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第九章形容词短语和比较Adjective Phrase and Comparison

9.0 Introduction

1. 形容词的四个特征：1)修饰作用，2)补语，3)可接加强词very做前置修饰，4)有比较级和最高级

9.1.1 Structure of the Adjective Phrase

(Pre-modification) + Head Word + (Post-modification)

* Head word is an adjective, Pre-modification is invariably Adv.

9.2 形容词的语义分级

e.g.: both the last two nice big old round red carved French wooden card table.

ZONEⅡ：同时满足符合形容词特征的4个条件。

当有好几个形容词时，遵循以下规则：

1.非变而来的adj.( small, old, thick) 在变形而来的adj.(helpful, interesting)之前。

2.Subjective measure + objective measure (size, shape) +age

主观意志，想法＋客观事实

A handsome young man. （subjective judgment + age）

Ａmean wealthy man. (Subjective judgment + objective measurement)

Zone Ⅴ：

E.g. : an expensive woolen cardinal. A major tourist attraction.

9.4 比较级Comparative and Superlative

9.4.1 比较级变形

a. Regular 规则变形

1. 单音节形容词：regular. Inflected form ：-er / -est

2. 双音节形容词：Periphrastic form: More- / Most-

3. 双音节以-y，-er, -ure, -le, -ow 结尾的形容词也可加-er/ -est, (见下表)

*特别是y结尾的形容词（否定前缀也可使用此规则）happy-happier Unhappy-Unhappier

*clever-cleverer / more clever mature- maturer / more mature

4. 两个或者两个以上形容词一起使用，即使是是单音节形容词也可以加more, most

She is more kind and gentle than her mother.

She is kinder and gentler than her mother.

5. 由形容词变形而来以-ly结尾的副词比较级和最高级都是加–more/ -most

Slowly More slowly Most slowly

Quickly More quickly Most quickly

6. 三音节或以上的都用periphrastic form.

Important More important Most import

* 双音节单词一般用periphrastic from more/ most ,注意以-y，-er, -ure, -le, -ow结尾的形容词也可

b不规则变形Irregular Inflection

9.4.2 Usage notes

a. Elder & Older

Elder/Eldest 表示家庭关系中长辈的意思，只可以有形容作用(attribute position),

Older/Oldest 可做补语，可以指人也可以指物。

She is my elder/older sister.

She is *elder(×)/ older than me.

b. Farther & Further

都可以用来指物理距离，further/furthest可指抽象意义的距离。

I can’t work any farther/further.

If there are no further questions, I declare the meeting closed.

c. Less & Fewer

Less 接不可数，Fewer 接可数名词

d. lesser

作为形容词来用，只可以起形容作用，表示“not so important or great”，不可与than 连用

To a lesser extent.

e. the

与最高级配合使用，the best, the most…

也可以用其他冠词来代替the , my best friend, our most important task.

Most可以做为intensifier means “very” when goes without “the”: a most interesting visit. The+比较级表示两个中级别较高的那个。He is the taller of the two.

9.4.3 comparative construction

Positive degree: as…as

Comparative degree: more…than

Superlative degree: the most…

a.As…as Negative form: not as…as…not so…as…

1.*as 后面可以是主语+（助词），非正式情况下，可以直接接主语。

My brother is as tall as I (am).

We don’t have as much time as John (dose).

2.adj和Nouns有两种位置关系，前置和后置。

Jim is as qualified a teacher as Bob.

Jim is a teacher as qualified as Bob.

I can’t move as heavy a box as this one.

I can’t move a box as heavy as this one.

*前置时，形容词在不定冠词+单数可数名词前。

*determiner限定词不可以后置，一般都在名词前面。

I can give you as many copies of this book as you want.(Many为determiner)

×I can give you copies of this book as many as you want. (×)

3.As..as..结构三种用法：(1) 两个人或者事之间具有同样的品质，(2)同一个人或者事两种不同品质的

比较，(3)两个人或事之前两种不同的品质。

(1)Susan is as intelligent as her husband.

(2)Susan is as intelligent as she is beautiful.

(3)Susan is as beautiful as her husband is intelligent.

b.More…than…

1.可加pre-modification: far, even, many, much, still, a lot, a great deal, rather, slightly…

2.adj和Nouns有两种位置关系，前置和后置。

Our neighbor has a larger house than ours.

Our neighbor has a house larger than ours.

Keener boys than he is will be chosen.

Boys keener than he is will be chosen.

3.当两个被比较的物体不属于同一等级的时候，前置修饰不起作用，

Mr. White is a professor much more learned than his students.

×Mr. White is a much more learned professor than his students.

There are a lot of women more intelligent than John.

×There are a lot of more intelligent women than John.

*determiner限定词不可以后置，一般都在名词前面。

He likes to order more food than he can eat.

×He likes to order food more than he can eat.

c.The most

一般要用of + 数字，in+地点，或者从句来limit the scope of comparison。

可是当最高级作为intensifier时候是可以不用limit the scope的～

I’d like to express my deepest gratitude…

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初中英语语法总结--形容词 1、形容词及其用法形容词修饰名词，说明事物或人的性质或特征。通常，可将形容词分成性质形容词和叙述形容词两类，其位置不一定都放在名词前面。 1)直接说明事物的性质或特征的形容词是性质形容词，它有级的变化，可以用程度副词修饰，在句中可作定语、表语和补语。例如：hot热的。 2)叙述形容词只能作表语，所以又称为表语形容词。这类形容词没有级的变化，也不可用程度副词修饰。大多数以a开头的形容词都属于这一类。例如：afraid害怕的。 (错)He is an ill man. (对)The man is ill. (错)She is an afraid girl. (对)The girl is afraid. 这类词还有：well，unwell，ill，faint，afraid，alike，alive，alone，asleep，awake等。 3)形容词作定语修饰名词时，要放在名词的前边。但是如果形容词修饰以-thing为字尾的词语时，要放在这些词之后，例如： something nice 2.以-ly结尾的形容词 1)大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词。但friendly，deadly，lovely，lonely，likely，lively，ugly，brotherly，仍为形容词。改错：(错) She sang lovely. (错) He spoke to me very friendly.

(对) Her singing was lovely. (对) He spoke to me in a very friendly way. 2)有些以-ly结尾既为形容词，也为副词。 daily，weekly，monthly，yearly，early The Times is a daily paper. The Times is published daily. 3用形容词表示类别和整体 1)某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人，与谓语动词的复数连接。如：the dead，the living，the rich，the poor，the blind，the hungryThe poor are losing hope. 2)有关国家和民族的形容词加上定冠词指这个民族的整体，与动词的复数连用。 the British，the English，the French，the Chinese. The English have wonderful sense of humor. 4多个形容词修饰名词的顺序多个形容词修饰名词时，其顺序为：限定词--数词--描绘词--(大小，长短，形状，新旧，颜色) --出处--材料性质，类别--名词 a small round table a tall gray building a dirty old brown shirt a famous German medical school

自考现代英语语法学习笔记--名词和名词短语

名词和名词短语（2）限定词和属格 4.1 限定词 Determiner 在名词词组中对名词中心词起特指，类指以及表示数量等限定的词。 Determiners refer to the words which are used in the pre-modification of a noun phrase which typically precede any adj. that pre-modify the head word. 限定词和形容词区别 Difference between Determiner and Adjective 1.前置限定, 限定词在形容词前面.Determiner usually precede adj. in pre-modification. 2.限定词的选择受中心词影响而形容词不受。The choice of Determiner is determined by the head word but not that of adj. 3.形容词表明中心词的特征，而限定词限定中心词的意义数量。Adj. describe the head word by showing its characteristic while determiner determine the head word by identifying or quantifying. 4.形容词可位于中心词后，而限定词不可。 Adj. can post-modify the head word but not Determiner. 5.形容词有比较级而限定词没有(除few, little, many much 外) 。 Adj. has comparative form but not Determiner （except few, little, many much ）. 4.1.2 Co-occurrence of Determiners Determiner may co-occurrence in the pre-modification of a noun phrase: two or more determiner may modify one and the same head word. Each determiner takes a fixed position , we identify their relative positions in the case of co-occurrence. 定义考点1 定义

高中英语语法-形容词副词

形容词及副词一、形容词 1.(1)作定语It’s a beautiful day today. 注意：形容词修饰something, anything, nothing等复合不定代词时要后置。 I have something important to tell you. 以a-开头的表状态的形容词（afraid, alone, awake, asleep, alive, alike, ashamed, unable, worth）要后置。He was the only man awake at that time. 2).作表语Don’t feel sad. Tasting good, this kind of cake sells well. 3).作宾补We must keep our classroom clean. 4).作状语The boy went to school, cold and hungry. 2.以ly结尾的形容词friendly lovely lively silly fatherly motherly weekly daily monthly yearly deadly lonely manly timely likely 3表倍数的几种句式 1)……倍数+as+形容词原级+as….. 2)……倍数+比较级+than………… 3)……倍数+the+名词（size/length / width / height /depth）+ of … 4) The +名词+ be + ….倍数+ what从句 5) The +名词+ be + ….倍数+ that/ those of …. Asia is four times as large as Europe.= Asia is four times larger than Europe.= Asia is four times the size of Europe. The output of this year is 3 times that of 2008. The output of this year is 3 times what it was in 2008. 4 形容词+ly变副词的规则 1）一般情况加-ly. quick---quickly brave---bravely immediate---immediately 2) 以“y”结尾的，且读音为/ i /，先将“y”改成“i”，再加“ly”，如：happy-happily; heavy-heavily; angry-angrily; busy-busily easy---easily但是如果读音为/ ai /，直接加ly，如：dry-dryly; shy---shyly 3) 以le结尾，去e 加y: simple---simply gentle---gently comfortable---comfortably possible ---possibly probable ---probably terrible---terribly

(完整word版)最全初中英语语法之-形容词副词教案(已打印两份)

形容词一.定义：用来修饰名词，表示人或事物的性质、状态和特征的词，叫形容词。二. 注意：有些形容词只能作表语，如：alone, afraid, asleep 等。例如： Don't wake the sleeping baby up. He is asleep. The old man is alone. 形容词用来修饰something, anything, nothing, everything等不定代词，要放在这些词的后面。例如： You'd better tell us something interesting. The police found nothing strange in the room. 多个形容词做定语时排列的先后顺序是：1）冠词或人称代词2）数词3）性质4）大小5）形状6）表示老少，新旧7）颜色8）事务、质地、人的国籍、用途。例如：His grandpa still lives in this small short house.他爷爷还住在这个矮小的房子里。 The woman bought two beautiful Chinese plates.那个妇女买了两个漂亮的中国盘子。形容词名词化：有些形容词前加定冠词后变成名词，表示一类人，谓语常用复数。这类词有：rich / poor; good / bad ; young / old ; healthy / ill ; living / dead ; black / white (表示人种等)。例如：The young should take good care of the old.年轻人应该好好照顾老人。 The rich never help the poor in this country.在这个国家，富人从来不帮助穷人。形容词短语做定语时要后置。如：They are the students easy to teach.他们是很容易较的学生。 We live in a house much larger than yours.我们住的房子比你们的大得多。 else要放在疑问代词或复合不定词之后。如：Did you see anybody else?你看到别的人了吗？

初中英语语法之形容词

初中英语语法之形容词比较级和最高级讲练和答案 (一)一般句式的构成： A + is / are+ 形容词比较级+ than + B A 是主格 B 是宾格如：She is taller than me. 主格形容词比较级宾格（二）英语形容词比较级的构成英语形容词比较等级有三个：原级，比较级和最高级。形容词比较等级形式变化有规则的和不规则的两种。规则变化 1）单音节词末尾加-er（比较级），-est（最高级）【例】原级比较级最高级 great greater greatest small smaller smallest clean cleaner cleanest 2）单音节如以e结尾，只加-r（比较级），-st（最高级）【例】fine finer finest wide wide wider widest 3）闭音节单音节词如末尾只有一个辅音字母，须先双写这个辅音字母，再加-er（比较级），-est （最高级）【例】big bigger biggest hot hotter hottest red redder reddest 4）少数以-y，-er，ow，-ble结尾的双音节词，末尾加-er（比较级），-est（最高级）。以-y结尾的词，如-y前是辅音字母，则变y为-i，再加-er和-est。以-e结尾的词只加-r和-st。【例】clever cleverer cleverest narrow narrower narrowest able abler ablest easy easier easiest 5）其它双音节和多音节词皆在前面加单词more和most。【例】careful more careful most careful difficult more difficult most difficult delicious more delicious most delicious 不规则变化原级比较级最高级 good/well better best bad worse worst many/much more most little less least far farther/further farthest/furthest 注：有些形容词一般没有比较等级。如：right, wrong, woolen等。形容词的比较等级的用法：比较级用于二者的比较。【例】Li Ping is older than Wang Hai. 李平比王海年纪大。 There are more students in Class One than in Class Two.一班比二班学生多。

自考现代英语语法第三章翻译

现代英语语法第三章名词、代词和数 3.0引言简单来说，名词就是表示一个人地点事物事件或者想法的名字的词。名词是语言的重要组成部分，由名词作为主要构成要素的表达，比如a knockout,honesty和the possibility都叫做名词词组，每个名词词组有一个关键成分叫做中心词。（knockout,honesty,possibility），前面还有一个附属成分叫修饰语（a,the）名词词组可根据外部功能和内部结构来进行分类。典型的名词词组的结构如下，括号里的部分可能会出现，但并不是一定出现。（前置修饰语+）中心词（+后置修饰词）。名词词组的中心词很明显是名词或代词，可带有前置修饰语或后置修饰词，修饰语可为从字到句子的各种不同的层次，如： they people the people the old people people old and sick people in hospital all the sick people in hospital people to receive treatment people receiving treatment people who are receiving treatment etc. 在英语的实际应用中，名词词组结构的变化要受某些因素如中心词的词性、修饰词的结构及修饰词顺序的影响。就功能而言，名词词组主要可以做主语，宾语，补语和修饰语，有的名词词组甚至可以做状语： The whole building is on fire.（主语）整个大楼都着火了。 I sold my car to my neighbour.（宾语）我把车卖给了我的邻居。 The lump in my chest has melted as I think about her display of love.（主语；宾语）一想到她的爱，我不再哽咽了。 A friend in need is a friend indeed.（主语补语）患难见真情。 You can call me John.（宾补）你可以叫我约翰。 I don't mind if you do it after school.（介词补语）我不介意你放学后是不是干这件事。 He rides a mountain bike.（修饰语）他骑了一辆山地自行车。 He was here yesterday,I'm sure.（状语）我肯定他昨天在这儿。 3.1名词分类名词有各种各样的分类，可分为具体名词和抽象名词，也可以分为可数名词和不可数名词，还可以分为有生命的名词和无生命的名词。名词可以根据意思和形式分类，根据意思，名词可以分为两类，专有名词和普通名词，专有名词是特定的人，地点或者事物的名称，拼写时首字母大写，普通名词则是一类人，事物或者抽象的想法的统称，普通名词又可以进一步的划分为个体名词，集体名词，物质名词和抽象名词。从形式上看，名词可以分为可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词有复数，并可以与数字连用，带有限定词，而不可数名词则是只有一种形式的名词，使用时可以不带限定词。

自考现代英语语法学习笔记 第九章 形容词短语和比较