考研英语中由短横线(hyphen)连接的合成词

考研英语中由短横线(hyphen)连接的合成词
考研英语中由短横线(hyphen)连接的合成词

考研英语中由短横线(hyphen)连接的合成词

作者:杨政(广州新东方国内部)

问:08年考研大纲中没有明确指出,但是考试却经常出现的一类单词,86――2006年共出现了576词,平均每年约有28个,是什么词?

答:由“-”连接的合成词,其中绝大部分都是复合形容词,还有一小部分为复合名词。这些词有些出现在题目中,有些出现在选项中,如果不能准确掌握它们的意思,对于理解原文和选择正确的选项将造成巨大障碍。

问:除了认识hyphen连接的复合词,还有别的作用吗?

答:除了认识以外,如果掌握了构词方法,可以极大的丰富你的写作词语素材。例如:我希望坐上“比光速还快的”飞船。护理行业是“女人统治的”行业。我需要一些“缓解疼痛的”药物。“学生写的”作文很有趣。请问“”中的表达方式,您都会吗?也许你以前需要一个定于从句,但是现在只需要一个hyphen,一切都可以轻松解决。

一.名词+X

X= 形容词,现在分词,过去分词,名词,介词

1.名词 + 现在分词

job-seeking guide 求职向导

peace-loving people 爱好和平的人 noise-making boy 吵闹的男孩

mouth-watering baby 留着口水的婴儿 head-scratching puzzlement 让人挠头的难题

pain-relieving medication 缓解疼痛的药物 meat-eating animal == carnivore 食肉动物

time-consuming 费时的 money-consuming 费钱的 energy consuming 费精力的

2.名词 + 过去分词

A woman-dominated field 女人统治的领域 student-written compositions 学生写的作文

heart-broken story 让人心碎的故事 man-made protein 人造蛋白质

3.名词 + 形容词

accident-free operations 零事故的手术 Toll-free number 免费电话号码

life-long(终生的) world-famous (世界著名的)

world-wide (世界范围的)ice-cold (冰冷的)

4.名词 + 介词

built-in furniture 内嵌式家具 child-like (像小孩似的)

5.名词 + 名词

Import-export equilibrium 进出口均衡

Input-output balance 投入产出平衡

health-care system 卫生保健体系

intelligence-analysis company 情报分析公司

man-machine integration 人机一体化

English-language (英国语言的)

数量词(名词中的特殊形式)

1. 数词 + 名词(单数)

one-child policy (独生子女政策/) two-hour talk (两小时的谈话)

2. 数词 + 名词(单数) + 形容词

three-year-old (三岁的) seven-foot-wide (七英尺的) 8000-meter-long (8000米长的) six-meter-tall (六米高的)

3. 数词 + 名词 + ”-ed”

one-eyed (独眼的) four-storeyed (四层的) two-faced (两面的) four-footed (四只脚的)

二.形容词(或者副词)+X

X= 名词(不适用于副词),名词ed,形容词,现在分词,过去分词

1.形容词+名词

domestic-relations lawyer 家庭关系律师

low-level construction 低水平建设

hard-line party 强硬路线的政党

first-class/ rate service一流的服务

full-time student 全职学生、脱产学生

high-class高级的

second-hand(二手的) part-time(业余的)

mid-term (期中的) final-term(期末的)

2. 形容词 + 名词 + “-ed”

tight-lipped 很少说话的,守口如瓶的

light-hearted轻松愉快的

quick-witted 急智的,机敏的

good-natured 和蔼的,和善的

kind-hearted(好心肠的) cold-blooded (冷血的)warm-hearted(热心肠的) blue-eyed(蓝眼睛的)

middle-aged(中年的) red-lipped(红嘴唇的)3. 形容词(副)+现在分词

long-standing traditions 长期的传统

far-reaching influence 深远的影响

ever-changing world 不断变化的世界

best-selling novel 最畅销的小说

good-looking(长相好看的) ugly-looking(长相丑陋的)

easy-looking (长相随和的) tired-looking(面容疲劳的)hard-working (勤奋的) ever-lasting(永恒的)

4.形容词/副词+过去分词

clear-cut distinctions 鲜明的区别(clear-cut切得很清楚)

clean-cut hair-style 整齐的发型(clean-cut切得很干净)

ready-made 现成的hotly-contested market old-fashioned 老式的 native-born 本国出生的

new-born (新生的)so-called(所谓的)

hard-won (来之不易的)well-dressed(衣着好的)

newly-built (新建的) recently-built (刚建的)

5.形容(副)词 + 形容词

dark-blue(深蓝的) light-green(浅绿的)all-round (全面的) red-hot(灼热的)

ill, well专题

以ill-为前缀的复合形容词,在考研英语中出现了7次,以well-为前缀的出现了24次,这说明这两个词,派生能力很强,我们要重点掌握。

ill-/well- + 名词ed,动词ed,动词ing

ill-treated受虐待的 ill-informed 消息不灵通的,一无所知的

ill-defined 定义不清晰的 ill-bred 没有教养的

ill-advised 不明智的 ill-managed管理不善的

ill-mannered 行为举止不礼貌的

ill-tempered 脾气暴躁的

Well+形容词(25) Well-known 著名的

Well-oiled cog 上了油的――运转正常的

Well-paid job很好支付的-----高薪的工作

Well-ventilated factories 通风良好的工厂

Well-born出身优越的 Well-developed skill 熟练的技巧

Well-worded language 措辞优美的语言

Well-balanced diet 很均衡的饮食

Well-established(long and respected)firm 久负盛名的公司

well-established trend 得到确认的时尚趋势

Well-founded facts 有事实依据的

Well-grounded 有事依据的,训练有素的

Well-informed (about) 对某一问题非常熟悉的

Well-meaning 出于好意的: intended to be helpful but not succeeding.

Well-worn jacket 穿旧了的,well-worn excuses 陈腐的借口

Well-thumbed magazine 翻旧了的杂志

well-timed arrival达到时机正好

well-rounded veteran阅历,经验丰富的老兵

Well-mannered 举止行为有礼貌的

三.其余类型

1.动词+形容词

cling-film食品薄膜,胶带

2.动词+介词

a follow-up survey 后续的调查

a go-ahead signal 前进的信号

3.介词+名词

In-house counsel 公司法务顾问

Up-market commodity 高档的商品

3.情态动词+BE动词

could-be employer 将来的老板

would-be house-buyers 想要购买房产的人

would-be suicide 未遂的自杀

4. 多个组合

A hard-to-get-to place 难以到达的地方

end-of-life care 生命终期护理

up-to-date information 最新的信息

faster-than-light travel 比光速还快的旅行

all-man-love lady = man-killer

answered off-the-cuff 即席地回答问题

an off-the-cuff remark 一个即兴地评论

词源故事:off the cuff 最早起源于英国,一直被沿用到今天。在几百年前的欧洲,上流社会经常会举办一些大型宴会,场面宏大奢华。在宴会上,主人经常邀请一些客人来一场即席演说。为了避免当众出丑,一些客人像学生考试作弊一样,赴宴前在袖口里塞一张纸条,上面写一些准备好的演讲内容,以备急需。由此,我们可知 off the cuff 表示“未经准备的,即席的”,cuff 指“衬衫的袖口”。

例如:This is the kind of question that one cannot answer off the cuff.

这是不可以随意回答的那类问题。

He had to speak off the cuff because he forgot to bring his prepared speech.他不得不做一个即席演说因为他忘了带准备好的讲稿。

四.复合名词

1.从复合形容词变来的复合名词

70-year-old elders = 70-year-olds

White-collar workers = white-collars

Well-being life

well-being 幸福,安宁 the state of being healthy, wealthy, and happy

辨析:welfare福利=a financial aid

sight-seeing trip 观光旅行

bread-winning man=bread-winner

business-to-business service ――B2B

business-to-customers service ――B2C

几乎所有的动词与介词或名词连接起来都可以构成复合名词。

Start-up 启动,开始,创业upstarts暴发户

Take-over 接管build-up积聚

Economic slow-down 经济下滑

Internet sign-up签约,注册―― internet sign-ups 因特网注册用户

Self-也有很强的构词能力,一共出现了35个self-构成的复合名词与复合形容词,以下是几个最常考的表达方法。

self-respect自尊self-reliance自强自

self-confidence自信self-protect自我保护

self-employed个体经营的,个体户self-evident 不言而喻,不言自明

self-contradict 自我矛盾的 self-discipline自我约束,自我修养

self-help 自助 self-interest自私自利

self-sufficient自给自足的 self-restrained自我约束的

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