从句法角度看大学英语写作中的汉语负迁移
从句法角度看大学英语写作中的汉语负迁移
摘要:
英语写作是对学习者综合能力的测试。许多学习者对此感到很困难。在大学英语四级考试中，考生的作文成绩并不理想。有观点指出母语负迁移是导致这一现象的重要因
素。为验证这一说法，笔者对本校大一非英语专业学生的作文进行抽样，从句法的角度进行错误分析，以期时英语写作教学有所启示
关键词:大学英语写作汉语负迁移句法
引言
对于以英语作为第二语台的中国大学生而言，通过国家组织的公共英语四级考试是他们的一个短期目标。在四级考试中，写作是对应试者综合能力的一种测试，且占有举足轻重的地位。国家教育部规定，如考试中写作成绩为零，此试卷做不及格处理。然而，一直以来，学生的写作水平并不令人满意。据相关人事透露在四级考试中，学生的作文平均分通常仅有5-6分，有些地区甚至更低。造成这一现象无疑是多方面共同作用的结果。有人提出母语负迁移是其中一个重要因素。为验证这一说法，笔者对本校非英语专业大一学生的作文进行抽样，从句法层面进行错误分析，以期对英语写作教学有所启示。文章首先回顾了有关迁移的理论，介绍了大学英语写作要求，然后对本次抽样的过程和结果进行介绍说明。
一、迁移理论回顾
母语迁移是二语习得中的一个普遍现象，它是指学习者原有知识对新知识学习发牛影响的现象。+}在学习第_语言的过程中，是指其付语对二语习得的影响。对迁移的研究最早
始于二十世纪四五十年代的美国。1957年Lado在其出版的《跨文化的语言学》中指出:学习者经常会将母语的结构、词语顺序和意义迁移到外语中。
母语迁移包括下迁移和负迁移两个方面。对二语习得过程起推动作用的是正迁移，反之，起阻碍作用的是负迁移。[a7在学习过程中应积极促进正迁移避免负迁移。但在什么情况下会发生正迁移，什么情况下会产牛负迁移?怎样刁一能促进正迁移避免负迁移呢?许多学者对此进行了实验研究:行为主义认为，语言习得的过程就是1种习惯的形成过程。_几语习得过程被认为是克服母语习惯以形成新的目的语习.质的过程。[z!第二语言习得行为主义心理学的研究主要集中于刺激和反应的相似性对迁移的影响。它认为当两种语言中的刺激或反应在某一方面相同，那么这种相同性能促进外语学习中语言习惯的形成，这就是我们说的正迁移:两种语言的不同刺激或反应在某方面既有区别又有联系时，外语学习者倾向于用母语
的表达或理解方式来代替外语中表达或理解方式，造成影响外语学习的负面迁移。f31 目前较普遍的认识是:最初的学习内容和之后的学习内容相似性越大，就越容易发生正迁移，反之，则容易产生负迁移。[al就具体的语言迁移而言，则取决于两种语言的特征。如，英语和法语都属于拉丁语系，语言的共同成分较多，则容易发生正迁移;而汉语属于印藏语系，同英语的相异成分居多，则容易发生负迁移。Ellis(1994)在书中曾指出:Grauberg在1971年调查以母语为德语的学生，发现母语引起的负语用迁移错误占语言错误的36% , Chau 研究发现中国人负语用迁移引起的错误占语言错误的51%o Mukkatash1977年研究表明，阿拉伯人由母语引起的负语用迁移错误占语言错误的23% , Flink1980年研究西班牙人发现，其负语用迁移错误占语言错误的31%0 ['[由此可见，中国学生的英语学习中不可避免地会较多的发生阻碍学习的负迁移。
由于中国学生大都是在初中阶段开始学习英语，这一时期，学生的母语即汉语已经到达相当熟练的程度。根据Ausubel的认知理论，学习要通过一系列将新知识与头脑中已存在的旧知识相联系的有意义的过程才能发生，即任何有意义的学习都是在原有学习的基础上进行的，那么有意义的学习中一定有迁移。[5因此，在其英语的学习过程中，母语作为一种原有经验，是新的语言学习的一种认知上的准备，不可避时，教师应指导学生多看范文，取其
精华，但又不要因此使思路受到禁锢。
5.提高学生认知社会能力和对社会问题的敏锐度。
在社会发生着日新月异变化的今大，躲在象牙塔里“两耳不闻窗外事，一心只读圣贤书”已经不符合社会对教育的要
求，我们教育的目的是学以致用，而不是去写百无一用的“八股文”。综观近几年的四级作文，我们可以看出作文命题与社会现实息息相关，对学生认识社会、参与社会意识的能力和判断力、辨证思维的能力都有较高的要求。所以，学生应“读以致用，学以致用”，多读书，多参与社会实践，创造性地运用所学知识和技能，提高独u:思考和解决问题的能力，这样才能提高写作能力，变考试中的被动为主动，才能使自己在学习上和测试中游刃有余。
五、结语
语言测试是为检测语言教学和语言学习的效果而产生的一门新的学科。从诞生之日起，语言测试与语言教学和语言学习便密不可分。写作测试是英语教学过程中的重要环节，它是衡量教学效果的一个测量工具。它能有效评估写作教学效果和写作教学质量，同时它也能挖掘出现有写作教学中的问题与不足，并为写作教学的发展提供了方向。
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Part I Multiple Choice(15%) Directions:There are 15 incomplete statements in this part. For each statement there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best ONE to complete the statement. (1’x 15=15’) 1. According to the rules of writing a title, “__________” is correct. A. The Way To Improve Our English-Speaking Ability B. My View on the Negative Effects of Ads C. the Myth of a Negro Literature D. the war of Independence 2. Which of the following sentences has punctuation error? A. The alarm clock sounded, the students got up quickly. B. The alarm clock sounded; the students got up quick. C. The alarm clock sounded. The students got up quickly. D. When the alarm clock sounded, the students got up quickly. 3. __________ does not contain in the principles of “choice of words”. A. Accuracy B. Arbitrariness C. Appropriateness D. Conciseness 4. What kind of figures of speech(修辞格)is used in the sentence “This elephant is like a snake as anybody can see.”? A. Metaphor B. Personification C. Simile D. Hyperbole 5. During the TV interview, the singer announced that he was going to _____his new album soon. A.release B. renew C. relieve D. rehearse 6. Greatly agitated, I rushed to the apartment and tried the door, __________ to find it locked. A. only B. just C. hence D. thus 7. As I’ll be away for at least a year, I’d appreciate __________ from you now and then telling me how everyone is getting along. A. hearing B. to hear C. to be hearing D. having heard 8. An introductory paragraph should arouse the reader’s interest and __________ the main idea of the essay. A. ignore B. introduce C. develop D. emphasize 9. Which of the following sentences contains a dangling modifier? A. Coming up the hall, I heard the clock struck 10. B. While Wendy was driving on Greenwood Avenue yesterday afternoon, a tree began to fall toward her car. C. When I was ten, my grandfather died. D. None of the above. 10. Which one is not used as a transition word to give examples?
美国大学英语写作课后习题答案
Suggested Answers for “The Yellow Ribbon”—by Pete Hamill (P. 210) 1.Vingo returned from prison to find that his wife still loved him and wanted him back. 2. b 3. a 4. B 5.Two examples: Vingo tells his story slowly and painfully and with great hesitation. Vingo tells his story “slowly and painfully and with great hesitation.” 6. Examples of Vingo’s being honorable: He doesn’t express any self-pity about being in jail. He owns up to his crime. He offers his wife her freedom. 7. Place names: Fort Lauderdale, New Jersey, Washington, Jacksonville, the 34th Street Other transition: Terminal in New York, Philadelphia, Brunswick 8.But if she didn’t... 9.Maybe the author Hamill asked one of the young people in the story about her traveling experience. 10.The author ends this essay by describing how the young people shouted excitedly when they saw the yellow ribbons on the oak tree and how Vingo rose from his seat and made his way to the front of the bus to go home nervously. We may expect that Vingo would receive an amazing and warm welcome when he walks into his home. The author just wants to leaves some space for the readers to think and imagine freely. P.256--Taming the Anger Monster: by Anne Davidson 1. d 2. Anger has become an increasingly common problem in our society. 3. “According to Carol Tavris, author of Anger: The Misunderstood Emotion, the keys to dealing with anger are common sense and patience.” 4. Effect: An epidemic of anger Three causes: Lack of time, technology, tension 6. B 7. 8.To begin with Technology is also Tension, the third major culprit 9.D 10.The first paragraph presents a story about a person with anger problems. The last paragraph shows how that story was successfully resolved. P289.--Born to Be Different?: by Camille Lewis c 2. a 3. D 4. She lists a series of examples where the “empathizing” mindset is evident: female-dominated careers, female reading matter, and female relationships 5. Brain anatomy Ways of interacting with the world
英语作文万能句子：大学英语作文万能句子精选
英语作文万能句子：大学英语作文万能句子精选 1.开头万能公式一：名人名言 有人问了，“我没有记住名言，怎么办?尤其是英语(论坛)名言?”，很好办：编! 原理：我们看到的东西很多都是创造出来的，包括我们欣赏的文 章也是，所以即使编，但是一定要听起来很有道理呦!而且没准将来我们就是名人呢!对吧? 经典句型： aproberb says,“you are only young once.”(适用于已记住的名言) it goes without saying that we cannot be young forever.(适用于自编名言) 更多经典句型：as everyone knows, no one can deny that… 2.开头万能公式二：数字统计 原理：要想更有说服力，就应该用实际的数字来说明。 原则上在议论文当中十不应该出现虚假数字的，不过在考试的时 候哪管那三七二十一，但编无妨，只要我有东西写就万事大吉了。所 以不妨试用下面的句型： according to arecent survey,about78.9 the college students wanted to further their study after their graduation. 看起来这个数字文邹邹的，其实都是编造出来的，下面随便几个 题目我们都能够这样编造： honesty
根据最近的一项统计调查显示，大学生向老师请假的理由当中78%都是假的。 Travel by bike 根据最近的一项统计调查显示，85%的人在近距离旅行的时候首选 的交通工具是自行车。 youth 根据最近的一项统计调查显示，在某个大学，学生的课余时间的70%都是在休闲娱乐。 five-day workweek better than six-daywork? 根据最近的一项统计调查显示，98%的人同意每周五天工作日。 更多句型： arecent statistics shows that… 1.结尾万能公式一：如此结论 说完了，毕竟要归纳一番，相信各位都有这样的经历，领导长篇 大论，到最后终于冒出个"总来说之"之类的话，我们马上停止开小差，等待领导说结束语。也就是说，开头很好，也必然要有一个精彩的结尾，让读者眼前一亮，这样，你就能够拿高分了!比如下面的例子： Obviously(此为过渡短语), we can draw the conclusion that good manners arise from politeness and respect for others. 如果读者很难"显而见之"，但说无妨，就当读者的眼光太浅罢了! 更多过渡短语： to sum up, in conclusion, in brief, on account of this, thus
大学英语作文常用句型有哪些
大学英语作文常用句型有哪些 在我们平时的写作过程中，我们经常会执笔忘字、如鲠在喉，这时如果先前有特意摘录背诵一些常用句型，就可以下笔流畅。这就是我们今天要讨论的大学作文中的常用句型。 这些常用句型，熟记后，基本都可以在写作文的时候运用上。也不用绞尽脑汁去想如何表达自己的意思了。 1.While many people attach great importance to this issue, no real effective actions have been taken to solve it. Therefore, we should do our utmost in doing something to solve it. 尽管很多人非常重视这个问题，然而一直以来并没有采取真正有效的解决措施，因此，我们应该尽最大努力来解决这一问题。 2.After a good many years of efforts to/ enthusiasm for..., people begin to... 经过许多年的努力/热衷于多年之后，人们开始
例句：After a good many years of enthusiasm for fighting in the city, people begin to try to live a comfortable life in the country. 热衷于在城市拼搏多年之后，人们开始想在小城镇过上舒适的生活。 3.Recently, the problem of...has aroused peoples concern. 最近，问题已引起人们的关注。 例句：Recently, the problem of abandoning animals has aroused peoples concern. 最近，遗弃动物这个问题已引起人们的关注。 4.As far as I am concerned, the advantages of...is more than disadvantages. 我认为利大于弊。 例句：As far as I am concerned, the advantages of establishing library in town is more than disadvantages.
英语写作(一) 期末考试试题及参考答案
英语写作试题（一） I. Supply the missing paragraph (20 points) The following passage is incomplete with one body paragraph missing. Study the passage carefully and write the missing paragraph in about 100 words. Make sure that your tone and diction are in unity with the passage provided. Attaining Success in College Succeeding in college is not only important to getting and education, but also crucial in this day and age to success in the work place. To me, the three most important things for attaining a successful college experience are having smart classroom conduct, taking advantage of campus resources, and making college the first priority. _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ Making good use of campus resources is also of great importance to college success. The school library has many resources for the growth of the students’ mind. With computers and copy-machines for individual use, computer labs and writing labs are there not just for learning purposes but also for actual help with writing papers. The “office hours” will help the students build a close relationship with their professors and give them access to the professors’ mind. From the professors the students can acquire possible extra information that may put them ahead of their study. All these resources are free, since they are funded by student tuitions. So taking good advantage of the resources can only make the students’ education more attainable. Finally, any students who want to assure success must establish school as the top priority. Personally I have watched some students slowly loosen up; I have seen a pattern of partying and a lack of motivation. Many of the freshmen have no idea why they are in college, and their “eyes” often tell it all. This world is so rich in distractions that it is hard to keep a strong focus, especially if one is just starting his or her academic career. It is said that the first semester is often the most “unsuccessful” one. This certainly rings true for me. I made mistakes in this regard and eventually learned that, to achieve success, school must always be placed above other things. In my college experience, I have observed and learned how to achieve success. I wish someone had told me earlier the importance of having that smart classroom conduct, of fully utilizing the school resources, and of making college my top priority. Then, my college beginnings would not have been so rocky and tough. II. Write an outline (20 points) Read the following passage carefully and compose a “topic outline” for it. Smell Smell, as a means of nonverbal communication, is important. Odor communicates not only when we are face to face with another person, but also when the other personis not present. People from different cultures may have different attitudes toward body odors. Most people in the West respond negatively to what they consider bad odors such as body odor, breath odor, or