英语中国十位语言大师给你的英语学习建议

英语中国十位语言大师给你的英语学习建议
英语中国十位语言大师给你的英语学习建议

Ten language masters in China to give you advice on English learning

中国十位语言大师给你的英语学习建议

1、林语堂(现代著名学者、文学家、语言学家)

英语学习观:凡不以口语为基础的人,一定写不出平易自然,纯熟地道的英文。

近年国内学英语风气甚盛,无论在中学,在大学,或在自修,多少莘莘学子都在用功夫,日求进益,我想据我个人的经验,谈谈这个中的关系。

四十年前我在德国,听过柏林大学教出来的操华语的德国人,听起来象在北京长大的,但他们都是成年以后才学的;同时我在上海所见到的留过学的中学英文教员,文法冼练极了,分析词句精透了,而说出英文,毫不地道。

有人以为目标在了解阅读,不在口讲,这是把问题看错了,学习英文的目标,只在清顺自然四字而已。凡不以口语为基础的人,一定写不出平易自然,纯熟地道的英文。前英国首相丘吉尔可算英文大家,他有名的句子:We shall fight on the hills。We shall fight in the streets。We shall fight blood and sweat and tears。这是多么矫健的句子!何尝有一个不是小学生所能用的字?又何尝有一字夸词浮句?中国人写英文,寻章摘句,多用深句,所以才学不好。例如对人十分佩服,你说I admire him profoundly。便是古人做文章的做法,因为英美人士并不这样讲,用admire greatly才是自然,而用I take off my hat to him。才是真正地道的英文。

你要明白英语言文一致,而骨子里是白话。愈平易自然愈好,愈少粉饰藻丽语句愈好,愈近清顺口语愈好,愈能念出来顺口成章愈好。中国人写英文,能写到这个地步的就不多,你写出来,外国人念下去象外国人写,就不容易,所以难能可贵,就在这一点。中国人要写英文,必先淘汰古人“做文章“的观念,才能打稳正当的英文基础。因此我们必须以口语入手,才能掌握个中窍门。

大家要注意常用字及口语的用法;英文那个“有“字,当然有have,而口语却是have got ( Have you got any money?) 老外这样说,我们只好这样写! Forget about it(算了)!也是一种口语。You are telling me (我还得等你说)?也是一种口语。Not a chance (绝不会)也是一种口语。这四个单字got,forget,tell,chance都是极平常的字,而运用在口语中,却是学好英文的最重要的部分!若是单求长字,生字,看起来文雅好听的僻字,头一步便走错了。所以说善于灵活运用平常的字,是学习英文的不二法门。

2、薄冰(教育家,北京外国语学院英语教授)

英语学习观:零基础学英语,不同年龄段学习方法是有区别的。

如果我是一个初学英语的小学生,我将多看故事多看画,多听句子多唱歌。语法我不学,完全靠模仿。

如果我是一个初学英语的中学生,我将把好的课文念得正确、流利、烂熟,睡梦中会说出来,作文中会用出来。我还要读课外读物,并用简单的英语向我的同学复述故事的内容。我将学一点基本语法知识,以加强学习的自觉性,但绝不去钻牛角尖。

如果我是一个初学英语的青年,我将尽量结合英语实践(读、听、写、说)先把语法学好。就象查词典一样,我将经常查阅语法书。等我把基本语法掌握后,我将展开大量的英语实践,在实践中通过思考与总结解决疑难问题。同时,我将充分地利用好的词典、参考书,包括较高深的语法著作。

3、许国璋(中国语言学家)

英语学习观:不要总是把阅读的目的放在提高英文上,阅读首先是吸收知识

学英语就要无法无天,要天不怕地不怕。

学外语,要眼尖,耳明,嘴勤,手快。只要多读,多记,多讲,多写,自有水到渠成之日。

学习外语,从事语言学研究的人不要把自己圈在只读洋文的狭小天地里,一定要具备良好的国学基础。

光学几句干巴巴的英文不行。不要总是把阅读的目的放在提高英文上,阅读首先是吸收知识,吸收知识的过程中自然而然就吸收了语言。

4、陈琳(北京外国语大学教授)

英语学习观:背诵英文很重要,“精读”和“泛读缺一不可。

在没有语言环境的情况下,外语是不可能“习得”的(但作为一种教学手段,必须尽量创造习得环境),只能“学得”。必须下艰苦的功夫。我一向主张要“背”。不仅儿童,成人更加要背。且看郑板桥在《自叙》中所说:“人咸谓板桥读书善记,不只非善记,乃善诵耳。板桥每读一书,必千万遍。舟中,马上,被底,或当食忘匕著,或对客不听其语,并自忘其所语,皆记书默诵也。书有弗记者乎?”一代大师尚且如此,何况我辈凡人,更何况他背的大概不是外语。

一般学习外语的,都知道有所谓“精读”和“泛读”。殊不知,在听、说和写这其他三“会”上,也都要作精和泛的工作。说的啰唆些:要有精听和泛听、精说和泛说、精写和泛写。精泛两种功夫相辅相成,缺一不可。

学习语言,在读、听、说、写四会中,固可因工作的需要而有所侧重,但最好还是能全面掌握。英国16世纪思想家培根曾说:“读书使人充实,交谈使人机敏,写记使人精确”(这里交谈包括听和说)。可以看出,学会读、听、说、写一种语言,不仅是掌握语言能力以作为工具的问题,更加关系到一个人素质的培养。

5、陆谷孙(复旦大学外国语言文学学院教授、博导)

英语学习方法观:说英语要说得字正腔圆,只有亿万次的模仿

压力与兴趣:英语学习需要有pressure与pleasure的结合。

今日的英语教学中,接踵而来的考试和枯燥无味的课堂教学窒息了同学们活泼的求知欲和学习兴趣。学生应试技能一般较强,而口语表达技能相对薄弱,要翻个个儿,教师要使英语成为学生生活中须臾不可或缺的有趣事物,每堂课要在连续大脑轰击(brainstorming)的同时,使学生开怀大笑几次。

“输入”与“输出”:保持两者大致相当的比例,譬如说“输入”一百万字的阅读量,最好保持一万字的写作“输出量”。写完最好找高手修改,且不断温习修改意见。

模仿与对比:说英语要说得字正腔圆,只有亿万次的模仿;要减少母语干扰,对比最重要,譬如说对比出英语的动词时态意识、与汉语迥异的数字意识等。

6、姚乃强(重要译著有《红字》、《霍桑文集》、《福克纳》)

英语学习方法观:“先死后活,死去活来

我认为学好英语各人应根据客观条件,学习目的和本人情况,依照语言学习的规律,探索适合自己的学习方法,对他人的经验,要学习、要借鉴,但不迷信、不盲从,提倡因人而异,各自为战。

我学习和从教英语四十多年,我的体会是在不同的阶段,采用不同的方法,初学者主要打好语言基础,熟练掌握读、听、说、写、译的技能。我把这个阶段的学习要领归结为:先死后活,死去活来。“死”指多模仿、多练习,后达到熟能生巧,灵活运用。

有了一定的基础后,要强调多读多写,读和写都要精泛结合,不仅要读文学名著,也要读其它类的书,以及报纸杂志。要强迫自己写,写日记、写读书心得、写短文。我的口号是:眼快手勤,翻烂一本词典,磨出手指老茧。

到了更高的层次,比如说英语专业高年级学生,要加强思维能力、创新能力、科研能力的培养。要根据自己的兴趣和未来工作的要求,明确自己在专业上的主攻方向。要扩大知识面,做到博学多闻、博览群书、博中有专。从写学士论文开始,就要选好题,日积月累,逐渐使自己成为某一领域里的“行家里手”。这时也就可以说学有所成了。

回过头来,要与大家共勉的还是一句话:业精于勤荒于嬉。愿大家创造出适合自己的学习方法,学有所成。

7、王佐良(原北京外国语学院副院长张海迪的丈夫)

英语学习方法观:通过文化来学习语言,语言也会学得更好。

通过文化来学习语言,语言也会学得更好。

语言之有魅力,风格之值得研究,主要是因为后面有一个大的精神世界:但这两者又必须艺术地融合在一起,因此语言表达力同思想洞察力又是互相促进的。

文体,风格的研究是有实际用途的,它可以使我们更深入地观察英语的性能,看到英语的长处,短处,以及我们在学习英语时应该特别注意或警惕的地方。因为英语一方面不难使用,一方面又在不小心或过分小心的使用者面前布满了陷阱。

8、何其莘(教育部高校专业外语教学指导委员会副主任、英语组组长。在国内外发表学术论文几十篇。著名的《新概念英语》作者)

英语学习方法观:坚持大量阅读是实现这一目标最有效的途径之一,首先要选好难易程度适中的原文书籍

用英文思维是许多英语学习者都希望达到的一种境界,因为这是用英语流畅地表达思想的基础。对于一个生活在非英语环境中的中国学生来说,要做到部分或全部用英文来思考确有很大难度,但也不是可望而不可及。从自己学习英语的经历中,我体会到坚持大量阅读是实现这一目标最有效的途径之一。

首先要选好难易程度适中的原文书籍:一般以每页(大32开)不超过八个生词为宜。其次是阅读方法:要像读中文小说那样快速浏览,不默读,不查字典,更不通过翻译来理解原文的意思。遇见不认识的生词,要根据上下文来推测。第三是要坚持天天都读,而且要给自己规定每天必须完成的阅读任务。只要坚持下去,几个月,半年之后,肯定会看到成效。

9、梅仁毅(北京外国语大学英语学院教授、博导,学界泰斗)

英语学习方法观:要学好英语,就要对语言本身及语言所传达的各种文化信息感兴趣。

要学好英语,就要对语言本身及语言所传达的各种文化信息感兴趣。当你读到或听到别人用简洁的英语表达深奥的思想时,兴奋不已,立即记住,这就表明你已对语言产生了兴趣。没有这种兴趣,难以在语言学习中登堂入室。

学习英语从一开始就要重视语音,语调。发音,语调,重音,停顿,不求完美,但要基本正确。否则,将影响听力及口语,从而是语言失去交流的功能。

简易读物对打好基础极有用,要多读。一是数量要多,至少读四十本。二是要重复读,选出十至十五本,读三遍,读到许多问题印在脑子中。设想一下,别人能用一千五百到两千词汇写出几十本书来,如果我们能把这些表达方式掌握住,能够表达多少内容!

在基础阶段后期,或高年级,要努力背诵名篇,比如说,背50-100篇。无论从语言还是内

容来说,这都是精华。背熟了,对了解西方文化,对研究文字的运用都有好处。

10、吴冰(北京外国语大学英语系教授,博士生导师)

英语学习方法观:学习外语和学习任何知识一样,是不能投机取巧的。

学习外语和学习任何知识一样,是不能投机取巧的。首先要有刻苦的精神和持之以恒的决心。

语言是有声的,因此一开始就要把语音的基础打好。发音正确,别人才能听懂你的话,同时也便于你通过“听”来学习新的知识。

我们常说的“英语基本功”包括听、说、读、写这四个相关的方面,学习时要尽量平衡发展,如果其中一项过差,会从总体上影响外语水平的提高。如今仅电视一个渠道就有许多“听”的节目,可“读”的书更多。至于“说”和“写”完全可以自己练习。没有人对话,可以采用英语思维的办法跟自己说。“写”这可以通过记日记来提高,一天记一件事,可以写“听”到或“读”到过的,这样就复习了从“听”和“读”中获取的语言知识。

语言是与文化紧密联系的,不了解英语国家的历史和文化,即便能说英语,在交流中也难免产生误解和其它困难。

学英语除了肯下功夫外,还要动脑筋总结英语特点,比较英语和汉语的“同”和“异”。看到了“同”有助于提高学习效率,不过,需要注意学习和掌握的还是“异”的部分。

要想学好英语,得不怕麻烦勤查外国人为初学者编写的单语词典,因为使用双语词典时,大多数人常图方便只看中文,而英语解释不但更加准确,而且通过看英语解释还能复习常用词汇和表达法,可谓“一箭双雕”。

英语语言学考研真题与典型题详解1

1.3考研真题与典型题详解 I. Fill in the blanks. 1. The features that define our human languages can be called ______ features. (北二外2006研) 2. Linguistics is usually defined as the ______study of language. (北二外2003研) 3. Language, broadly speaking, is a means of______ communication. 4. In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can be combined into innumerable sentences ba sed on limited rules. This feature is usually termed______ 5. Linguistics is the scientific study of______. 6. Modern linguistic is______ in the sense that the linguist tries to discover what language is rather than lay down some rul es for people to observe. 7. One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of ______ over writing. 8. The branch of linguistics which studies the sound patterns of a language is called ______. (北二外2003研) 9. The branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words is called______. (北二外2004研) 10. ______mainly studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. (北二外2005研) 11. Semantics and ______investigate different aspects of linguistic meaning. (北二外2007研) 12. In linguistics, ______ refers to the study of the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a lang uage, or simply, the study of the formation as sentence. (中山大学2008研) 13. ______can be defined as the study of language in use. Sociolinguistics, on the other hand, attempts to show the relations hip between language and society. 14. The branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of sentence is called _______. (北二外2008研) 15. Saussure distinguished the linguistic competence of the speaker and the actual phenomena or data of linguistics (utteran ces) as and . The former refers to the abstract linguistic linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and the latter is the concrete manifestation of language either through speech or through writing. (人大2006研) 16. The description of a language as it changes through time is a ______ study. 17. Linguistic potential is similar to Saussure’s langue and Chomsky’s______. 18. One of the important distinctions in linguistics is ______ and parole. The former is the French word for “language”, whi ch is the abstract knowledge necessary for speaking,listening, writing and reading. The latter is concerned about the actual use of language by people in speech or writing. Parole is more variable and may change according to contextual factors. 19. One of the important distinctions in linguistics is and performance. (人大2006研) 20. Chomsky initiated the distinction between ______ and performances. (北二外2007研) II. Multiple Choice 1.Which of the following is NOT a frequently discussed design feature? (大连外国语学院2008研) A. Arbitrariness B. Convention C. Duality 2.Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary? (西安交大2008研) A. tree B. crash C. typewriter D. bang 3. A linguist regards the changes in language and languages use as______. A. unnatural B. something to be feared C. natural D. abnormal 4. Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place, d ue to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation? A. Transferability. B. Duality. C. Displacement. D. Arbitrariness: 5. The study of physical properties of the sounds produced in speech is closely connected with______. (大连外国语学院2008研) A. articulatory phonetics B. acoustic phonetics C. auditory phonetics 6. Which of the following statements is true of Jacobson’s framework of language functions? A. The referential function is to indulge in language for its own sake. B. The emotive function is to convey message and inf ormation. C. The conative function is to clear up intentions, words and meanings. D. The phatic function is to establish communion w ith others.

英语语言学名词解释(2)

现代语言学 一绪论 1. Linguistics: Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language 2 Phonetics: The study of sounds which are used in linguistics communication is called phonetics. For example, vowels and consonants. 3 Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology.For example,phone,phoneme,and allophone. 4 Morphology :The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology.For example,boy and “ish”---boyish,teach---teacher. 5 Syntax : The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax.For esample,”John like linguistics.” 6 Semantics: The study of meaning in language is called semantics. For example,:The seal could not be found.The zoo keeper became worried.” The seal could not be found,The king became worried.” Here the word seal means different things. 7 Pragmatics: The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics.For example, “I do” The word do means different context. 8 Sociolinguistics: The study of language with reference to society is called sociolinguistics.For example,regional dialects,social variation in language. 9Psycholinguistics: The study of language with reference to workings of mind is called psycholinguistics. 二音系学 1 Phonetics: The study of sounds that are used in linguistic communication is called phonetics. 2 Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology. 3 Phone: Phone can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking a language. A phone is a phonetic unit or segement. It does not necessarily distinguish meaning; some do,some don’t. 4 Phoneme: Phonology is concerned with the speech sounds which distinguish meaning. The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme;it is a unit that is of distinctive value. 5 allophone: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environment are called the allophones of that phoneme. 6 Complementary distribution: These two allophones of the same phoneme are said to be in complementary distribution. 7 Minimal pair: When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segement which occurs in the same place in the stings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair. 8 Stress: When a certain syllable of a word is stressed, it means that the syllable is prounced with great force than the other or others. 9 tones: Tones are pitch variation, which are caused by the different rates of vibration of the vocal cords. Pitch variations can distinguish meaning just like phoneme; therefore, the tone is a suprasegemental feature. 10 intonation: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation. Intonation plays an important role in conveying meaning in almost every language,especially in a language like English{$isbest} 三形态学 1 morphology: Morphology is a branch of grammer which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. 2 inflectional morphology: Inflectional morphology studies the inflections of word-formation.

英语语言学试题及答案

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