4翻译过程

翻译过程

翻译是一项艰苦复杂的语言活动，其科学性和艺术性的双重性决定了翻译过程是错综复杂的，一般来讲，可以将翻译过程概括为理解，表达和校核三个步骤。理解是翻译过程的第一步，是表达的前提。不能准确透彻的理解原文的意思就不能谈论表达问题。理解首先要从原文的语言现象入手，其次还要涉及文化背景，逻辑关系和具体语境。表达是翻译过程的第二步，是实现由原语到译语信息转换的关键。理解是表达的基础，表达是理解的目的和结果。表达好坏取决于对原语的理解程度和译者驾驭译语的能力。理解准确则奠定了表达的基础，为确保译文的科学性奠定了条件。但是理解准确并不意味着一定能翻译出来高质量的译文，这就是因为翻译还有其艺术性，而艺术性则依赖于译者的译语水平，翻译方法和技巧。校核是翻译的最后一步，其目的是看译文是否有遗漏，失误，或者欠妥的地方。

如果从译者的思维过程切入，翻译过程的描写则会具体一些。很多语言学家从翻译的思维过程来描叙翻译，其中最著名的是尤金-奈达的模式：分析，转换，重建。所谓分析就是要分析出原文的语义。语义不是一看就可以了解，常常需要从各个层次的语义中分析挖掘出来。转换是介于分析和重建之间的一

个步骤，指译者把在大脑中分析好的语言材料从源语转换到译入语。重建是指译者把原文中重要的信息在译入语中表达出来。

通俗的讲，分析原文主要是要弄懂原文是什么意思。原文有词，短语，句子等语言单位，所以最基本的意义都是从这些最基本的语言单位中产生的。例如：There is a book on the table.的语义十分清楚，因为句子中基本语言单位所指十分清楚，句子没有言外之义。但是并不是所有的句子都是这样一清二楚。有时大人对小孩子说“That’s not funny.”句子中的每一个词都简单易懂，英语水平不高的人也可以认识这些词，但是只看字面上的词不一定能帮你解读出句子的潜台词：“ That’s not funny. Stop it. ” 另外，有些词还承载语言之外的意义，社会，文化等因素都可以在一个普通词上反映出来。Red一词的基本所指意义是没有文化差别的，但是这个词的象征意义就可以因文化而有差异。所以，词，短语，句子等语言单位完全可能在原来的基本意义外衍生出其他的意义，附加在基本意义上。学习翻译的人要注意下面三种意义：

所指意义( referential meaning，以语言所指的客观世界为基础的意义)，指词或者短语所指称的事物的语义特征，是词的最基本意义。例如：电脑，药品，跑，跳等等。所指意义比较容易表达，因为它比较稳定，不太容易变化。科学技术方面的翻

译大多只需要反映所指意义，语言不涉及情感之类的因素。语言的所指意义是用来描述客观时界的，不搀杂人对客观世界的情感和态度。

关联意义( associated meaning，包括所有人，社会文化因素引发的意义)，很难保持稳定，因为语言的关联意义是冲语言所存在的大环境中滋生出来的，是社会的，文化的意义。由于社会文化经常变化，所以关联意义也经常变化。Gay这个词原来是一个正面的词，表示高兴。例如Work while you work and play while you play。This is the way to be happy and gay. 但是这个词逐渐获得了一个附加的意义，与同性恋有关。在一本内地出版的书中，译者把invitation一词翻译成“应召,” 根据上下文绝对可以用，可是台湾和香港那里的学生一看就笑，因为这样使他们联想到妓女。Of the people, by the people, and for the people 这几个词有所指意义，也有其关联意义，因为它使人们联想到林肯的盖提斯堡的演讲。同样，当Martin Luther king用Five scores years ago开始他的“我有一个梦”的演讲时，他希望听众能联想到林肯的Four scores and seven years ago。因此，译者必须博览群书，这样才可以多的从历史文化中发掘出有意义的关联意义。有时间关联意义隐藏的很好，很容易逃过译者的分析。To be saved 的所指意义很清楚。但是有时用在基督教的布

道中就添加了一层宗教色彩，专指耶稣拯救世人。关联意义也不稳定，一个词语在不同的语境中会意外的产生出关联意义，有时会产生多个意义完全相反的关联意义。Son of a bitch是骂人的话，但是如果两个好朋友久别重逢后，其中一个说“And how you are doing, you son of a bitch？”这时这个词语的关联意义就和前面的意义完全相反。不同的人在不同的场合说不同的话，语言在所指意义的基础上有产生了色彩多样的关联意义。因此，我们一听人说话就知道说话人是否受过教育，是男是女，是正襟危坐，装腔作势，还是粗俗低下。有时间说话人就事论事，意在所指，别无他意，有时则是旁敲侧击，意在言外。一般说来，在以信息为主的语篇中没有很多的关联意义，所指意义占主导地位，如科技报告，教科书，经济形势分析，仪器操作手册。在表达情感和宣传广告之类的语篇中有许多的关联意义，在翻译文学，政治演说，商业广告时，就要仔细分析原文，找出附加意义。

结构意义( structural meaning，包括语言本身结构产生的意义)，指一个事件可以用不同的方式表达，不同的表达效果也就不一样。下面这段文字看上去是一张便条：This is to say I have eaten the plums that were in the icebox and which you were probably saving for breakfast. Forgive me, they were so delicious,

so sweet and so cold. 但是Williams C. Williams把它分行书写后，就成了一首诗。句法结构也可能产生意义，例如：Although he attempts what no English novelist has ever attempted, although he extends the language before all the precedent, I feel that his novel is trivial. 本句把两个although从句放到主句之前，就产生了某种意义，造成悬念，读者不知道作者想说什么。另外，句子简洁与否也构成意义。Once upon a time there was a princess. And the princess lived in a castle with her father and mother. Her father and mother were King and Queen of the country. One day the King took the princess away on his horse and they rode over the hills and then they came to a great city. 这段文字由并列的短句子构成,结构简单，用了不少的and和then。这是因为这些句子是儿童故事的开头。当然有些不同的结构，并不构成什么重要的意义，例如John was beaten by the man 和The man beat john. 就没有什么值得保留的意义。不少情况下，特别是科技语篇中，被动句并没有什么重要的结构意义。

郭著章教授把翻译过程确定为：确定词义，表达得体两个方面。By “diction” we mean proper “choice of words” in translation on the basis of accurate comprehension of the original. For example:

like charges repel, unlike charges attract.

Like knows like. Please tell me if you can help me ( in case you can help me, whether you can help me ).

A thing of beauty is a joy forever.

A beautiful form is better than a beautiful face, a beautiful behavior than a beautiful form.

Tension is building up.

The school of the air.

A family tree.

Last evening I went a do held by our China Study Group.(social function, party )

The See of Sydney. ( see, the official seat, or the center of authority, of a bishop)

Seven months they spend up there killing themselves in the cane season, then they come down here to live a little. ( kill, to make feel great pain or exhaustion; live, enjoy the life to the full )

He is unhappy now, because he had a blue with his friend just now. ( blue, an argument, quarrel or fight )

That is a tall story about the town’s high street. ( high street, the main street; tall, hard to believe )

Miss universe / Miss world.

She told me that her 18-year-old son was the baby.

Her mother is a sister in a Melbourne hospital.

协议书，家政学

毛泽东同志的思想和学说是永存的。

关于社会主义建设总路线的基本思想。

破除迷信，解放思想。

毛泽东军事思想的一个重要组成部分，是关于人民战争的思想。

政治问题和思想问题。

四级翻译样题解析

翻译大纲样题：中国新年是中国最重要的传统节日，在中国也被称为春节。Chinese New Year, known as Spring Festival in China, is the most important one among all traditional Chinese festival.新年的庆祝活动从除夕开始一直延续到元宵节(the Lantern Festival)，即从农历(lunar calendar)最后一个月的最后一天至新年第一个月的第十五天。New Year celebrations start on Chinese New Year’s Eve, the last day of the last month in Chinese lunar calendar, and last to the Lantern Festival, the 15th day of the first month (of the next year).各地欢度春节的习俗和传统有很大差异，但通常每个家庭都会在除夕夜团聚，一起吃年夜饭。Customs and traditions concerning the celebration of the Chinese New Year vary widely from

place to place. However, New Year’s Eve is usually an occasion for Chinese families to gather for the annual reunion dinner.为驱厄运、迎好运，家家户户都会进行大扫除。人们还会在门上粘贴红色的对联(couplets)，对联的主题为健康、发财和好运。其他的活动还有放鞭炮、发红包和探访亲友等。People also stick the red couplets on the door which topics are health, wealth, and fortune, and do other activities such as setting off firework, sending red envelopes, and visiting relatives and friends. 首先，这段关于中国春节的小文章难词较多，比如“传统”、“庆祝活动”、“除夕”、“延续”、“习俗”、“年夜饭”、“厄运”、“大扫除”“主题”、“放鞭炮”、“发红包”等等，这些词有的比较抽象，有的不太常见，或者有的是中国特有的说法，英文中没

英语四级_翻译考点总结

英语比较结构具体考点：特殊结构A is to B what / as X is Y ; A+倍数或几分之几as + adj. / adv. + as +B. 难点结构：as+adj.+n.+as分句和as much/many + 名词+ as 分句 The work is not as difficult as you think. This book is twice as thick as that one. George is as efficient worker as Jack. = George is a worker(who is) as efficient as Jack. I don’t want as expensive a car as this = I don’t want a car as expensive as this I can’t drink as sweet coffee as this=I can’t drink coffee as sweet as this. He took as much butter as he needed. She has written as many essays as her brother( has). 特殊结构：the more … the more (越……越……)；more and more （越来越） This question is less difficult than that that question. (比较对

象为彼此独立的人或事物) Iron is more useful than any other metal. (比较对象具有所属关系, 含有最高级含义) The city is becoming more and more beautiful. superior, inferior , senior , junior , major , minor He is three years senior to me. This type of computer is superior to that type. The Yangtze River is the longest river in China, but it is the third longest river in the world. The youngest member of the family is most successful. Of all forms of energy, electricity is most widely used. There are more wonders in heaven and earth than are dreamt of. ( than=than what…) 天地间的奇迹比人们所梦想的要多得多。 The medicine is more effective than is expected.

英语四级翻译

1.中国的传统节庆膳食是节日必不可少的伴侣。例如，我国的端午节(the Dragon Boat Festival)是纪念古代诗人屈原的日子。那一天，人们通常要赛龙舟、吃粽子(zongzi)。中秋节是观赏满月的日子。圆圆的月亮象征着圆满，象征着家庭团聚。因此，中秋节(The Mid-autumn Festival)的特制食品是一种圆形的月饼。春节是中国的农历新年(the Chinese lunar New Year’s holiday)，除了常见的家禽和肉类之外，人们还要按各自的地方习俗烹制传统食物，如铰子和年糕。参考答案rice Traditional Chinese holiday meals are indispensable on some festivals. For example, the Dragon Boat Festival is a day established in memory of the ancient poet Qu Yuan and people usually hold dragon boat races and eat zongzi, or rice dumpling on that day. The Mid-autumn Festival is an occasion for viewing the full moon. The round moon is a symbol for completeness and family reunion. The special food of the day is yuebing, a round cake known as the mooncake. The Spring Festival is the Chinese lunar New Year’s holiday. Besides the popular poultry and meat, people cook traditional food according to regional customs, for example, jiaozi, or boiled dumplings, and niangao, or the “ 1 ” new year cake . 难点精析 ■ 1.中国的传统节庆膳食：翻译为Traditional Chinese holiday meals,其中“节庆膳食”直接译为holiday meals , 即可，翻译时注意“中国的”和“传统”的顺序。 2.纪念：翻译为介词短语in memory of,修饰前面的a day。 ■ 3.赛龙舟：翻译为hold dragon boat races,其中hold意为“举行”，“举行龙舟比赛”即“赛龙舟”。 4.观赏满月：“满月”即fMlmoon,此处的“观赏”可以译为viewing,也可以用enjoying或watching表示。 5.象征着家庭团聚：“象征”翻译为系表结构is a symbol for,也可以用动词symbolize 表示，“家庭团聚”翻译：为 family reunion 即可。 2.关于吃月饼这个传统的来历有两个传说。一个是唐朝的神话故事，说的是当时地球被10个太阳包围着。有一天10个太阳同时出现在天空中，巨大的热量几乎把地球烤焦了。多亏一位名叫后羿的神箭手射下了9个太阳，地球才被保住。为了奖励后羿，王母娘娘赐给后羿一种长生不老药，但是王母警告他必须正当使用。然而后羿没有理会王母娘娘的警告，他被名利冲昏了头脑，变成了一个暴君。后羿美丽的妻子嫦娥对他的暴行再也不能袖

大学英语四级翻译(全)(20200523141303)

英语四级翻译常用词汇：123个中文高频成语翻译 Automation 1502 YuDeyu 一、复习建议： 1. 加强历史、文化、经济以及社会发展相关热词的积累 2. 广撒网，学习、揣摩这些话题相关的难点单句训练做这些单句训练时，先阅读1遍整个段落，专门挑出自己觉得比较难翻的句子，然后重点练习这一句的翻译。难句会了，简单句自然不在话下。在做单句翻译时，先尝试自己翻，翻完以后，对照答案，看解析，总结和揣摩其中好的词汇和表达。下面请大家跟着教研君给出的常考单句示例，具体学习吧~ 1. 对于大多数年轻人来说，结婚意味着独立组建家庭，然而物价的不断上涨使这一切变得越来越困难。参考译文：For most young people, marriage means s etting up a family independently, which has become increasingly difficult because of the constantly rising prices. 词汇点评：组建家庭：set up a family。有同学容易使用start a family。start a family表示begin to have children“开始生儿育女”。越来越：一般看到“越来越”大家习惯译为more and more，比如“越来越多的人”more and more people，但译为 a growing number of people可令人眼前为之一亮；而表达“变得越来越”的含义时，使用become increasingly的译法更好。物价的不断上涨：constantly rising prices，而不是price rising。表达点评：本句是一个表转折关系的并列句，后半句中的“物价的不断上涨使这一切……”中的“这一切”指代前半句中提到的“结婚意味着独立组建家庭”，因此，用which引导的非限制性定语从句，让整个句子简洁明了。使字句的翻译：“物价的不断上涨”是“这一切变得困难”的原因，因此处理为原因状语，用because of…来带出原因。 2. 过去十年中国房地产（real estate）行业高速发展。参考译文：The past decade has witnessed a high-speed development in China's real estate. 词汇点评：十年：decade 高速发展：develop rapidly; high-speed development 表达点评：

英语四级翻译真题和范文答案解析

2013年12月大学英语四级考试翻译题目许多人喜欢中餐，在中国，烹饪不仅被视为一种技能，而且也被视为一种艺术。精心准备的中餐既可口又好看，烹饪技艺和配料在中国各地差别很大。但好的烹饪都有一个共同点，总是要考虑到颜色、味道、口感和营养(nutrition)。由于食物对健康至关重要，好的厨师总是努力在谷物、肉类和蔬菜之间取得平衡，所以中餐既味美又健康。 Most people like Chinese food. In China, cooking is considered as not only a skill bu t also an art. The well-prepared Chinese food is both delicious and good-looking. Alth ough cooking methods and food ingredient vary wildly in different places of China, it is common for good cuisine to take color, flavor, taste and nutrition into account. Sinc e food is crucial to health, a good chef is insistently trying to seek balance between ce real, meat and vegetable, and accordingly Chinese food is delicious as well as healthy. 信息技术(Information Technology)，正在飞速发展，中国公民也越来越重视信息技术，有些学校甚至将信息技术作为必修课程，对这一现象大家持不同观点。一部分人认为这是没有必要的，学生就应该学习传统的课程。另一部分人认为这是应该的，中国就应该与时俱进。不管怎样，信息技术引起广大人民的重视是一件好事。 As China citizens attaching great importance to the rapidly development of Informati on Technology, some college even set it as a compulsory course. Regarding to this ph enomenon, people holding different views. Some people think it is not necessary, for s tudents should learn the traditional curriculum. Another part of people think it is a nee d, because China should keep pace with the times. Anyway, it is a good thing that Inf ormation Technology aroused public concern. "你要茶还是咖啡?"是用餐人常被问到的问题，许多西方人会选咖啡，而中国人则会选茶，相传，中国的一位帝王于五千年前发现了茶，并用来治病，在明清(the qing dynasties)期间，茶馆遍布全国，饮茶在六世纪传到日本，但直到18世纪才传到欧美，如今，茶是世界上最流行的饮料(beverage)之一，茶是中国的瑰宝。也是中国传统和文化的重要组成部分。 "Would you like tea or coffee?" That’s a question people often asked when having meal. Most westerners will choose coff ee, while the Chinese would like to choose tea. According to legend, tea was discove red by a Chinese emperor five thousand years ago, and then was used to cure disease . During the Ming and Qing dynasties, tea houses were all over the country. Tea drin king spread to Japan in the 6th century, but it was not until the 18th century does it s pread to Europe and America. Nowadays, tea is one of the most popular beverage in the world, and it is not only the treasure of China but also an important part of Chine se tradition and culture. 中国结最初是由手工艺人发明的，经过数百年不断的改进，已经成为一种优雅多彩的艺术和工艺。在古代，人们用它来记录事件，但现在主要是用于装饰的目的。“结”在中文里意味着爱情，婚姻和团聚,中国结常常作为礼物交换或

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英语四级考试翻译练习题

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