汽车照明系统外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译

The lighting system of a motor vehicle consists of lighting and signalling devices mounted or integrated to the front, rear, sides, and in some cases the top of a motor vehicle.This lights the

roadway for the driver and increases the conspicuity of the vehicle, allowing other drivers and pedestrians to see a vehicle's presence, position, size, direction of travel, and the driver's intentions regarding direction and speed of travel.Emergency vehicles usually carry distinctive lighting equipment to warn drivers and indicate priority of movement in traffic.

History

Early road vehicles used fueled lamps, before the availability of electric lighting. For example, the first introduced Ford Model T used carbide lamps for headlamps and oil lamps for tail lamps. It did not have all-electric lighting as a standard feature until after several years on the market.Dynamos for automobile headlamps were first fitted around 1908 and became commonplace in 1920s automobiles. Tail lamps and brake lamps were introduced around 1915, and by 1919 "dip" headlamps were available. The sealed beam headlamp was introduced in 1936 and

standardised as the only acceptable type in the USA in 1940. Self-cancelling turn signals were developed in 1940. By 1945 headlamps and signal lamps were integrated into the body styling. Halogen headlamp light sources were developed in Europe in 1960. HID headlamps were produced

starting in 1991. In 1993, the first LED tail lamps were installed on mass-production automobiles.LED headlamps were introduced in the first decade of the 21st century.

Light sources

The incandescent light bulb was long the light source used in all automotive lighting devices.

Many types of bulbs have been used. Standardized type numbers are used by manufacturers to

identify bulbs with the same specifications. Bases may be bayonet-type with one or two contacts, plastic or glass wedge, or dual wire loops or ferrules used on tubular "festoon" lamps. Screw-base lamps are never used in automobile applications due to their loosening under vibration. Signal lamps with internal or external coloured lenses use colourless bulbs; conversely, lamps with colourless lenses may use red or amber bulbs to provide light of the required colours for the various functions.

Typically, bulbs of 21 to 27watts, producing 280 to 570lumens(22 to 45mean spherical candlepower) are used for stop, turn, reversing and rear fog lamps, while bulbs of 4 to 10W, producing 40 to 130lm(3 to 10 mscp) are used for tail lamps, parking lamps, side marker lamps and

side turn signal repeaters.

LEDs(Light emitting diodes)are being used with increasing frequency in automotive lamps. They offer very long service life, extreme vibration resistance, and can permit considerably shallower packaging

compared to most bulb-type assemblies. LEDs also offer a potential safety benefit when employed in stop lights, because when power is applied they rise to full intensity approximately

250milliseconds(? second) faster than incandescent bulbs.[106]This fast rise time not only improves

the intentional conspicuity of the stop lamp,[citation needed]but could also provide following drivers with increased time to react to the appearance of the stop lamps. However, this faster rise time has not been shown to make cars with LED stop lamps less likely to be struck from behind.[107]

LEDs were first applied to automotive lighting in centre high mount stop lamps (CHMSL), beginning in the late 1980s. Adoption of LEDs for other signal functions on passenger cars is gradually increasing

with demand for the technology and related styling updates. In North America, the 2000Cadillac Deville was the first passenger car with LED taillights.[108]The 2002Kia Opirus/Amanti was an early adopter of LED front turn signals.The 2007Audi R8sports car uses two strips of optically focused high-intensity LEDs for its daytime running lamps. Optional on the R8 outside North America was the world's first LED headlamp made by AL-Automotive Lighting. The low and high beams along with the position (parking) lamp and front turn signal are all realised with LEDs. The Lexus LS 600h features LED low beam, position and side marker lamps in North America, and the 2009Cadillac Escalade Platinum uses LEDs for the low and high beams, as well as for the position and side marker lamps.

The Mercedes-Benz S-Class (W222)has no non-LED lamps at all, not even in the most basic trim level.

Distributive lighting

In distributive light systems, the light from a single source is sent via optical fibres or light guides to wherever it is needed in the automobile. Light guides are commonly used to distributively light dashboard displays,and premium vehicles are beginning to use distributive systems for lighting such items as door locks, window controls, and cup holders.Distributive exterior lighting has also been explored, with high-intensity central light sources.

Emergency vehicle lights

Main article: Emergency vehicle lighting Emergency vehicles such as fire engines,ambulances,police cars,snow-removal vehicles and tow trucks are usually equipped with intense warning lights of particular colours. These may be motorised rotating beacons, xenon strobes, or arrays of LEDs.[105]The prescribed colours differ by jurisdiction; in most countries, blue and red special warning lamps are used on police, fire, and medical-emergency vehicles. In the United States and some other jurisdictions, amber lights are for tow trucks, private security personnel, construction vehicles, and other nonofficial special-service vehicles, while volunteer firefighters use red, blue, or green, depending on jurisdiction. In the U.S. it is a violation of the D.O.T. (Department of Transportation) Uniform Vehicle Code for any non-emergency vehicle (Police/Fire/Ambulance) to operate forward-facing red lights of any kind. Cars in the U.S. only have red tail-lights, and no blue lights; a vehicle displaying a red (forward-facing) light (flashing or not) coming towards a driver, or from behind the driver (in rear view mirror) indicates that an official emergency vehicle is coming, requiring the driver to yield, pull off to the side of the road, or otherwise get out of its way. Some U.S. States allow emergency vehicles to have blue lights that can be turned on to warn drivers of an emergency vehicle in action; blue and red lights can be combined, forward- and/or rear-facing, also. In the UK, doctors may use green warning lamps although these do not allow the user to claim any exemption from road traffic regulations compared to the blue lights used by statutory emergency services when responding to calls. Special warning lights, usually amber, are also sometimes mounted on slow and/or wide vehicles such as mobile cranes,excavators,tractors, and even mobility scooters in certain conditions.

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