国际标准《物流术语》中英文对照版

国际标准《物流术语》中英文对照版
国际标准《物流术语》中英文对照版

国际标准《物流术语》GB/T18354-2006中英文对照

1 范围

本标准确定了物流活动中的物流基础术语、物流作业服务术语、物流技术与设施设备术语、物流信息术语、物流管理术语、国际物流术语及其定义。

本标准适用于物流及相关领域的信息处理和信息交换,亦适用于相关的法规、文件。

2 规范性引用文件

下列标准所包含的条文,通过在本标准中引用而构成为本标准的条文。本标准出版时,所示版本均为有效。所有标准都会被修订,使用本标准的各方应探讨使用下列标准最新版本的可能性。

GB/T 1992—1985 集装箱名词术语(neq ISO 830:1981)

GB/T 4122.1—1996 包装术语基础

GB 8226—1987 公路运输术语

GB 12904—2003 商品条码

GB/T 12905—2000 条码术语

GB/T 13562—1992 联运术语

GB/T 15624.1—2003 服务标准化工作指南第一部分总则

GB/T 16828—1997 位置码

GB/T 16986—2003 EAN、UCC系统应用标识符

GB/T 17271—1998 集装箱运输术语

GB/T 18041—2000 民用航空货物运输术语

GB/T 18127—2000 物流单元的编制与符号标记

GB/T 18768—2002 数码仓库应用系统规范

GB/T 18769—2003 大宗商品电子交易规范

GB/T 19251—2003 贸易项目的编码与符号表示导则

3 物流基础术语

3.1

物品 goods

货物

经济与社会活动中实体流动的物质资料。

3.2

物流 logistics

物品从供应地向接收地的实体流动过程。根据实际需要,将运输、储存、装卸、搬运、包装、流通加工、配送、信息处理等基本功能实施有机结合。

3.3

物流活动 logistics activity

物流过程中的运输、储存、装卸、搬运、包装、流通加工、配送等功能的具体运作。

3.4

物流管理 logistics management

为以合适的物流成本达到用户满意的服务水平,对正向及反向的物流过程及相关信息进行的计划、组织、协调与控制。

3.5

供应链 supply chain

生产及流通过程中,涉及将产品或服务提供给最终用户活动的上游与下游组织所形成的网链结构。

3.6

供应链管理 supply chain management

对供应链涉及的全部活动进行计划、组织、协调与控制。

3.7

物流服务 logistics service

为满足客户需求所实施的一系列物流活动产生的结果。

3.8

一体化物流服务 integrated logistics service

根据客户需求对物流项目进行全过程、多功能的服务。

3.9

第三方物流 third party logistics (TPL,)

独立于供需双方为客户提供专项或全面的物流系统设计或系统运营的物流服务模式。

3.10

物流设施 logistics facilities

具备物流相关功能和提供物流服务的场所。

3.11

物流中心 logistics center

从事物流活动且具有完善信息网络的场所或组织。应基本符合下列要求:

a)主要面向社会提供公共物流服务;

b)物流功能健全;

c)集聚辐射范围大;

d)存储、吞吐能力强;

e)对下游配送中心客户提供物流服务。

3.12

区域物流中心 regional logistics center

全国物流网络上的节点。以大中型城市为中心,服务于区域经济发展需要,将区域内外的物品从供应地向接受地进行有效实体流动的公共物流设施。

3.13

配送 distribution

在经济合理区域范围内,根据客户要求,对物品进行拣选、加工、包装、分割、组配等作业,并按时送达指定地点的物流活动。

3.14

配送中心 distribution center

从事配送业务且具有完善信息网络的场所或组织,应基本符合下列要求:

a)主要为特定客户或末端客户提供服务;

b)配送功能健全;

c)辐射范围小;

d)多品种、小批量、多批次、短周期。

3.15

物流园区 logistics park

为了实现物流设施集约化和物流运作共同化,或者出于城市物流设施空间布局合理化的目的而在城市周边等各区域,集中建设的物流设施群与众多物流业者在地域上的物理集结地。

3.16

物流企业 logistics enterprise

从事运输(含运输代理、货运快递)或仓储等业务,并能够按照客户物流需求对运输、储存、装卸、搬运、包装、流通加工、配送等进行组织和管理,具有与自身业务相适应的信息管理系统,实行独立核算、独立承担民事责任的经济组织。

3.17

物流模数 logistics modulus

物流设施与设备的尺寸基准。

3.18

物流技术 logistics technology

物流活动中所采用的自然科学与社会科学方面的理论、方法,以及设施、设备、装置与工艺的总称。

3.19

物流成本 logistics cost

物流活动中所消耗的物化劳动和活劳动的货币表现。

3.20

物流网络 logistics network

物流过程中相互联系的组织、设施与信息的集合。

3.21

物流信息 logistics information

反映物流各种活动内容的知识、资料、图像、数据、文件的总称。3.22

物流单证 logistics documents

物流过程中使用的单据、票据、凭证等的总称。

3.23

物流联盟 logistics alliance

两个或两个以上的经济组织为实现特定的物流目标而采取的长期联合与合作。

3.24

企业物流 enterprise logistics

生产和流通企业在经营活动中所发生的物流活动。

3.25

供应物流 supply logistics

提供原材料、零部件或其他物料时所发生的物流活动。

3.26

生产物流 production logistics

企业生产过程发生的涉及原材料、在制品、半成品、产成品等所进行的物流活动。

3.27

销售物流 distribution logistics

企业在出售商品过程中所发生的物流活动。

3.28

军事物流 military logistics

用于满足平时、战时军事行动物资需求的物流活动。

3.29

国际物流 international logistics

跨越不同国家或地区之间的物流活动。

3.30

精益物流 lean logistics

消除物流过程中的无效和不增值作业,用尽量少的投入满足客户需求,实现客户的最大价值,并获得高效率、高效益的物流。

3.31

逆向物流 reverse logistics

反向物流

从供应链下游向上游的运动所引发的物流活动。

3.32

废弃物物流 waste material logistics

将经济活动或人民生活中失去原有使用价值的物品,根据实际需要进

行收集、分类、加工、包装、搬运、储存等,并分送到专门处理场所的物流活动。

3.33

军地物流一体化 integration of military logistics and civil logistics 对军队物流与地方物流进行有效的动员和整合,实现军地物流的高度统一、相互融合和协调发展。

3.34

全资产可见性 total asset visibility

实时掌控供应链上人员、物资、装备的位置、数量和状况等信息的能力。

3.35

配送式保障 distribution-mode support

在军事物资全资产可见性的基础上,根据精确预测的部队用户需求,采取从军事物资供应起点直达部队用户的供应方法,通过灵活调配物流资源,在需要的时间和地点将军事物资主动配送给作战部队。3.36

应急物流 emergency logistics

针对可能出现的突发事件已做好预案,并在事件发生时能够迅速付诸实施的物流活动。

4 物流作业服务术语

4.1

托运人 consigner

货物托付承运人按照合同约定的时间运送到指定地点,向承运人支付相应报酬的一方当事人。

4.2

托运 consignment

托运人与承运人签订货物运输合同,最终完成货物运输活动的过程。4.3

承运人 carrier

本人或者委托他人以本人名义与托运人订立货物运输合同的人。4.4

承运 carriage

承运人接受托运人的委托,提供货物运输服务,并承担双方所签订的货物运输合同中载明的责任。

4.5

运输 transportation

用专用运输设备将物品从一地点向另一地点运送。其中包括集货、分配、搬运、中转、装入、卸下、分散等一系列操作。

[GB/T 4122.1—1996,定义4.4]

4.6

门到门运输服务 door to door service

承运人在托运人指定的地点接货,运抵收货人指定地点的一种运输服务方式。

4.7

直达运输 through transportation

物品由发运地到接收地,中途不需要中转的运输。

4.8

中转运输 transfer transportation

物品由发运地到接收地,中途经过至少一次落地并换装的运输。4.9

甩挂运输 drop and pull transport

用牵引车拖带挂车至目的地,将挂车甩下后,牵引另一挂车继续作业的运输。

4.10

整车运输 truck-load transportation

按整车办理承托手续、组织运送和计费的货物运输。

4.11

零担运输 less-than-truck-load transportation

按零散货物办理承托手续、组织运送和计费的货物运输。

4.12

联合运输 joint transport

一次委托,由两个或两个以上运输企业协同将一批货物运送到目的地的活动。

4.13

多式联运 multimodal transport

联运经营者受托运人、收货人或旅客的委托,为委托人实现两种以上运输方式(含两种)或两程以上(含两程)运输的衔接,以及提供相关运输物流辅助服务的活动。

4.14

仓储 warehousing

利用仓库及相关设施设备进行物品的入库、存贮、出库的活动。4.15

储存 storing

保护、管理、贮藏物品。

[GB/T 4122.1—1996,定义4.2]

4.16

库存 stock

储存作为今后按预定的目的使用而处于闲置或非生产状态的物品。广义的库存还包括处于制造加工状态和运输状态的物品。

4.17

存货成本 inventory cost

因存货而发生的各种费用的总和,由物品购入成本、订货成本、库存持有成本等构成。

4.18

保管 storage

对物品进行储存,并对其进行物理性管理的活动。

4.19

仓单 warehouse receipt

保管人(仓库)在与存货人签订仓储保管合同的基础上,对存货人所交付的仓储物品进行验收之后出具的物权凭证。

4.20

仓单质押融资 warehouse receipt loan

出质人以保管人的仓单为质物,向质权人出具的申请贷款的业务,保管人对仓单的真实性和唯一性负责,是物流企业参与下的权利质押业务。

4.21

存货质押融资 inventory financing

需要融资的企业(即借方),将其拥有的存货作为质物,向资金提供企业(即贷方)出质,同时将质物转交给具有合法保管存货资格的物流企业(中介方)进行保管,以获得贷方贷款的业务活动,是物流企业参与下的动产质押业务。

4.22

融通仓 financing warehouse

以周边中小企业为主要服务对象,以流动商品仓储为基础,涵盖中小企业信用整合与再造、实物配送、电子商务与传统商业的综合性服务平台。

4.23

仓储费用 warehousing fee

存货人委托保管人保管货物时,保管人收取存货人的服务费用,包括

保管和装卸等各项费用;或企业内部仓储活动所发生的保管费、装卸费以及管理费等各项费用。

4.24

货垛 goods stack

为便于保管和装卸、运输,按一定要求被分类堆放在一起的一批物品。4.25

堆码 stacking

将物品整齐、规则地摆放成货垛的作业。

4.26

拣选 order picking

按订单或出库单的要求,从储存场所拣出物品,并码放在指定场所的作业。

4.27

物品分类 sorting

按照物品的种类、流向、客户类别等对货物进行分组,并集中码放到指定场所或容器内的作业。

4.28

集货 goods consolidation

将分散的或小批量的物品集中起来,以便进行运输、配送的作业。4.29

共同配送 joint distribution

由多个企业联合组织实施的配送活动。

装卸 loading and unloading

物品在指定地点以人力或机械实施垂直位移的作业。

4.31

搬运 handling carrying

在同一场所内,对物品进行水平移动为主的作业。

4.32

包装 packaging

为在流通过程中保护产品、方便储运、促进销售,按一定技术方法而采用的容器、材料及辅助物等的总体名称。也指为了达到上述目的而采用容器、材料和辅助物的过程中施加一定技术方法等的操作活动。[GB/T 4122.1-1996,定义2.1]

4.33

销售包装 sales package

直接接触商品并随商品进入零售店和消费者直接见面的包装。

4.34

运输包装 transport package

以满足运输、仓储要求为主要目的的包装。

4.35

流通加工 distribution processing

物品在从生产地到使用地的过程中,根据需要施加包装、分割、计量、分拣、刷标志、拴标签、组装等作业的总称。

检验 inspection

根据合同或标准,对标的物的品质、数量、规格、包装等进行检查、验证的总称。

4.37

增值物流服务 value-added logistics service

在完成物流基本功能的基础上,根据客户需求提供的各种延伸业务活动。

4.38

定制物流 customized logistics

根据用户的特定要求而为其专门设计的物流服务模式。

4.39

快递 courier

速递 express

特快专递 express-delivery

承运人将物品从发件人所在地通过承运人自身或代理的网络送达收件人手中的一种快速服务方式。

4.40

物流客户服务 logistics customer service

工商企业为支持其核心产品销售而向客户提供的物流服务。

4.41

物流服务质量 logistics service quality

用精度、时间、费用、顾客满意度等来表示的物流服务的品质。4.42

物品储备 goods reserves

为应对突发公共事件和国家宏观调控的需要,对物品进行的储存。可分为当年储备、长期储备、战略储备。

4.43

订单满足率 fulfillment rate

衡量缺货程度及其影响的指标,用实际交货数量与订单需求数量的比率表示。

4.44

缺货率 stock-out rate

缺货次数与客户订货次数的比率。

4.45

货损率 cargo damages rate

交货时损失的物品量与应交付的物品总量的比率。

4.46

商品完好率 rate of the goods in good condition

交货时完好的物品量与应交付物品总量的比率。

4.47

基本运价 freight unit price

按照规定的车辆、道路、营运方式、货物、箱型等运输条件,所确定的货物和集装箱运输的计价基准,是运价的计价尺度。

4.48

理货 tally

在货物储存、装卸过程中,对货物的分票、计数、清理残损、签证和交接的作业。

4.49

组配 assembly

采用科学的方法进行货物装载。

4.50

订货周期 order cycle time

从客户发出订单到客户收到货物的时间。

4.51

库存周期 inventory cycle time

在一定范围内,库存物品从入库到出库的平均时间。

5 物流技术与设施设备术语

5.1

集装单元 palletized unit

经过专门器具盛放或捆扎处理的,便于装卸、搬运、储存、运输的标准规格的单元货件物品。

5.2

集装单元器具 palletized unit implements

承载物品的一种载体,可把各种物品组成一个便于储运的基础单元。5.3

集装化 containerization

用集装单元器具或采用捆扎方法,把物品组成集装单元的物流作业方式。

5.4

散装化 in bulk

用专门机械、器具、设备对未包装的散状物品进行装卸、搬运、储存、运输的物流作业方式。

5.5

集装箱 container

一种运输设备,应满足下列要求:

a)具有足够的强度,可长期反复使用;

b)适于一种或多种运输方式运送,途中转运时,箱内货物不需换装;

c)具有快速装卸和搬运的装置,特别便于从一种运输方式转移到另一种运输方式;

d)便于货物装满和卸空;

e)具有1立方米及以上的容积。

集装箱这一术语不包括车辆和一般包装。

[GB/T 1992—1985,定义1.1]

5.6

标准箱 twenty-feet equivalent unit(TEU)

以20英尺集装箱作为换算单位。

5.7

特种货物集装箱 specific cargo container

用以装运特种物品的集装箱总称。

[GB/T 4122.1—1996,定义2.2.2]

5.8

集装袋 flexible freight bags

柔性集装箱

一种集装单元器具,配以起重机或叉车,就可以实现集装单元化运输,适用于装运大宗散状粉粒物料。

5.9

周转箱 carton

用于存放物品,可重复、周转使用的器具。

5.10

自备箱shipper’s own container

托运人购置、制造或租用的符合标准的集装箱,印有托运人的标记,由托运人负责管理、维修。

5.11

托盘 pallet

用于集装、堆放、搬运和运输的放置作为单元负荷货物和制物的水平平台装置。

[GB/T 4122.1—1996,定义4.27]

5.12

集装运输 containerized transport

使用集装单元器具或利用捆扎方法,把裸装物品、散状物品、体积较小的成件物品,组合成为一定规格的集装单元进行的运输方式。5.13

托盘运输 pallet transport

将物品以一定数量组合码放在托盘上,装入运输工具运送物品的方式。

5.14

单元装卸 unit loading & unloading

用托盘、容器或包装物将小件或散装物品集成一定质量或体积的组合件,以便利用机械进行作业的装卸方式。

5.15

托盘包装 palletizing

以托盘为承载物,将物品堆码在托盘上,通过捆扎、裹包、胶粘等方法加以固定,形成一个搬运单元,以便用机械设备搬运的包装技术。5.16

四号定位 four number location

用库房号、货架号、货架层次号和货格号表明物品储存位置定位方法。5.17

零库存技术 zero-inventory technology

在生产与流通领域按照准时制组织物品供应,使整个过程库存最小化的技术总称。

5.18

2015版美国签证在职证明中英文模板

X X X XX X X XX X X X Ltd. Date: 1-JAN-2015 To: Embassy of the United States Dear Visa officer: This is to certify that Mr. XXX XXX works in our company as XXXXXXXX since the year of XXXX. His/Her monthly salary is RMB XXXX. He/She will have a tour to the United States of America from 22 SPE 2015 to 05 OCT 2015. All the travelling expenses, including air tickets, transportation, accommodation and health insurance, will be covered by himself/herself. We hereby guarantee that he/she will abide by all the laws and regulations during his staying abroad. We also guarantee that he/she will be back to China on schedule and will continue to work for our company. Yours sincerely Company Name: 公司英文名称 Add:地址 Tel: 电话 Name of the leader : 领导姓名 Signature:

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附件1:在职证明参考样本 TO: VISA SECTION Dear Sirs, Mr. / Ms. XXXX(申请人姓名)works in our company from XX.XX.XXXX(现公司入职时间某年某月某日). He/She will be on travelling purposes visiting your country and some other Schengen countries from XX.XX.XXXX to XX.XX.XXXX (出国具体日期某年某月某日). All the expenses include air tickets, transportation, accommodation and health insurance will be covered by himself/herself/XXXX (出资方的公司名称或个人名字). He/She will be back on time as per his/her schedule planned and shall continue to work in our company after his/her visit to Schengen countries. Name Date of Birth Passport-No. Position Annual Income XXXX XXXXXX GXXXXXX XXXX RMB XXXX Your kind approval of this application will be highly appreciated. Best Regards, Name of the leader(领导人姓名) Position of the leader(领导人职位) Signature (领导的签名) Company’s Stamp(公司盖章) Tel: XXX-XXXXXX Add: XXXXXX Company Name: XXXXXX

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美国签证在职证明英文 模版 文件编码(GHTU-UITID-GGBKT-POIU-WUUI-8968)

Certificateofemployment Date:时间(打印日期即可) To:Consulate-GeneralofU.S.A. Thisistocertifythat Mr/Ms姓名拼音(MR.ZhangSan)is职位 inourcompany.He/She hasbeenworkingheresince年月日(2010-01-01). Wehaveapproved his/her leave.He/She intendstovisittravelinU.S.A.from去的日期 (July21,2018)to回国日期(August25th),total天数 (35)days.Pleasegrant him/her thenecessaryvisa,thankyouinadvance. Weguaranteethat he/she willabidebythelawsinyourcountryandregulationsandreturntoChin aontime.Allofthetravelingexpenseswillbepaidby himself/herself.Weagreeandwillkeep hi s/her positionafter he/she comesbacktoChina. Yourk prova lofthisapplicationwillbehighlyappreciated. Yoursincerely! ManagerPosition: 准假人英文职称 ManagerSignature:准假人姓名拼音(不一定要法人,准假人拼音即可。) 中文签名负责人手写签名 公司盖章 Company:公司英文名称 Tel:(区号)公司电话

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附件1:在职证明英文参考样本 Date:XXXXXXXX To:EmbassyoftheUnitedStates DearSirorMadam: Thisistocertifythat Mr./Ms.XXXX(申请人姓名)worksinourunit/companyas XXXX(职位)sincetheyearof XXXX(年).His/Her monthlysalaryis RMBXXXX(月薪).He/She willhaveatourtotheUnitedStatesofAmericafromto出国旅游具体日期:某日某月某年) His/Her informationislistedasfollows, Name Sex DateofBirth PassportNo. Allthetravellingexpenses,includingairtickets,transportation,accommodationandhealthins urance,willbecoveredby himself/herself. Weherebyguaranteethat he/she willabidebyallthelawsandregulationsduringhis/herstayingabr oad.Wealsoguaranteethat he/she willbebacktoChinaonscheduleandwillcontinuetoworkforour un it/company. Yourssincerely CompanyName:XXXXXX Add:XXXXXX Tel:XXX-XXXXXX Nameoftheleader(领导人姓名) Positionoftheleader(领导人职位) Signature(领导的签名) CompanyStamp(公司盖章) 附件2:在职证明中文参考样本 日期:XXXX年XX月XX日 致:美国大使馆签证官 兹证明XXX先生/女士自XXXX年来我公司任职,职位是XXXX.他/她的月收入是人民币XXXX 元。他/她将于XXXX年X月X日到XXXX年X月X日(出国具体日期某年某月某日)赴美国旅游。他/她的具体信息如下,

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silent film 默片,无声片 dubbed film 配音复制的影片,译制片 silent cinema, silent films 无声电影 sound motion picture, talkie 有声电影 cinemascope, CinemaScope 西涅玛斯科普型立体声宽银幕电影,变形镜头式宽银幕电影cinerama, Cinerama 西涅拉玛型立体声宽银幕电影,全景电影 title 片名 original version 原著 dialogue 对白 subtitles, subtitling 字幕 credits, credit titles 对原作者及其他有贡献者的谢启和姓名 telefilm 电视片 演员actors cast 阵容 film star, movie star 电影明星 star, lead 主角 double, stand-in 替身演员 stunt man 特技替身演员 extra, walker-on 临时演员 character actor 性格演员 regular player 基本演员 extra 特别客串

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单位logo “单位名称” 致,尊敬的大使馆 To Embassy, 兹证明(个人姓名),身份证号:11010119xxxxxxxxxx,我们公司允许他在2005-04-xx至2005-04-xx以个人旅行目的前往(前往的国家)。 This is to certify that(姓名全拼),ID number:(身份证号码), is permitted by our company to visit(前往的国家)for a personal trip from (XX)/Apr./2005 to (XX)/Apr./2005. (姓名),自(进入公司时间)进入公司,年薪十万元,职务是财务人员。 (姓名)worked in our company since (进入公司时间). His salary is 100,000(Annual salary), and the title is Finance. 我们保证他将遵守所有当地法律和法规,将回到中国时间。他在我们公司的职位将被保留他回来 We hereby guarantee that he will abide by all local laws and regulations and will come back to China on time. His position in our company will be kept for his coming back. 特此证明 Sincerely yours Signature: 权利人签字 (盖公章) Company:公司英文全称 Add:公司英文地址 Tel:公司电话 公司信纸标记信息

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在职证明英文填写模板 在职证明是我国公民在日常生产生活经营活动中,所需要的对个在职情况及收入的一种证明,一般在办理主要是出国签证使用。在职证明很多人都会写。但英文版的在职证明又怎么写呢?下面小编为大家收集整理了在职证明英文填写模板,供大家参考。 篇一:在职证明书英文版 CERTIFICATE Date: month day, year Series (97): 001 This is to certify that Name, has been a teacher of Subject at Taipei County Hai-Shan High School since Date, and is still a member of our faculty. Name: National ID No. Date of Birth: Sung-Hsi Wu Principal Taipei County Hai-Shan High School 篇二:在职证明书英文版 CERTIFICATE ______________:

This is to certify that xx-x(姓名) (passport NO. xx-xxx-xxx-x (护照号))is employed by our firm since xx-xxx-x(雇用年月). His/Her current income monthly is RMB xx-xxx(月收入). We hereby confirm he/she is going to (所去国家) on travel. From XX TO XXX(旅游起始日期). We further guarantee xx-x (姓名)will comply with local law and regulation during her or his stay in (所去国家) and will also be back on time, meanwhile, we are willing to retain her or his position until she or he comes back . This certificate is issued to facilitate him/her application for a visa for such a visit . 公司名称 日期 盖章 公司地址: 电话: 联系人: 篇三:在职证明(中英)签证用 TO: VISA SECTION Dear Sirs, Mr. / Ms. XXX (申请人姓名) works in our company from

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请使用公司信纸 Date: 1-JAN-2016 To: Embassy of the United States Dear Visa officer: This is to certify that Mr. XXX XXX works in our company as XXXXXXXX since the year of XXXX. His/Her monthly salary is RMB XXXX. He/She will have a tour to the United States of America from 23 SPE 2016 to 06 OCT 2016. His/Her information is listed as follows, All the travelling expenses, including air tickets, transportation, accommodation and health insurance, will be covered by himself/herself. We hereby guarantee that he/she will abide by all the laws and regulations during his staying abroad. We also guarantee that he/she will be back to China on schedule and will continue to work for our company. Yours sincerely Company Name: 公司英文名称

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China covers a large territory and has many nationalities, hence a variety of Chinese food with different but fantastic and mouthwatering flavor. Since China's local dishes have their own typical characteristics, generally, Chinese food can be roughly divided into eight regional cuisines, which has been widely accepted around. Certainly, there are many other local cuisines that are famous, such as Beijing Cuisine and Shanghai Cuisine. 中国地域辽阔,民族众多,因此各种中国饮食口味不同,却都味美,令人垂涎。因为中国地方菜肴各具特色,总体来讲,中国饮食可以大致分为八大地方菜系,这种分类已被广为接受。当然,还有其他很多著名的地方菜系,例如北京菜和上海菜。 Shandong Cuisine 山东菜系 Consisting of Jinan cuisine and Jiaodong cuisine, Shandong cuisine, clear, pure and not greasy, is characterized by its emphasis on aroma, freshness, crispness and tenderness. Shallot and garlic are usually used as seasonings so Shangdong dishes tastes pungent usually. Soups are given much emphasis in Shangdong dishes. Thin soup features clear and fresh while creamy soup looks thick and tastes strong. Jinan cuisine is adept at deep-frying, grilling, frying and stir-frying while Jiaodong division is famous for cooking seafood with fresh and light taste. 山东菜系,由济南菜系和胶东菜系组成,清淡,不油腻,以其香,鲜,酥,软而闻名。因为使用青葱和大蒜做为调料,山东菜系通常很辣。山东菜系注重汤品。清汤清澈新鲜,而油汤外观厚重,味道浓重。济南菜系擅长炸,烤,煎,炒,而胶东菜系则以其烹饪海鲜的鲜淡而闻名。 Shandong is the birthplace of many famous ancient scholars such as Confucious and Mencius. And much of Shandong cuisine's history is as old as Confucious himself, making it the oldest existing major cuisine in China. But don't expect to gain more wisdom from a fortune cookie at a Shandong restaurant in the West since fortune cookies aren't even indigenous to China. 山东是许多著名学者的故乡,例如孔夫子和孟子。许多山东菜的历史和孔夫子一样悠久,使得山东菜系成为中国现存的最古老的主要菜系之一。但是不要期望在西方国家的山东菜馆里从签饼(中国餐馆的折叠形小饼,内藏有预测运气话语的纸条)获得更多的好运气,因为签饼在中国也不是本土的。 Shandong is a large peninsula surrounded by the sea to the East and the Y ellow River meandering through the center. As a result, seafood is a major component of Shandong cuisine. Shandong's most famous dish is the Sweat and Sour Carp. A truly authentic Sweet and Sour Carp must come from the Y ellow River. But with the current amount of pollution in the Y ellow River, you would be better off if the carp was from elsewhere. Shandong dishes are mainly quick-fried, roasted, stir-fried or deep-fried. The dishes are mainly clear, fresh and fatty, perfect with Shandong's own famous beer, Qingdao Beer

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Working Certificate Dear Sir or Madam: This is the certification to Mr/Mrs XXX. He/She is male/female and was born on XX,XX,XXXX. His/Her passport No.is GXXXXXXX. Mr/Mrs XXX is our XXX for the period from XX,XX,XXXX until now with amount of XXX RMB for monthly income. He/She plans to go to XX from XX,XX,XXXX to XX,XX,XXXX for private visiting .We will keep his/her position during his/her absence. We guarantee that he/she would obey all your local laws. He /She will come back to China on scheduled time after this tour. All the expenses of the tour will be covered by himself/herself. Yours Sincerely Contact Person: Company Name: Add: Tel: Fax: Date:

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