如何欣赏英文诗歌

如何欣赏英文诗歌
如何欣赏英文诗歌

如何欣赏英文诗歌

诗以高度凝结的语言表达着人们的喜怒哀乐,用其特有的节奏与方式影响着人们的精神世界。诗讲究联想,运用象征、比喻、拟人等各种修辞手法,形成了独特的语言艺术。欣赏英文诗歌和学习英语语言,是相辅相成的。在欣赏英文诗歌时,我们可以从诗的格律、诗的押韵、诗的体式、诗的评判等方面来考虑。

一、节奏(Rhythm)

声音反映、服务、深化意义的原理不仅特指语音范畴,同样适用于格律变化,即节奏。诗歌除了音韵美,还有节奏美。“诗人取得音乐美的方式有二:借助于字音的选择与安排;借助于重音的安排。”前者是指通过拟声选择与意义相联系的、对应的元音与辅音;后者即诗人通过对格律的掌握,来控制思维流动的速度与进程,从而追求与意境相吻合的节奏美。

英诗的节奏是有规律性的。在英诗中,重读音节(stressed syllable)和非重读音节(unstressed syllable)按规律交替出现。重读音节和它相邻的非重读音节构成一个音步(foot)音步的交替出现,产生跌宕起伏,曲折绵延的艺术效果和美感。一个双音节以上的词有重读音节(可标记为-)和非重读音节(可标记为︶)。在句子中,不同的单词也有重轻读之分。一般来说,实义词通常重读。它包括名词,部份代词尤其是疑问代词和指示代词,形容词、数词、副词和动词。虚词通常非重读。它包括助动词、大多数的代词、连接词、冠词和前置词。分析英诗格律的第一步就是将每一诗行划分成音步,这种方法称为(scansion)。如:

I wan/dered lone/ly as/ a cloud (William Wordsworth)

这个诗行就可划分成4个音步。每行诗所包含的音步各异。含有一个音步的称为“单音步”(monometer);含有二个音步的称为“双音步”(diameter)含有三个音步的称为“三音步(trimeter);四音步称为(tetrameter);五音步称为(pentameter );六音步称为(hexameter);七音步称为(heptameter)

及八音步(octometer )。由于一个音步中重读音节所处的位置不同,音步有不同的类型。传统英诗的音步有七种类型。

1. 抑扬格(Iambus):是最常见的一种格式,每个音步由一个非重读音节加一个重读音节

构成。.

As fair / art thou / my bon/nie lass,

So deep / in luve / am I :

And I / will luve / thee still,/ my dear,

Till a` / the seas / gang dry:

Robert Burns(1759-1796):My Luve Is like a Red,Red Rose[4]

上例中为四音步与三音步交叉,可标示为:︶-/︶-/︶-/()-)

2.扬抑格(Trochee):每个音步由一个重读音节加一个非重读音节构成。

下例中为四音步扬抑格(少一个轻音节),可标示为:-︶/-︶/-︶/-

Tyger!/ Tyger!/ burning / bright

In the / forests / of the / night (William Blake:The Tyger)

3. 抑抑扬格(Anapaestic foot):每个音步由两个非重读音节加一个重读音节构成。如:三音

步抑抑扬格︶︶-/︶︶-/︶︶-

Like a child / from the womb,

Like a ghost / from the tomb,

I arise / and unbuild / it again.

4. 扬抑抑格(Dactylic foot):每个音步由一个重读音节加两个非重读音节构成。如:两音步扬抑抑格-︶︶/-︶︶

ˊTouch her not / ˊscornfully,

( Thomas Hood )

mournfully. ˊThink of her / ˊ

5. 抑扬抑格(Amphibrach):每个音步由一个非重读音节加一个重读音节再加一个非重读音节构成。如:三音步抑扬抑格︶-︶/︶-︶/︶-︶下例中最后一个音步为抑扬格。

O ˊhush thee / my ˊbabie / thy ˊsire was / a knight.

⒍扬扬格(Spondee):由两个重读音节构成,(ˊˊ)如;retell

其目的主要是为了强调或突出。这种类型在诗歌中较少出现,

I, saw thee weep—the big bright tear came o'er that eye of blue. (Byron) 这行诗主要以抑扬格为主。在第六,第七音节发生变格,为扬扬格。

⒎抑抑格(pyrrhic ):由两个非重读音节构成。这种类型较为罕见。

ˊOne for the/ ˊmaster, and/ˊone for the/ˊdame.

下面让我们通过对弗罗斯特的一首短诗的拟声和押韵的分析,来说明诗人是如何借助语音这一外在形式来达到语音象征以及语音增补意义的:

The Span of Life

The old dog barks backward without getting up

I can remember when he was a pup.

一生

老犬回头虚吠两声,都不想站起

我还记得它小时侯的活动

这首诗是抑抑扬格,每行有四个音节,双行押脚韵。诗歌对比了一条老狗的衰老与幼小时的活跃诗人本身选用三个音节的格律,本是快速的格律,但在第一行中却以很不一般的方式阻碍了格律的速度。在第二个音部上使用了扬扬扬格,并且还紧跟在第一个音部的重音节这样读并且所有的重音都是以辅音开始和结尾,造成了四个重音节排在一起的局面,后面,

者读起来势必会感到很困难,因为口型在发出下一个音节时必须改变。其结果是这行诗不得不十分缓慢地前进,甚至于丢失了节奏,很不上口。真的,这行凋敝的诗正如那条老狗,它在欢迎主人时只空吠了两声,连头也不转回,躺着不动。但我们在读第二行时,却感到惊人的对比。其格律是正规的抑抑扬格。这里包含的辅音都很光华而柔和,其节奏很轻快、正规,每个音节都落在元音或辅音中的流音上。这样,这两行诗的进程都与字句所含的视觉意象相一致。还有一点,诗人在第一行诗里用back 的首韵来加强前面的象声词bark,这声音突出了听觉形象,就象回声一样。如果说这一首两个诗行的诗具有强大的表现力,其主要原因就是声与意的美妙结合。

二、押韵(Rhyme)

英语诗歌的押韵可以根据单词的内音素重复的部位不同而分成不同种类,最常见的有头韵(Alliteration) 、谐元韵(Assonance) 、腹韵(Consonance)、尾韵( End Rhyme)。

⒈头韵(alliteration) 是英语语音修辞中很重要的一部分,也是英诗中常见的以音表意的手法之一,是指词首或重音节的第一个辅音字母相同。作为一种语音修辞格,头韵不仅能增强语言的节奏性、生动性,体现一种韵律美和音乐美,还能起到渲染气氛,烘托感情,加强语言表现力等效果。

⑴. I slip, I slide, I gloom, I glance,

Among my skimming swallows;

I make the netted sunbeam dance

Against my sandy shallows. (Alfred Tennyson)

这是英国诗人丁尼生的诗《小溪》(The Brook)中的一节,这首诗仅第一行就用了两对头韵“slip, slide”和“gloom, glance”来描写小溪(诗中的“我”)的一连串动作:“我滑动,我流淌,我暗淡,我闪光,”该诗还大量地运用鼻辅音(如/m/、/n/和/ /共出现13次)送气音(如/s/和/z/共出现11次)

和流音(如/Ι/共出现6次),有效地烘托出小溪的静谧与安宁。第一行中的两对软辅音的交替出潺潺远去构成了巧妙的吻合。头韵及其清脆柔和的音节与小溪的轻快流淌、.

现,头韵的使用与ABAB式的韵脚形式相配合,使这节诗具有极强的乐感和令人耳目一新的音韵美。

⑵. The fair breeze blew, the white foam flew,

The furrow followed free;

We were the first that ever burst

Into that silent sea. (Samuel Taylor Coleridge)

这是英国诗人柯尔律治的名诗《古舟子咏》(The Rime of the Ancient Mariner)中的一节,/f/、/b/与/s/头韵生动地写出了船在海上轻快航行的景象。诗人把音韵和意境巧妙地结合起来的高超技艺精妙绝伦,令人在阅读时产生无限的联想。使读者似乎感到清风拂面,看到渔船破浪前进,听到紧随船尾的波浪的声音。在上面前三行诗中,押头韵的/f/重复了7次,/f/这个摩擦送气的清辅音,模仿柔风轻涛的声响,创造了一种宁静的意境;最后两个/s/音,宛如和风吹过沉寂海面发出的咝咝声。另外blew 和flew, first 和burst,free 和sea 等分别押尾韵,

造成诗行悦耳动听的韵味和节奏感。

⒉谐元韵(Assonance)指两个或两个以上词的重读元音音素相同,而末尾的辅音音素则不同。如Make ready, make ready, my merry men

our gucle ship sails the morn'-

Now ever dark, my master dear

I fear a deadly storm' (Sir Walter Scott)

的腹韵。or是押storm,和morn在第二、四行末,

⒊辅韵(Consonance)是指辅音重复(尤指位于词尾的),但前面无相同或相似的元音。同头韵一样,辅韵亦是英文诗歌中常用的一种文学手法(literary technique),试看下面的一段,体会辅韵在诗歌中的运用:

And the afternoon, the evenings, sleeps so peacefully!

Smoothed by long fingers,

Asleep…tired…or it malingers,

Stretched on the floor, here you and me.

(T.S Eliot: The Love Song of J.Alfred Prufrok)

诗中柔和的辅音/s/和/l/在不同单词的不同部位多次重复,有机地配合了内容,并创造了一种宁静、松弛、昏昏欲睡的音响气氛。

⒋英语诗歌的行与行之间的押韵格式称韵法( Rhyming Scheme ) 。常见的有两行转韵(AABB) 、隔行交互押韵(ABAB)、隔行押韵(ABCB) 、交错押韵(ABBA)和同韵(AAAA)。

尾韵(End Rhyme)是最重要的,也称韵脚,指的是词尾音素重复。在诗行的末尾押韵。尾韵又有不同的表现形式。

⑴联韵:AABB型。

I shot an arrow into the air,

It fell to earth,I knew not where;

For,so swiftly it flew,the sight

Could not follow it in its flight.

(Henry Wadsworth Longfellow:The Arrow and the Song)

型。: ABAB交叉韵⑵

Sunset and evening star,

And one clear call for me!

And may there be no moaning of the bar,

When I put out to sea,( Alfred Tennyson:Crossing the Bar)

⑶隔行压韵: ABCB型。这种形式在英语歌谣(Ballad)中经常见到。

O, my luve's like a red, red rose.

That's newly sprung in June;

O, my luve's like a melodie

That's sweetly played in tune. (Robert Burns: A Red, Red Rose)

⑷交错压韵:ABBA型。

Eternal Spirit of the chainless Mind!

Brightest in dungeons, Liberty! thou art:

For there thy habitation is the heart-

The heart which love of thee alone can bind; ( G.G.Byron: Sonnet on Chillon) ⑸同韵:有的诗押韵,一韵到底,大多是在同一节诗中共用一个韵脚。如下例就共用/i:p/为韵脚。

The woods are lovely,dark and deep,

But I have promises to keep,

,And miles to go before I sleep

And miles to go before I sleep. (Robert Frost:Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening)

三、诗的体式(Form)

正如汉语的律诗、绝句,日语的俳句各有其固定严格的格律,英语的诗歌也有它特定的体式,主要表现在诗的韵脚、行数、音节数以及内容的排布上。有的诗分成几节(stanza),每节由若干诗行组成(每行诗均以大写字母开头--例外的恐怕文学史上只有美国诗人e.e.cummings一人);有的诗则不分节。英文诗体多受意大利、法国等外国作家所创作的诗体的影响,种类繁多,各有其相对固定的格式。这里选取有代表性的加以介绍。

1.英雄双韵体(Heroic Couplet)

英国诗歌之父乔叟(Geoffrey Chaucer)在其著作《坎特伯雷故事集》( The Canterbury Tales)中采取的诗体形式。诗行以五步抑扬格为基本节奏,每两行压韵,铿锵有力,被称为“英雄双韵体”。从乔叟后,它取代了古英语中的头韵,为后来的诗人所沿用。

2. 十四行诗(Sonnet)

源于中世纪民间抒情短诗,十三、十四世纪流行于意大利,意大利彼特拉克(Petrarch)为代表人物,每行十一个音节,全诗一节八行,加一节六行,韵脚用abba,abba,cdcdcd

/cdecde。前八行提问,后六行回答。后来,怀亚特(Thomas Wyatt,1503-1542)将十四行诗引人英国,五音步抑扬格,全诗三个四行一个二行,前三节提问,后二句结论。斯宾塞(Edmund Spenser,1552-1599)用韵脚abab,bcbc,cdcd,ee.莎士比亚(William Shakespeare,1564-1616)用韵脚abab,cdcd,dfdf,gg,称英国式或莎士比亚式。

3. 打油诗(Limericks)

通常是小笑话甚至是胡诌,一般没有标题也无作者姓名,含有幽默讽刺性,常运用双关,内韵等手法。每首诗五个诗行,押韵为aabba,格律以抑扬格和抑抑扬格为主。

4. 无韵体(Blank Verse):五音步抑扬格,不押韵诗体。

)Free Verse自由诗(5.

现代诗中常见的体式,长短不同的诗行存在于同一首诗中,不讲究押韵与格律,只注重诗歌所表达的意象和传递的情感。美国诗人Walt Whitman的Leaves of Grass中,就采用此格式。6.八行体(octave)

英国伟大诗人拜伦所作叙事诗巨著《唐璜》,则是用意大利八行体作成的,王佐良在序里作了这样的说明:

……拜伦的另一胜利,在于他为他那夹叙夹议的风格,找到了合适的诗体,即意大利八行体(ottava rima)。

这八行体,经过意大利诗人普尔其、勃尼等人的运用,有一个显著的优点,即能够适应口语风格,在高明的诗人笔下更能做到庄谐并陈,伸缩自如,而同时它又有格律,有脚韵,保持了诗的形式和特色。八行体在结构上有一个特点,即前六行隔行押韵,等到最后一变,来了互相押韵的两行。拜伦利用了这个结构特点,一般以前六行作叙述或引论,而大力经营这最后两行……总之,无论写人,写事,写景,写气氛,无论讲大道理或私房话,谈人生或书本,模仿别人口吻或用独特的拜伦声音说话,正面阐扬或用倒笔一笔勾销,拜伦都做得异常出色。他把这适应口语风格的八行体运用到了空前纯熟、灵活、又空前锐利的程度。

英语诗歌欣赏

1. Nothing gold can stay by Robert Frost Nature's first green is gold, Her hardest hue to hold. Her early leaf's a flower; But only so an hour. Then leaf subsides to leaf, So Eden sank to grief. So dawn goes down to day, Nothing gold can stay. 参照: 简简吟白居易 苏家小女名简简,芙蓉花腮柳叶眼。十一把镜学点妆,十二抽针能绣裳。十三行坐事调品,不肯迷头白地藏。玲珑云髻生花样,飘飖风袖蔷薇香。殊姿异态不可状,忽忽转动如有光。二月繁霜杀桃李,明年欲嫁今年死。丈人阿母勿悲啼,此女不是凡夫妻。恐是天仙谪人世,只合人间十三岁。大都好物不坚牢,彩云易散琉璃脆。 2. The Road Not Taken by Robert Frost Two roads diverged in a yellow wood, And sorry I could not travel both And be one traveler, long I stood And looked down one as far as I could To where it bent in the undergrowth; Then took the other, as just as fair,

And having perhaps the better claim, Because it was grassy and wanted wear; Though as for that the passing there Had worn them really about the same, And both that morning equally lay In leaves no step had trodden black. Oh, I kept the first for another day! Yet knowing how way leads on to way, I doubted if I should ever come back. I shall be telling this with a sigh Somewhere ages and ages hence: Two roads diverged in a wood, and I— I took the one less traveled by, And that has made all the difference. 3. The farthest distance in the world By Tagore [t?'g?:] The farthest distance in the world is not between life and death but when I stand in front of you yet you don't know that I love you The farthest distance in the world is not when I stand in front of you yet you can't see my love but when undoubtedly knowing the love from both yet cannot be together The farthest distance in the world is not being apart while being in love but when plainly can not resist the yearning yet pretending you have never been in my heart

英语诗歌欣赏(英国)

How do I love thee? 我是怎样地爱你 – Elizabeth Barrett Browning How do I love thee? 我是怎样地爱你? Let me count the ways. 让我逐一细述。 I love thee to the depth and breadth and height 我爱你之深邃,之宽广,之高远 My soul can reach, when feeling out of sight 尽我的灵魂所能及之处—犹如探求 For the ends of being and ideal grace. 玄冥中神的存在和美好之极。 I love thee to the level of every day’s 我爱你如每日之必需, Most quiet need, by sun and candle-light. 阳光下和烛焰前都少不了。 I love thee freely, as men strive for right. 我自由地爱着你,像人们争取他们的权利; I love thee purely, as they turn from praise. 我纯洁地爱着你,如人们在赞美前会垂首。 I love thee with the passion put to use 我爱你,带着我昔日悲伤时的 In my old griefs, and with my childhood’s faith. 那种激情,童年时的那种诚意; I love thee with a love I seemed to lose

我爱你,抵得上往日对圣者怀有的 With my lost saints. I love thee with the breath, 如今似已消逝的那种爱-我用呼吸, Smiles, tears, of all my life; and, if God choose, 用微笑,用眼泪,用我整个生命来爱你! Sonnets from the Portuguese_ No. X 不过只要是爱,是爱,可就是美, Yet, love, mere love, is beautiful indeed 就值得你接受。你知道,爱就是火, And worthy of acceptation. Fire is bright, 火总是光明的,不问着火的是庙堂 Let temple burn, or flax. And equal light 或者柴堆--那栋梁还是荆榛在烧, Leaps in the flame from cedar-plank or weed. 火焰里总跳得出同样的光辉。当我 And love is fire. And when I say at need 不由得倾吐出:“我爱你!”在你的眼里, _I love thee ... mark! ... _I love thee_ -- in thy sight 那荣耀的瞬息,我忽然成了一尊金身, I stand transfigured, glorified aright, 感觉到有一道新吐的皓光从我天庭 With conscience of the new rays that proceed 投向你脸上。是爱,就无所谓卑下, Out of my face toward thine. There's nothing low 即使是最微贱的在爱:那微贱的生命 In love, when love the lowest: meanest creatures

【国外诗歌】中英文励志诗歌

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