人教版-语文-高二-人教《扬州慢》导学案

人教版-语文-高二-人教《扬州慢》导学案
人教版-语文-高二-人教《扬州慢》导学案

《扬州慢》学案

1、体味怀古伤今的黍离之悲及“清冷”意境。

2、理解宋词婉约派风格特点:情景交融、低沉伤感、讲究和谐。

3、掌握衬托及虚实结合写作方法。

分析景物“清冷”特点,体味《黍离之悲》感情,了解本词最突出的手法特点。

一、最爱是扬州

扬州,在隋、唐、北宋间是著名的繁华之地。古代诗人曾用“春风十里扬州路”,“十里长街市井连”等诗句来描绘它的市容。晚唐大诗人杜牧一生至爱扬州,曾在此流连十年之久,这里有他无数的浪漫回忆,留下他无数的动人诗篇。但是南宋时金兵两次侵犯扬州,扬州城变得破败不堪,词人感慨今昔,写下这首词,抒发了“黍离”之悲。

扬州是我国的历史文化名城之一,素有“淮左名都”之赞誉。远春秋战国时期扬州就开始建城,至今已有2480余年的历史。扬州曾沿用过广陵、江都、维扬等名称。古今扬州皆是旅游胜地,早在六朝时,就有“腰缠十万贯,骑鹤上扬州”之说。也牵动了帝王的情怀和游兴,隋炀帝三下扬州看琼花,康熙、乾隆六下扬州,给扬州留下了众多的历史古迹。难怪唐·徐凝《忆扬州》:“天下三分明月夜,二分无赖是扬州。”可见当时扬州自古以来,即为人文荟萃之地,扬州人杰地灵。鉴真、秦少游、郑板桥、朱自清。扬州的古代文明和灿烂文化,盛极一时(历史上的扬州几度变迁,几度轮回)

二、词人零距离

姜夔:800多年前,一位21岁的词人,目睹了这一感人的历史瞬间(破碎的河山),难抑心中的悲凉,自度声律,独创词牌,追古抚今,聊以为叹。他就是南宋的姜夔。

姜夔,字尧章,号白石道人,饶州鄱阳(今江西波阳)人。南宋婉约派的代表词人,一生未仕,飘泊江湖,依人作客,却绝不曳裾(拖着衣襟)侯门,逢迎取合。他与辛弃疾、杨万里、范成大等为文字交,诗词皆卓然成家。其词格律严密,字句雕琢,词风清空峭拔,清丽典雅,以冷香幽韵和瘦骨逸神独擅胜场,为清代浙派词人所尊奉。他深谙音律,能自度曲、工诗,集中十七首自度曲,都旁缀音谱,是流传至今的唯一完整的宋代词乐资料,有《白石道人歌曲》。

三、名篇不厌百回读

1.师生试读全词,初步感知文本内容. (慢词是指配乐的曲子曲调舒缓),我们读这样的词,吐字要慢,停顿要长,要读得沉着,荡气回肠。

2.正音正字。

霁荠怆度窥蔻

黍离:是《诗经·国风·王风》中的篇名,“彼黍离离,彼稷之苗。行迈靡靡,中心摇摇。知我者谓我心忧,不知我者谓我何求。悠悠苍天!此何人哉?/彼黍离离,彼稷之穗。行迈靡靡,中心如醉。知我者谓我心忧,不知我者谓我何求。悠悠苍天!此何人哉?/彼黍离离,彼稷之实。行迈靡靡,中心如噎。知我者谓我心忧,不知我者谓我何求。悠悠苍天!此何人哉?”

黍、稷,是两种农作物。离离,指行列貌,整齐茂盛的样子。靡靡:行步迟缓貌。摇摇:形容心神不安。噎:忧深气逆不能呼吸。旧说周平王东迁以后,周大夫行役路过西周故都,见旧时宗庙宫室遗址,黍稷茂盛,因悲周室颠覆,乃作此诗。

四、含英咀华

1.小序交代了什么内容,作者的目的是什么?

序交代了时间、地点和写作原因。

交待了词作的时间(淳熙丙申至日),及眼前所见所闻扬州景色(夜雪初霁,荠麦弥望。四顾萧条,寒水自碧。暮色渐起,戍角悲吟。)写作的缘由(感慨今昔),其他词人的评价(以为有《黍离》之悲也)

2.词人进入扬州城,看到、听到、想到了怎样的图景?

明确:见到——荠麦青青、废池乔木、二十四桥、波心荡(以动写静)、冷月、红药听到——清角吹寒(以声写静)

联想——重到须惊,难赋深情;桥月仍在、玉人已无;花开依旧、人事全非扬州城已是“空城”(词眼)

3.词人的想象与现实相比照,产生巨大反差,词人心中产生了怎样的感慨?那么造成此种情形的原因是什么?这份昔盛今衰的感慨,词人是借助何种表现手法抒发的?

明确:昔盛今衰\感时伤世

胡马窥江

虚(昔日繁华的扬州)实(作者眼前所见空城之景)相济(见板书设计)

4.如何理解《扬州慢》词中杜牧诗句的引用?

明确:状写扬州之繁华无出其右者,一方面自己可省却许多笔墨,更重要的还可引发读者美好的回忆,反衬当今的萧条败落。

5.王国维在《人间词话》中说:“一切景语皆情语”,“以我观物,故物皆着我之色彩。”(有我之境),能从文中找出相应的句子来吗?

①废池乔木――拟人-→“树犹如此,人何以堪”,痛恨战争

运用了拟人的手法,废池、乔木本是没有知觉的东西,词人将它们人格化,意即它们是15年前那场浩劫的目击者,战争的恐怖、敌人的凶残,种种景象仍然留在它们心中,连他们都在痛恨金人发动的侵略战争,物犹如此,何况于人。这样写,深刻地反映了人民对侵略战争的极端痛恨.姜把扬州的残破完全归咎为“胡马窥江”,如此选材是为了极表他的“黍离之悲”。

②寂寞红药――直抒胸臆-→“驿外断桥边,寂寞开无主”,感时伤乱

姜夔游扬州时值隆冬,芍药并未抽蕊开花,但扬州芍药向来以“甲天下”著称,作者不禁想象到将来芍药盛开,而名都已成空城,更何况国难未息,还有谁来赏花采摘呢?全词至此一声长叹,真有点儿“映阶碧草自春色,隔叶黄鹂空好音”的味道。词人借此曲折地表现出劫后扬州人民的凄苦生活情况,以及自己感时伤乱的情怀。把伤今怀古之情推先高潮。也给读者留下深沉的思考和回味。

③二十四桥/无声冷月――移就-→“物是人非事事休,欲语泪先流”,凄清冷落

“冷月无声”,属于移就辞格,月本来无声,可这么一说,反而觉得它是本该有声的了。为什么呢?因为从前的二十四桥明月夜,游人极盛,笑语盈耳,还有美女吹箫唱歌,月儿见此光景也陶醉了,它也跟着人们一起欢笑。可是现在呢?“二十四桥仍在”,而歌声笑语却听不到了,甚至连月儿也没有声息了,只是沉浸在冷冰冰的湖水中,随波荡漾。如此冷落凄凉的景象,怎能不令人伤怀呢?

④“渐黄昏,清角吹寒,都在空城”

暮色降临后,军营中传出阵阵凄厉的号角声,在空城的上空回荡。唐朝,扬州有内城和外城,商业繁华、景致优美,杜牧曾赞美道:“街垂千步柳。霞映两重城。天碧台阁丽,风凉歌管清”,而今仅剩一座空城,满目疮痍,军号凄厉,不由人不生感慨。

五、牛刀小试

阅读下文,完成第1~3题.( 2002年上海春季高考试题)

小重山

岳飞

昨夜寒蛩不住鸣。惊回千里梦,已三更。起来独自绕阶行。人悄悄,帘外月胧明。

白首为功名。旧山松竹老,阻归程。欲将心事付瑶琴。知音少,弦断有谁听?

【注释】蛩(qióng):蟋蟀。

1.下列名句中为岳飞所写的一句是( )

A.千古兴亡多少事?悠悠,不尽长江滚滚流。

B.自许封侯在万里。有谁知,鬓虽残,心未死。

C.莫等闲,白了少年头,空悲切。

D.羌管悠悠霜满地。人不寐,将军白发征夫泪。

2.词中说的“心事”指。

3.这首词的主旨句是。

4.有人评岳飞词说:“一种壮怀能蕴藉(含蓄而不显露),诸君细读《小重山》。”请结合这首词所表达的感情,谈谈你的理解。

答:

【解析】15.C 16.希望抗金报国17.知音少,弦断有谁听?18. 分析:这是一道鉴赏评价题。答题时要注意既要指出“含蓄而不显露”,又要分析“所表达的感情”。

参考答案:此词(借知音的典故)表现了立功不易、苦无知音的愤怒和沉郁情怀。(2分)实质上与作者通常表现的豪迈雄健、慷慨激昂的精神相一致。(1分)(意思对即可) 小结:《扬州慢》一词表达了作者感怀家圆、伤时念乱的心情。上阕全写眼前实景,写出了劫后扬州的萧条景象,纪行写景扣紧驻、看、想、闻开展描述层次;下阕伤今怀古以杜牧当年扬州诗之胜反衬现在扬州之冷清萧条,扣住扬州著名的代表性景物—二十四桥、芍药—来写

这首词,上阕重在纪行写景,扣紧驻、看、想、闻开展描述层次。作者以反衬作起笔,概写劫后扬州荒凉,抒发《黍离》之悲。下阕运用联想对比,从人事、景物两方面写出今昔变化。景象愈转愈凄清,情感愈写愈悲凉,使主题更为集中,情调更为深沉。

结构图:

上阕实写萧条之景

景物1:荠麦青青

景物2:废池乔木

景物3:清角吹寒

下阕虚拟设想

拟想1:杜牧才情再高亦难赋深情

拟想 2:桥月仍在,玉人已无

拟想3:花开依旧,人事全非

淮左名都

昔日扬州竹西佳处(虚)

(繁华)春风十里昔虚

荠麦、废池、乔木感盛实黍离见(实)今相之悲

今日扬州二十四桥、冷月、红药衰济

(空城)闻——清角吹寒(实)

重游虚惊、难赋深情

想桥月仍在、玉人已无(虚)

花开依旧、无人来赏

杜牧的诗句。

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