英语写作专题训练——过渡词

英语写作专题训练——过渡词
英语写作专题训练——过渡词

英语写作专题训练——过渡词

一. 教学内容:

英语写作专题训练——过渡词

众所周知,要写出清晰流畅的文章,需要把文章中各部分巧妙地连接在一起。这样可使文章自然而别致,并能层层展开主题句,完整地表达中心思想。而过渡词(Transitional Words)是连接这些部分的纽带。

过渡词是一种关系指引词,一般由副词或起副词作用的短语承担。此外,代词、连词、上下文的近义词等也可作过渡词。过渡词能使文章启、承、转、合,融会贯通,连成一体。

一、过渡词的分类

1. 根据意思和作用的不同,过渡词可以分为以下十五类:

(1)表并列关系的过渡词:

and, also,as well, as well as,or, too, not only…but also, both … and, either … or, neither…nor (2)表递进关系的过渡词:

besides, in addition(加之,除……之外), moreover(此外,而且), what’s more,what’s worse (3)表转折对比的过渡词:

but, however, yet, instead, on the other hand, on the contrary, although, different from, despite, in pite of, whereas, unlike, nevertheless, not only…but also, here…there, years ago…today, this…that, the former…the latter, then…now, the first… whereas the second, once…now, on the one hand … on the other hand, some…others

(4)表原因的过渡词:

because, because of, since, as, for, now that, thanks to, due to(由于)

(5)表结果的过渡词:

so, thus, therefore, as a result, so that, then, thereby, hence, so…that, such…that

(6)表条件的过渡词:

if, unless, on condition that, as/so long as

(7)表时间的过渡词:

when, while, after, before, until, as soon as, later, afterwards, soon, lately, recently, since, from then on, eventually, in the meantime, then, suddenly, at the same time, next, early this morning / year / century, after a while, in a few days, now, presently, finally, at last, all of a sudden, form now on, at present, immediately, the moment

(8)表特定的顺序关系的过渡词:

first, firstly, second, secondly, third, thirdly, above all, first of all, then, next, finally, in the end, at last, afterward(s)(后来), meanwhile(几乎同时), thereafter(在那以后), last, finally, eventually (终于)

(9)表换一种方式表达的过渡词:

in other words, that is to say, to put it another way

(10)表进行举例说明的过渡词:

for instance, for example, like, such as

(11)表陈述事实的过渡词:

in fact, actually, as a matter of fact, to tell you the truth

(12)表强调的过渡词:

certainly, indeed, above all, surely, most important, in fact, no doubt, without any doubt, truly, obviously

(13)表比较的过渡词:

like, unlike, in the same way, similarly, similar to

(14)表目的的过渡词:

for this reason, for this purpose, so that, in order to, so as to

(15)表总结的过渡词:

in a word(总之,简言之), in general, in short(总之), above all, after all, generally speaking, to sum up, finally, in conclusion, at last, in summary

2. 文章段落之间的逻辑关系主要由过渡词来完成,在修辞中称为启、承、转、合。“启”就是开头, “承”是承接,“转”是转折,“合”是综合或总结。

(1)用于“启”的过渡词语用于表示“启”的过渡词或过渡性的语句通常用在段落或文章的开头:

first, first of all, at first, in the first place, firstly, to being with, to start with, recently, now, at present, in recent years, in general, generally speaking, at present, lately, currently, It is often said that…,

As the proverb says…,

It goes without saying that…,

It is clear/obvious that…,

Many people often ask …

(2)用于“承”的过渡词语表示“承”的过渡词或过渡性的语句通常用在段落中的第一个扩展句中:

second, similarly, in addition, besides, then, furthermore, moreover, what is more, what is worse, for example, for instance, certainly, surely, obviously, in other words, especially, particularly, in particular, indeed, still, third, truly, in fact, at the same time, no doubt,

It is true that…,

Everybody knows that…,

It can be easily proved that…,

No one can deny that…

The reason why …is that …,

There is no doubt that…,

To take…for an example (instance) …,

We know that…,

What is more serious is that…

(3)用于“转”的过渡词语用于“转”的过渡词或过渡性的语句通常用在段落中的第二个扩展句中:

but, however, on the other hand, on the contrary, in contrast, in any case, at any rate(无论如何), nevertheless(虽然如此), otherwise, or, or else, while, whereas, but, despite, in spite of ..., yet, instead,

I do not believe that…,

Perhaps you’ll ask why…

This may be true, but we still have a problem with regard to…,

Though we are in basic agreement with …, yet differences will be found,

That’s why I feel that…

(4)用于“合”的过渡词语用于“合”的过渡词或过渡性的语句通常用在段落的结论句或文章的结论段中:

in a word, in general, in short, above all, after all, generally speaking,to sum up, finally, in conclusion, at last, in summary, therefore, as a result, above all, thus,after all(毕竟), eventually, hence, in short, in conclusion, in a word, in sum(总之), on the whole(就整体而言), to sum up From this point of view …

On account of this we can find that …

The result is dependent on …

Thus, this is the reason why we must…

二、过渡词的应用

有的学生在作文中使用过多简单句,成了简单句堆砌;有的写复杂句时,动辄用so,and,then,but,or,however,yet等非但达不到丰富表达方式的目的,反而使句子结构松散、呆板。为了避免这种现象,可以通过使用不同的过渡词,不仅能够丰富句型,而且还能够把思想表达得更清楚,意义更连贯。例如:

1. 学生习作

TV and website

TV and website are popular media. They have something in common. Both of them make money from ads. Websites also have different sections. You may choose the one you are most interested in.

They are different in many ways. Moving pictures are shown on TV with sound and interpretation. It makes you feel that you are just on the spot. The programs change every day. Professional TV reporters do the report for TV.

Some information on websites change all the time. Not all of it is so updated. Everybody can write articles for websites rather than professional reporter.

Every medium has its own features. It is hard to say which is better.

这段文字用简单句表达,它们之间内在的逻辑关系含糊不清,意思支离破碎。如果使用过渡词,将单句与其前后合并,形成主次关系,就把一个比较复杂的内容和关系表达得层次清楚、结构严谨。

修改后的文章:

TV and website

Both TV and website are popular media. They have something in common. Both of them make money from ads. Similar to TV, websites also have different sections, so that you may choose the one you are most interested in.

However, they are different in many ways. Above all, moving pictures are shown on TV with sound and interpretation, which makes you feel as if you are just on the spot. Then,the programs change every day and professional TV reporters do the report for TV. Unlike TV,some information on websites change all the time, but not all of it is so updated. In addition, everybody can write articles for websites rather than professional reporter.

In a word, every medium has its own features, so it is hard to say which is better.

修改后的文章用过渡词来衔接上下段

第一段第一句为:Both TV and website are popular media. They have something in common.

第二段第一句为:However, they are different in many ways.

第三段第一句为:In a word, every medium has its own features…

这篇短文每一段的第一句都是主题句,在每个主题句前使用Both…and, However, In a word 使全文有序地衔接起来。

如果在文章中再恰当使用其他的过渡词,会使文章增色很多。(见上文)

我们常常遇到这样的作文题目,如:发展私人轿车的利与弊、科学发明的利与弊、网上购物的利与弊。这些题目常常是谈论一个事物的两个方面,这时只要使用表示转折的过渡词就能很好地连接上下段。

As a new way of shopping, online shopping is becoming more and more popular in our daily life.

Online shopping has many disadvantages. First, online shopping makes it easier for us to buy things. Instead of searching a crowded store, we just need to watch the computer screen and choose the things we like. Second, it is much faster for us to do shopping. We don’t have to spend a lot of time going to shops. Third, we can see a great deal of goods shown on the computer screen at the same time.

However, online shopping is not so perfect. The pictures of goods shown on the computer screen are not always what they are. As a result, we can be cheated easily. What’s worse, we can not see the things in detail.

Despite the disadvantages of online shopping, I think it is an advanced way to do shopping. So we should develop it.

我们主要看一下高考作文题中过渡词的使用:

假定你是李华,正在英国牛津参加短期语言培训,计划星期天去伦敦旅游。互联网上一则广告引起了你的注意,但一些具体信息不明确(箭头所指内容)。请给该旅行社发一封电子邮件,询问有关情况。

注意:

1. 词数100左右,信的格式已为你写好。

2. 可根据内容要点适当增加细节,以使行文连贯。

3. 参考词汇:牛津——Oxford 费用——fee

Dear Sir/Madame,

______________________________________________________________________________

Yours,

Li Hua

Possible version:

Dear Sir/Madame,

I’m writing for more information about the day tour to London.

As a student at Oxford University, I’d like to know if you have any special price for students. As for the money you charge, does it cover the entrance fees for visiting the places listed? What about lunch? Is it included? Or do I need to bring along my own food?

How long will the tour last? Since I need to prepar e my lessons for the next day, I’d like to know the time to return. Besides, is there any time for shopping? I really want to have a look at the big stores in London.

Yours, Li Hua

第四部分:书面表达

美国中学生Jeff将要来你所在的红星中学学习中文,经协商安排住在你家。假设你是李华,请给Jeff写一封信,按照下图顺序介绍他来中国后的生活安排。

注意:

1. 信的开头已为你写好。

2. 词数不少于60。

Dear Jeff,

I’m Li Hua from Beijing Hongxing Middle School. I’m very happy to learn that you’re going to stay with my family while you’re in Beijing.

Best wishes,

Li Hua Possible version:

Dear Jeff,

I’m Li Hua from Beijing Hongxing Middle School. I’m very happy to learn that you’re going to stay with my family while you’re in Beijing.

While you are here, we’ll provide you with a room of your own with a bed, a desk, a couple of chairs and a TV. You’ll also have your own bathroom. Our school is quite close to our home, so we could go to school together by bike. At noon we’ll eat at the school dining hall. I’m sure you’ll like the delicious Chinese food there, and enjoy talking with friends over lunch. Classes in our school usually finish at 4:00 in the afternoon. You can then join other students in playing ball games or swimming. It’ll be a lot of fun.

If you have any questions or requests, please let me know. We’ll try our best to make your stay here in Beijing a pleasant experience.

Best wishes,

Li Hua 请根据下面提示,写一篇短文。词数不少于50。

In your English class, the teacher shows this picture of a little boy looking into a mirror, and asks the class to discuss it. Your classmates have different understandings.

Look at the picture carefully and tell the class how you understand the picture. Write what you would say on the next page.

One possible version:

We can see in the picture a little boy s tanding in front of a mirror. He’s letting his imagination fly. What he sees in the mirror is not his physical self but what he will be like in twenty years. Although he is small and short now, he believes he will grow up to be a tall and strong young man like Yao Ming, who he admires. I think this picture tries to tell us that we should always look into the future with hope and confidence.

英语

第三节书面表达

假设你是李华,最近国内一家英文报纸正在讨论北京动物园是否应迁出市区。以下是你所

注意:

1. 词数100字左右,信的开头已为你写好。

2. 可根据内容要点适当增加细节,以使行文连贯。

3. 参考词汇:郊区—suburb

June 3 ,2005 Dear Editor,

Recently, our class has had a heated discussion about whether the Beijing Zoo should be moved out of the city.

June 3 ,2005 Dear Editor,

Recently, our class has had a heated discussion about whether the Beijing Zoo should be moved out of the city. Some of my classmates are in favor of the move. They say large crowds of tourists to the zoo will result in traffic jams. They also say that once moved animals will have more space and better living conditions in the suburbs. However, other students are against the idea, saying that the Beijing Zoo, built in 1906, has a history of 100 years, and is well –known at home and abroad. So it should remain where it is .What’s more, moving may cause the death of some animals .To move or not ,this is a big decision which has to be made by people in Beijing.

Yours truly,

Li Hua

英语写作过渡性词语大全

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英文演讲中常使用的12类过渡词

在演讲中,你引导的途径越顺畅,听众的积极性就会越高。过渡是成功演讲的重要环节之一,它可以使讲话顺利向下进行。它是你讲话思路的不断延伸,它帮助你从原有的思想向前推进。同时它还是一盏信号灯,告诉你的听众做好进入下一环节的准备。在英文演讲中,有12类不同作用的过渡词,你可以花些时间记下来,需要用到的时候才能信手拈来。 What are speech transition words? 什么是演讲中的过渡语? Speech transitions are magical words and phrases that help your argument flow smoothly. They often consist of a single transition word or a short transition phrase, but occasionally form an entire sentence. In a written speech, speech transitions are generally found at the start of paragraphs. Speech transitions smooth over the boundary between two ideas, and reveal the relationship between the words just spoken and those about to be spoken. In this way, speech transitions help your audience understand your message. Types of speech transition words 演讲过渡语的类型 There are many types of speech transitions. Each type highlights a different verbal relationship. For example, one type of transition highlights the contrast between two different ideas. Each of these types is cataloged below. For each type, we list just a few of the possible words and phrases. Can you think of others? 1. Transition between Similar Ideas or Points 过渡到相似的观点 Likewise … Similarly … This is just like … In a similar way … We see the same thing if we consider … “Speech transitions smooth over the boundary between two ideas, and reveal the relationship between the words just spoken and those about to be spoken.” 2. Transition between Contrasting Ideas or Points 过渡到相反的观点

精心整理英语作文常用的高级词汇

高考英语作文中常用的替换词 1.individuals, characters, folks 替换( people, persons) 2.positive, favorable, rosy (美好的) ,promising(有希望的) ,perfect, pleasurable , excellent, outstanding, superior 替换 good 3.dreadful, unfavorable, poor, adverse, ill (有害的)替换 bad 如果 bad 做表语 ,可以有 be less impressive替换 eg.An army of college students indulge themselves in playing games, enjoying romance with girls/boys or killing time passively in their dorms. When it approaches to graduation , as a result, they find their academic records are less impressive. 4.( an army of, an ocean of, a sea of, a multitude of, a host of, many, if not most)替 换 many. 注:用 many, if not most 一定要小心, many 后一定要有词。 most, if not all ,Eg. Many individuals ,if not most ,harbor the idea that同理?用. 替换 most. 5.a slice of, quiet a few, several替换 some 6.harbor the idea that, take the attitude that, hold the view that,it is widely shared that, it is universally acknowledged that)替 think (因为是书面语,所以要加 that) 7.affair, business, matter替换 thing 8.shared 替换 common 9.reap huge fruits 替换 get many benefits 10.for my part, from my own perspective 替换 in my opinion 11.Increasing(ly ), growing 替换 more and more(注意没有 growingly 这种形式。所以当修饰名词时用 increasing/growing。修饰形容词,副词用 increasingly. Eg.sth has gained growing popularity. Sth is increasingly popular with the advancement of sth. 12.little if anything, 或 little or nothing 替换 hardly 13. ?? beneficial, rewarding替换 helpful 14.shopper,client, consumer, purchaser替换 customer 15.exceedingly, extremely, intensely替换 very 16.hardly necessary, hardly inevitable替换unnecessary,??avoidable

英语作文中常用过渡词和句型

1.常用于文章开始的过渡词语和句子 (1)To begin with首先 例:To begin with, smoking should be banned in public areas.”首先,公共场所禁止吸烟。” (2)Generally speaking一般地说,总体上说 例:Generally speaking, it is the best policy to spend more money on libraries.”总的说来,加大图书馆的投资是良策。” (3)First of all第一,首先 例:First of all, many people in remote areas still live in poverty.”第一,居住在边远地区的许多人仍生活在贫困之中。” (4)With (the development/progress/growth) of(economy/society)…随着(经济、社会)的(发展、进步、增长)… 例:With the development of society, women’s role has become more imp ortant than ever before in daily life.”随着社会的发展,妇女在社会生活中比以往发挥着更加重要的作用。” (5)Recently近来 例:Recently,the problem (conflict, production) of grain shortage has become the world focus.”近来粮食短缺问题已成为全球关注的焦点。” 2.常用于文章结尾的过渡词和句子 (1)In conclusion最后,在结束时 例:In conclusion, the international agreement should be made to prevent the world from war.”最后,应达成国际协定使世界避免战争。”

英语常用过渡词

常用过渡词: 1.顺序:first, second, third, first of all, in the first place, initially(首先), to start with, then, after that, finally, at last, last but not least 2.转折:although, in spite of, nevertheless(然而), however, on the contrary, otherwise, yet, or 3.总结:as a general rule, as far as I am concerned, as for me, generally speaking, in my opinion/ view, obviously, on a large scale, on a personal level 4.同类:equally important, for instance, for one thing…for another, furthermore (而且), in addition (此外), in common, likewise(同 样地), moreover, namely(即), similarly, that is, what is more 5.原因:as a result of, in view of(鉴于), on account of(由于), owing to, due to, thanks to, given(考虑到), in that(因为), for the reason that, seeing that, considering that (考虑到) 6.对比:in sharp contrast, in/by contrast, on the contrary, on one hand…on the other hand, otherwise, whereas(然而), conversely (相 反地) 7.列举:for example, for instance, such as, as a case in point (作为适当的例子) 8.强调:anyway, no doubt(无疑地), particularly, needless to say(毋庸说), most important of all, to be sure (确切地), even worse, chiefly 9.承接:as a matter of fact, as soon as, so to speak, even if 10.目的:for the purpose of, for the sake of, with the aim of, with a view to 11.条件:provided that, providing that(假如), given(如果有), as long as, so long as 12.结论:in summary, to sum up in a word(一言以蔽之), to conclude, thus, therefore, on the whole, in short, in brief(简言之), in conclusion, in general, hence, consequently(因此), as a result, by and large(大 体上), all in all (总而言之) *常用过渡词用法举例: 1.用于“启” 1)With the development of technology and the increase of the population, the amount and range of natural materials taken have increased. 2)To begin with (To start with), bicycles are cheap enough for every family to buy. Secondly, they are convenient. 3)First, hand work and physical labor train as well as rest for our brain. 4)Up to the present, man has achieved a great deal. 2. 用于“承” 1)Furthermore, man invented languages which allowed him to communicate with his fellow men. 2) In addition, physical exercise can increase appetite and digestion. Moreover, sports can make our minds sound.

英语连接词和过渡词

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