主句为"Write down …the interviewer(s)"，从句是"so that …your questions"，so that引导的是目的状语从句；在主句结构中，宾语the questions后面有定语从句"you want to ask the interviewer(s)"，该从句前面省略了which或that；so that引导的从句也是复合句，其中you are not speechless是主句，when they invite your questions是时间状语从句。

2. Make sure that holidays and pay are not the first things you ask about.

make sure that意思是"确信、务必做到、保证"，that后接宾语从句，you ask about是定语从句，修饰things，该从句前面省略了that，此处不可使用which，因为things前面有first（序数词）修饰。

3. If all your questions have been answered during the interview, reply: "In fact, I did have several questions, but you have already answered them all."

该句主句为祈使句reply: "In fact, …them all"，动词reply的宾语是直接引语；in fact等于actually，意思是"

事实上、实际上"。

第十段：

1. Do not be afraid to ask for clarification of something that has been said during the interview if you want to be sure what was implied, but do be polite.

本段仅一个句子，该句是并列句，第一分句是"Do not be …what was implied"，第二分句是"do be polite"，两者之间以but连接；第一分句是复合句，主句是"Do not be …the interview"，if后面引导了条件状语从句；而主句和从句又是复合句，在主句中，that引导了定语从句，修饰something，此处that不可改为which，因为先行词是something；在从句中，what引导了宾语从句，充当sure的宾语。

第十一段：

1. Just before you go to the interview, look again at the original advertisement that you answered, any correspondence from your prospective employer, photocopies of your letter of application or application form and your resume.

本段仅一个句子，just before you go to the interview是时间状语从句，主句是祈使句look again at …your resume，主句较长，look at的宾语是几个并列名词：the original advertisement, any correspondence, photocopies …

1. Then you will remember what you said and what they want.

what you said和what they want是两个并列的宾语从句，同时作remember的宾语。

2. This is very important if you have applied for many jobs in a short time as it is easy to become confused and give an impression of inefficiency.

confused作表语，意思是："混淆、糊涂"，当表示"令人困惑的、令人迷惑的"时，须使用confusing。

第十三段：

1. Make sure you know where and when you have to report for the interview.

make sure (that)意思是"确信、务必做到、保证"，宾语从句you know 后面还有where and when引导的宾语从句。

2. Go to the building (but not inside the office) a day or two before, if necessary, to find out how long the journey takes and where exactly the place is.

if necessary 是插入语；find out意思是：查明、弄清楚；to find out …是目的状语从句。

第十四段：

1. Aim to arrive five or ten minutes early for the actual interview, then you will have a little time in hand and you will not panic if you are delayed.

in hand表示"手头"。

2. You start at a disadvantage if you arrive worried and ten minutes late.

at a disadvantage意思是"处于不利状况"，start at a disadvantage表示"出师不利"；you arrive worried and ten minutes late是when you arrive, you are worried and ten minutes late之省略。例如：They came back empty-handed. = When they came back, they were empty-handed. 他们两手空空地回来了。

第十五段：

1. Dress in clean, neat, conservative clothes.

in（表示服装、打扮）穿着、戴着，例如：

a woman in white白衣女人

in uniform穿着制服

in spectacles戴着眼镜

in a top hat戴着大礼帽

in irons戴着镣铐

2. Now is NOT the time to experiment with the punk look or (girls) to wear low-cut dresses with miniskirts.

experiment with意思是"试试、试验"；punk look表示"朋克式打扮"。

3. Make sure that your shoes, hands and hair (and teeth) are clean and neat.

make sure that意为"确信、务必做到、保证"。

第十六段：

1. Have the letter inviting you for an interview ready to show in case there is any difficulty in communication.

inviting you for an interview是现在分词短语，作letter的定语；ready是letter的宾语补足语；in case意思是"

以防、万一"，后面接目的状语从句，从句动词可用虚拟语气should do，也可用陈述语气。

第十七段

1. You may find yourself facing one interviewer or a panel.

find oneself + 现在分词短语/ 过去分词短语/ 形容词短语/ 介词短语，表示"发现自己处于…的状态"，oneself后面的形式是宾语补足语。

2. The latter is far more intimidating, but do not let it worry you too much.

the latter意思是"后者"，the former表示"前者"；let后面的宾语补足语是不定式短语，不定式符号to必须省略，所以worry是动词原形。

第十八段：

1. The interviewer will probably have a table in front of him/her.

in front of意思是"在…前面"。

2. Do not put your things or arms on it.

第十九段：

1. If you have a bag or a case, put it on the floor beside your chair.

beside意为"在…的旁边"；比较besides"除了"。

2. Do not clutch it nervously or, worse still, drop it, spilling everything.

spilling是现在分词短语，充当伴随状语。

第二十段：

1. Shake hands if the interviewer offers his hand first.

offer his hand此处意思是"伸出手"。

2. There is little likelihood that a panel of five wants to go though the process of all shaking hands with you in turn.

There is little likelihood that相当于It is hardly possible / likely that，意思是"几乎不可能"；in turn意为"轮流"；

更正：原句中go though应改为go through，意思是：经过、经历。

3. So you do not be upset if no one offers.

no one offers后面省略了his hand。

第二十一段：

1. Shake hands firmly--a weak hand suggests a weak personality, and a crushing grip is obviously painful.

crushing意思是"压倒的、决定性的"，crushing grip表示"用力过猛"。

2. Do not drop the hand as soon as yours has touched it as this will seem to show you do not like the other person.

as soon as引导时间状语从句，表示"一旦、一…就…"，yours是your hand之省略。

第二十二段：

1. Speak politely and naturally even if you are feeling shy.

even if意思是"即使"，引导条件状语从句。

2. Think before you answer any questions.

before引导时间状语从句。

第二十三段：

1. If you cannot understand, ask: "Would you mind rephrasing the question, please?"

mind后面必须接doing，而不可接to do作宾语，故此处出现mind rephrasing结构。这类动词有：finish, mind, suggest, enjoy, give up, can't help, avoid, escape, consider, delay, put off, postpone, admit, deny, practise, excuse, fancy, imagine, keep, miss, risk, appreciate

2. The question will then be repeated in different words.

in different words意思是"用不同的话"；words 或language前面的介词用in。

第二十四段：

1. If you are not definitely accepted or turned down on the spot, ask: "When may I expect to hear the results of this interview?"

turn down意思是"拒绝"；on the spot表示"当场、就地、在现场"。

第二十五段：

1. If you do receive a letter offering you the job, you must reply by letter (keep a photocopy) as soon as possible.