美国历史1-4单元

Unit one

New Words:

1. conquest-- ['k??kwest] n.

1).the act of conquering

2).success in mastering something difficult

2. diplomat-- ['dipl?m?t] n.

1).an official engaged in international negotiations

2).a person who deals tactfully with others

3. allow for--考虑到，虑及v. make a possibility or provide opportunity for; permit to be attainable or cause to remain

4. first mate--（海军）大副n. the officer below the master on a commercial ship

5. navigation-- [ ,n?vi'ɡei??n ] n.

?1).the guidance of ships or airplanes from place to place

?2).You can refer to the movement of ships as navigation.

6. rigging-- ['r?g??] n. 索具，绳索；装备gear consisting of ropes etc. supporting a ship's masts and sails

7. scurvy --n. [内科] 坏血病a condition caused by deficiency of vitamin C

8. sour-- adj. 酸的；发酵的smelling or staleness

9. migrant-- ['maiɡr?nt]n.移居者；traveler who moves from one region or country to another

10. immigrant -- ['?m?gr(?)nt]n. 移民，侨民(移来的,从某国来的移民)n. a person who comes to a country where they were not born in order to settle there

11. emigrant-- ['em?gr(?)nt]n. someone who leaves one country to settle in another移民；侨民(移居外国者)

12. meager-- [ 'mi:ɡ? ] adj. deficient in amount or quality or extent贫乏的；瘦的

13. ration-- [ 'r???n, 'rei- ]

n.定量；口粮；配给量a fixed portion that is allotted (especially in times of scarcity)

vt 配给；定量供应restrict the consumption of a relatively scarce commodity, as during war

14. batter -- vt. 猛击；打坏；使向上倾斜strike against forcefully

15. oppression --n.

1).the state of being kept down by unjust use of force or authority:

2). a feeling of being oppressed

16. deny-- vt refuse to accept or believe否定，否认；拒绝给予；拒绝…的要求

17. artisan-- [,ɑ?t?'z?n; 'ɑ?t?z?n]n.a skilled worker who practices some trade or handicraft

18. distress-- [di'stres]n.

1).psychological suffering

2).a state of adversity

19. burgeoning-- ['b?:d??ni?] adj. 增长迅速的；生机勃勃的flourishing

20. loom -- [ lu:m ]

n. a textile machine for weaving yarn into a textile织布机

https://www.360docs.net/doc/b117434440.html,e into view indistinctly, often threateningly可怕地出现；朦胧地出现

21. evict-- [?'v?kt ]vt. 驱逐；逐出expel from one's property or force to move out by a legal process

22. outlet-- n. an opening that permits escape or release出口，排放孔

23motivation --n.the reason for the action; that which gives purpose and direction to behavior 24.undertake --v.

1). enter upon an activity or enterprise

2). take on

25. fatal--adj. bringing death致命的；重大的；毁灭性的；

26. thrive-- [ θraiv ] v.

1). grow stronger茁壮成长

2). gain in wealth繁荣，兴旺

27. yield--

n. an amount of a production. 产量；收益

vt. surrender or relinquish to the physical control of another屈服；出产；放弃

28.considerable--

adj. large or relatively large in number or amount or extent or degree相当大的；重要的，值得考虑的

29considerate-- adj. showing concern for the rights and feelings of others体贴的；体谅的；考虑周到的

30. wreck-- n.

1) something or someone that has suffered ruin破坏

?2) an accident that destroys a ship at sea残骸

?3) a serious accident (usually involving one or more vehicles)失事

31. commemorate-- [k?'mem?re?t]vt. 庆祝，纪念；成为…的纪念mark by some ceremony or observation

32. massive-- adj. imposing in size or bulk or solidity大量的；巨大的，厚重的；魁伟的

33. mythic-- ['miθik]adj.神话的；虚构的

–1).relating to or having the nature of mytha novel of almost mythic consequence

–2).based on or told of in traditional stories; lacking factual basis or historical validity

34.initiate --v.

1).bring into being

2).take the lead or initiative in

35. indigenous -- [?n'd?d??n?s] adj. originating where it is found本土的；土著的；国产的；固有的

36. descent-- n.

? 1.a movement downward下降

? 2.properties attributable to your ancestry血统

37. imperialism-- n..a policy of extending your rule over foreign countries

38. holocaust -- ['h?l?k?:st]n..an act of great destruction and loss of life

39. disrupt-- [dis'r?pt] vt. 破坏；使瓦解；使分裂；使中断

1).make a break in

2). interfere in someone else's activity

40. antagonism -- [?n't?g(?)n?z(?)m] n. feeling of dislike and hostility对抗，敌对；对立；敌意

41.epochal-- adj. highly significant or important划时代的；新纪元的

42. collision--

?1). a conflict of opposed ideas or attitudes or goals

?2).an brief event in which two or more bodies come together

43. inadvertently-- [,?n?d'v??t(?)ntl?] adv. without knowledge or intention非故意地；不注意地

44. extinct-- [ik'sti?kt]adj.no longer in existence; lost or especially having died out leaving no living representatives

45. adept--

?having or showing knowledge and skill and aptitude

46. immunity--

?n. 免疫力；豁免权；免除

?the state of not being susceptible

47. decimate --v

?1).kill one in every ten, as of mutineers in Roman armies十中抽一，取十分之一

?2).kill in large numbers大批杀害

48. eternal-- [?…t??n(?)l; i?-] adj. continuing forever or indefinitely永恒的；不朽的

49. perception-- [p?'sep?(?)n] n. a way of conceiving something知觉；[生理] 感觉；看法；洞察力；

50. unprecedented -- [?n'pres?dent?d] adj. having no precedent; novel空前的；无前例的

51. Catholic-- ['k?θl?k]

–adj. relating to or supporting Catholicism[k?'θ?l?s?z?m]天主教的；

–n. 天主教徒；罗马天主教

52. protestant-- ['prɑt?st?nt]

–adj. 新教的；新教徒的

–n. 新教；新教徒

–1).an adherent of Protestantism

–2).the Protestant churches and denominations collectively

53. Anglican-- ['??ɡlik?n]

adj. of or pertaining to or characteristic of the Anglican church英国国教的；

?n. a Protestant who is a follower of Anglicanism英国国教徒

54. predestination-- [,prid?st?…ne??n] n. previous determination as if by destiny or fate命运；预先注定

55. infallible -- [?n'f?l?bl] adj. incapable of failure or error绝对可靠的；绝无错误的

56. glorify -- ['ɡl?r?fa?] vt. .praise, glorify, or honor赞美；美化；崇拜（神）；使更壮丽

57. immerse-- [i'm?:s]vt. 沉浸；使陷入

1).thrust or throw into

2).engross (oneself) fully

58. austere-- [?…st?r] adj. severely simple严峻的；简朴的；苦行的；无装饰的

59. staple -- ['stepl] 重要部分A staple is something that forms an important part of something else.

60. disenchant-- [,d?s?n't??nt] vt. free from enchantment使清醒；使不抱幻想

61. proclaim-- [pr?'klem] vt. 宣告，公布；声明；表明；赞扬declare formally;

62. unanimous -- [ju:'n?nim?s] adj. .in complete agreement全体一致的；

Questions:

1.What were the motivations of the exploration of the New World?

1). desire to explore: The desire to explore the unknown has been a driving force in human

history since the dawn of time.

2). religious beliefs: spread Christianity

3). the need to establish trade routes

4). searching of wealth

5) expand empires :the desire for conquest

2. Christopher Columbus’s “discovery” of the New World resulted in transformations in many aspects. Can you elaborate on the transformations?

Christopher Columbus?s “discovery” of the New World produced an extraordinary transformation of the natural environment and human cultures.

1). New foods reshaped the diets of people in both hemispheres.

2). The natural environment was transformed.

3). Death and disease—these too were consequences of contact. Diseases against which Indian peoples had no natural immunities caused the greatest mass deaths in human history.

4). With the Indian population decimated by disease, Europeans gradually introduces a new labor force into the New World: enslaved Africans.

5). Columbus?s voyage of discovery contributed to the development of the modern concept of progress. It encouraged visions of a more perfect future.

3. Can you briefly summarize the fundamental beliefs of the Puritan?

1). Puritans believed that all men were born sinners, this was known as the idea of “original sin.”

2). Puritans felt that only certain of people would be saved and that these people were chosen at birth, thi s was known as “predestination”.

3). The Bible was seen as an infallible guide to all life. The Puritans believed that man must follow the Bible exactly and try to communicate directly with God. In order to achieve this, the Puritans held to an austere lifestyle.

Unit 2

New Words:

1. impel-- [im'pel] v. force to action through pressure冲动；抛；推进（强迫）

2. diverse-- [da?'v?s] adj. 不同的；多种多样的；变化多的

1.many and different

2.distinctly dissimilar or unlike

3. wilderness-- […w?ld?n?s]n. wild and uninhabited area left in its natural condition荒地；大量，茫茫一片

4. destiny-- ['d?st?ni] n. an event (or a course of events) that will inevitably happen in the future命运，定数，天命

5. uncharted-- [,?n't?ɑrt?d] adj. (of unknown regions) not yet surveyed or investigated 未知的；图上未标明的

6. modify-- ['m?d?fa?] cause to change; make different; cause a transformation vt. 修改，修饰；更改

7. distinctly-- [d?'st??ktli] adv. a distinct and distinguishable manner明显地；无疑地，确实地

8. peculiar [p?'kjul??] adj. 特殊的；独特的；奇怪的；罕见的

1.markedly different from the usual

2.characteristic of one only; distinctive or special

9. trait--n. a distinguishing feature of your personal nature特性，特点；品质；少许

10. interplay-- [,?nt?'pl?i] n. reciprocal action and reaction相互影响，相互作用

11. relief--n. 救济；减轻，解除；安慰

1.the feeling that comes when something burdensome is removed or reduced

2.the condition of being comfortable

12. glimpse-- [ɡl?mps]

1.a quick look

2.a brief or incomplete view

v. catch a glimpse of or see briefly

13. vista-- ['v?st?] n. the visual percept of a region远景，狭长的街景；展望；回顾

14. virgin--

n. a person who has never had sex

adj. being used or worked for the first time未经利用的，处于原始状态的

15. profusion -- [pr?'fju?n] n. the property of being extremely abundant丰富，充沛；慷慨

16. treasure-house n. a storehouse for treasures宝库

17. abundant-- [?'b?nd?nt] adj. present in great quantity丰富的；充裕的；盛产

18. habitation-- [,h?b?'te??n] n. 居住；住所

1. the native habitat or home of an animal or plant

2. housing that someone is living in

19. abound -- [?'ba?nd]vi. be abundant or plentiful; exist in large quantities大量存在，富于，

富足(in)

多产(with):

20. oyster -- ['??st?] n. .marine mollusks having a rough irregular shell;牡蛎，[无脊椎] 蚝；

21. scarce-- [sk?rs]

1.not enough; hard to find

2.deficient in quantity or number compared with the demand

22. commercial -- [k?'m???l]

adj. 商业的；营利的；靠广告收入的

1.connected with or engaged in or sponsored by or used in commerce or commercial enterprises

2.of or relating to commercialism

23. revolutionary-- ['r?v?'l???'n?ri] adj. markedly new or introducing radical change革命的；旋转的；大变革的

24. persecution -- [,p?s?'kj???n] n. the act of persecuting (especially on the basis of race or religion)迫害；烦扰

25. harbor--n. 海港；避难所

1.a sheltered port where ships can take on or discharge cargo

2.a place of refuge and comfort and security

26. livestock-- ['la?vstɑk] n. any animals kept for use or profit牲畜；家畜

27. indentured-- adj. bound by contract受契约束缚的

28. hierarchical-- [,ha??'rɑrk?kl] adj. classified according to various criteria into successive levels or layers分层的；等级体系的

29. aristocracy -- [,?r?'stɑkr?si] n. 贵族；贵族统治；上层社会；贵族政治

a privileged class holding hereditary titles

the most powerful members of a society

30. chronicler-- ['krɑn?kl?] n. someone who writes chronicles记录者；年代史编者

31. league--1). an association of states or organizations or individuals for common action联盟；社

团；范畴

2). unit of distance of varying length. 里格; 长度单位，约为3英里

32. substantial -- [s?b'st?n?(?)l] adj.fairly large大量的; 很大程度的

33. peel -- strip the skin off v. 剥，剥落；

34. haul -- v. 拖运；拖拉

1).draw slowly or heavily

2).transport in a vehicle

35. wagon -- ['w?g(?)n] n. any of various kinds of wheeled vehicles drawn by a horse or tractor货车，四轮马车

36. Quaker -- ['kweik?] n. a member of the Religious Society of Friends founded by George Fox 教友派信徒；贵格会教徒

37. hornbook ['h?:nbuk]n.a primer that provides instruction in the rudiments or basic skills of a branch of knowledge小孩学习用的文字板；入门书

38. flax -- n. 亚麻；fiber of the flax plant that is made into thread and woven into linen fabric

39. tannery -- n. ['t?n?ri]n.workplace where skins and hides are tanned 制革厂；硝皮厂

40. segregate -- ['segr?ge?t] vt. separate by race or religion; practice a policy of 使隔离；使分离；在…实行种族隔离

41. fraternize -- ['fr?t?na?z] vi. be on friendly terms with someone, as if with a brother, especially with an enemy友善；结有深交

Questions:

1.The thirteen British colonies could be divided into three geographic areas: New England,

Middle, and Southern. What colonies did each area include?

1). New England: New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut.

2). Middle: New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware.

3). Southern: Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia.

2.Can you briefly state the differences in the educational systems of the three regions of

colonial America?

If you were a school-age person in colonial America, you might have gone to a public or private school.

1). In the New England colonies, parents believed that their children should learn about Christianity. To that end, parents taught their children to read so they could read the Bible. New England villages having more than 100 families set up grammar schools, which taught boys Latin and math and other subjects needed to get into college.

2). Middle Colonies schools were also largely religious but taught the teachings of one religion. If you were a Catholic, you learned about the Catholic religion. Most schools were private. Students also learned other subjects so they could get into college.

3). School-age kids in the Southern Colonies were taught at home by their parents or by private tutors. When these kids became teenagers, they would then go off to college or to Europe.

3.Summarize the differences of farming in the three regions of colonial America.

1). Farmers in the New England Colonies had a rough time of it. Much of the soil wasn?t good for growing crops, especially near the ocean. Also, the early and long-lasting winters killed many crops quickly. The main kind of food New Englanders contributed to the economy was fish.

2). Farmers in the Middle Colonies were the most prosperous of all. They grew wheat, barley, oats, rye, and corn. The Middle Coloni es were often called the “breadbasket” because they grew

so much food.

3). Farmers in the Southern Colonies grew several things. The most popular crop was tobacco. The Jamestown colonists had grown tobacco originally, and tobacco farms sprung up all over Virginia and North Carolina. The two southernmost states (South Carolina and Georgia) also grew indigo and rice. Colonial farmers didn?t have the large machines that today?s farmers have and so had to rely on manpower and animal power.

Unit 3

New Words:

1.overt — (of beliefs or actions) public; not secret

2.accumulate — make or become greater in quantity or size, esp. over a long period

3.revenue — income, esp. that which the government receives as tax

4.attainment — sth. that has been successfully gained

5.enforcement — causing (a rule or law) to be obeyed or carried out effectively

6.outlaw — declare sth. not legal

7.molasses — a thick dark sweet liquor produced from sugar plants

8.levy — demand and collect officially

9.agitate — argue strongly in public for or against some political or social change

10.disguise — change the usual appearance or character of sb. or sth. in order to hide

the truth

11.dump — drop or unload

12.restore — bring back into use or existence

13.confiscate — to take (private property) away from sb. esp. with the official right

to do so, usu. as a punishment

14.munitions — large arms for war; bombs, guns, etc.

15.resound — to be loudly and clearly heard

https://www.360docs.net/doc/b117434440.html,itia — a body of men not belonging to a regular army, but trained as soldiers to

serve only in their own country if it is attacked or in times when there is violence and disorder in towns, cities, etc.

17.pamphlet — a small thin book with paper covers, often dealing with a matter of

public interest

18.hereditary — (of a position, title) which can be passed down from an older to a

younger person, esp. in the same family

19.monarchy — (the system of) rule by a king or queen

20.crystalize — become clear and fixed in form

21.alliance — a close agreement or connection made between two countries, groups,

for a shared purpose or for the protection of their interests

22.sovereignty — complete freedom and power to act or govern

23.provoke — to be the sudden cause of (a usu. unpleasant feeling or action)

24.accustomed — in the habit of; used to

25.hostility — the state of extreme unfriendliness

26.prominence — the fact or quality of being noticeable; importance

27.appeal — make a strong request for help, support, mercy

28.revolt — an act of rebellion

29.patriot — sb. who loves and is willing to defend their country

30.overthrow — remove from a position of power

31.subject — a person who lives in the land of, is protected by and owes loyalty to a

certain state or royal ruler

32.tyrannical — severely and unjustly cruel, esp. in exercising power

33.arbitrary — decided by or based on chance or personal opinion rather than facts or

reason

Questions:

1.Give a brief account of the Boston Tea Party.

2.Describe when, where and how were the first shots of the Revolutionary War

fired?

3.The Declaration of Independence

Keys:

1.Give a brief account of the Boston Tea Party.

The powerful East India Company, finding itself in critical financial situation, appealed to the British government, which granted it the sole right on all tea exported to the colonies. Aroused by the loss of the tea trade, the colonial traders agitated for independence. On the night of December 16, 1773, Sons of Liberty disguised as Indians and led by Samuel Adams boarded three British ships and dumped their tea cargo into Boston harbor.

2.Describe when, where and how were the first shots of the Revolutionary War

fired?

Moving against the possibility of armed violence by the colonists, Britain sent around 2000 soldiers from Boston on the night of April 18, 1775, to confiscate munitions that the colonists were storing at Concord. During the night, the fellow riders went from house to house, quietly giving warning to people who belonged to a group called Minutemen. On the morning of April 19, 1775, the first shots of the Revolutionary War were fired at Lexington, Massachusetts.

3.The Declaration of Independence

After the start of the Revolutionary War, the thirteen original English colonies all had the desire for independence from Great Britain, yet they need to approve a formal declaration. A committee of five, headed by Thomas Jefferson of Virginia, was appointed to prepare a formal declaration. Largely Jefferson?s work, the Declaration of Independence, adopted on July 4, 1776, not only announced the birth of a new nation, but also set forth a philosophy of human freedom.

Unit 4

New Words:

1.bequeath — give to others after death

2.posterity — (people of ) the future

3.devise — plan or invent, esp. cleverly

4.constitution — the system of laws and principles, usu. written down, according to

which a country or an organization is governed

5.sporadically — happening irregularly, intermittently

6.delegate —a person who has been elected or appointed to speak, vote or take

decisions for a group, such as a representative at a meeting

7.mediate — act as a peacemaker between opposing sides

8.temporary — lasting only for a limited time

9.ratify — approve ( a written agreement) and make it official by signing it

10.entrust — give sb. sth. to be responsible for

11.treaty — an agreement made between countries, esp. after a war

12.requisition — an official demand or request, esp. one made by a military body

13.autonomy —the right of self-government or management of one?s own affairs,

esp. of a state or group within a country

14.claim — a demand or request for something which one has a right to have

15.domain — the land owned or controlled by one person, a government

16.unanimous — (of a decision, statement, etc.) supported or agreed by everyone

17.consent — agreement or permission

18.acquire — gain or come to possess, esp. by one?s own work, skill, or action, often

over a long peroid of time

19.perspective — the way in which a situation or problem is judged, so that proper

consideration and importance is given to each part

20.revise — to read through (a piece of writing) carefully, making improvements and

putting mistakes right

21.prestigious — having or bringing general respect or admiration felt for someone

or something because they have high quality, social influence, success, etc.

22.discriminate — to unfairly treat one person or group worse or better than others

23.legislature — a body of people who have the power to make and change laws

24.supremacy —the state of having the highest position, in terms of power,

importance, or influence

25.executive —the branch of the government having the power to carry out

government decisions and laws

26.judiciary —all the judges in the courts of law, considered as one group, and

forming one of the branches of government

27.endorse — to express approval or support of (opinions, actions, a person, etc)

28.fashion — to shape or make, usu. with one?s hands or with only a few tools

https://www.360docs.net/doc/b117434440.html,promise — (an act of ) settling an argument or difference of opinion by each

side agreeing to some of the demands of the other; an agreement reached in this way that is acceptable to both sides

30.stipulate — to state as a necessary condition, esp. of an agreement or offer

31.advocate — a person who speaks for or supports an idea, way of life, etc.

32.spur — urge or encourage forcefully to work harder, perform better, etc.

33.contend — to claim, say or state strongly

34.merit — the quality of deserving praise, reward, etc.

35.crucial — of deciding importance

36.substantial — large enough to be noticeable or to have an important effect

37.assert — to state or declare forcefully

Questions:

1.What do you know about the Articles of Confederation? Why did the founding

fathers want to revise the Articles of Confederation?

2.Who was called the “Father of the Constitution”? What are the three parts of a

national government according to his Virginia Plan?

3.What were the two compromises made by the delegates to the Constitution

Convention?

Keys:

1.What do you know about the Articles of Confederation? Why did the founding

fathers want to revise the Articles of Confederation?

No national political institutions existed in America before the Revolutionary War. To fight the war against Britain, the states in 1781 agreed to the Articles of Confederation. The Articles of Confederation proposed a loose confederation in which each state kept its sovereign independence and control over all of its internal affairs. The Articles of Confederation created a weak but workable national government.

Yet some patriots campaigned for a much stronger central government. In their thinking, there was a self-evident need for central control over the western lands, commercial policies and dealings with foreign states.

2.Who was called the “Father of the Constitution”? What are the three parts of a

national government according to his Virginia Plan?

James Madison of Virginia was known as the “Father of the Constitution”.

The Virginia Plan proposed a three-part national government, with a lower house—the House of Representatives, elected by the voters, an upper house—the Senate, selected by the lower body, and an executive and judiciary chosen by the entire legislature.

3.What were the two compromises made by the delegates to the Constitution

Convention?

The first compromise sought to balance the political power of states with large and small populations. Under the terms of the compromise, the states would be represented in the lower house on the basis of population . In the upper house, each state would have an equal number of votes.

The second compromise was made to solve an important regional issue—the conflict between the North and the South. The Southern states contained a large number of black slaves. Since these slaves were not allowed to vote, Northern delegates argued that they should not be counted for purposes of representation, while the Southerners wanted slaves to be counted equally with free people. At last, three-fifths of a state?s enslaved population would be counted for purposes of representation and taxation.