常用专有名词

A.I. Auto –Inserting 自动插件

A.M.S. After Monthly Statement当月月结

A.P Account Payable应付帐款

A.R. Account Receivable应收帐款

A.S.A.P As Soon As Possible尽可能最快

AVL. Available Vendor List可供货商名册

B/L Bill of Lading提单

BOM Bill of Material材料清单

C.O. Certificate of Original贷源证书

C.O.D Cash On Delivery付款交货

D.C.C. Document Control Center资料管制中心

D.I.P. Direct Insert Processing手插件

D/N Delivery Notice到货通知

E.C.N. Engineering Change Notice工程变更通知

E.C.R. Engineering Change Requirement工程变更申请

F.Y.I. For You Information依你的讯息

F.Y.R. For You Reference供你参考

I.S.O. International Standard Organization国际标准组织L/C Letter of Credit信用状

M.I.S. Management Information System数据讯管理系统M.R.B. Material Review Board材料复审议

M.R.P. Material Requirement Planning物料需求计划MC Material Control物料管理

O/A Open Account交货立帐

P.O Purchase Order采购订单

P.R Purchase Requirement请购单

PC Production Control生产管理

QVL Qualified Vendor List合格供货商名册

R.M.A. Return Material Authorization客退品

RTV Return To Vendor退回厂商

S.M.T Surface Mount Technical表面焊接技术

S.O Sates Order业务订单

四级翻译专有名词汇总

四级翻译专有名词汇总 1.中国历史与文化京剧 Peking opera 秦腔 Qin opera 功夫Kung Fu 太极Tai Chi 口技 ventriloquism 木偶戏puppet show 皮影戏 shadow play 折子戏 opera highlights 杂技 acrobatics 相声 witty dialogue comedy 刺绣 embroidery 苏绣 Suzhou embroidery 泥人 clay figure 书法 calligraphy 中国画 traditional Chinese painting 水墨画 Chinese brush painting 中国结 Chinese knot 中国古代四大发明 the four great inventions of ancient China 火药 gunpowder 印刷术printing 造纸术 paper-making 指南针 the compass 青铜器 bronze ware 瓷器 porcelain; china 唐三彩 tri-color glazed pottery of the Tang Dynasty 景泰蓝cloisonne 秋千swing 武术 martial arts 儒家思想Confucianism 儒家文化 Confucian culture 道教 Taoism 墨家 Mohism 法家 Legalism 佛教 Buddhism 孔子 Confucius 孟子 Mencius 老子 Lao Tzu 庄子 Chuang Tzu 墨子 Mo Tzu

英语语法大全

《英语语法大全》 1.名词名词可以分为专有名词（Proper Nouns）和普通名词(Common Nouns）. 专有名词是某个（些）人，地方，机构等专有的名称，如Beijing，China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如：book，sadness等，普通名词又可分为下面四类： 1）个体名词（Individual Nouns）：表示某类人或东西中的个体，如：gun。 2）集体名词（Collective Nouns）：表示若干个个体组成的集合体，如：family。 3）物质名词（Material Nouns）：表示无法分为个体的实物，如：air。 4）抽象名词（Abstract Nouns）：表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念，如：work。个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算，称为可数名词（Countable Nouns）物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算，称为不可数名词（Uncountable Nouns）。归纳一下，名词的分类可以下图表示：

1.2其它名词复数的规则变化 1)以y结尾的专有名词，或元音字母+y结尾的名词变复数时，直接加s变复数：如：two Marys the Henrys monkey---monkeys holiday---holidays 比较：层楼：storey---storeys story---stories 2)以o结尾的名词，变复数时： a.加s，如：photo---photos piano---pianos radio---radios zoo---zoos； b.加es，如：potato--potatoes tomato--tomatoes c.均可，如：zero---zeros/zeroes 3)以f或fe结尾的名词变复数时： a.加s，如：belief---beliefs roof---roofs safe---safes gulf---gulfs； b.去f,fe加ves，如：half---halves knife---knives leaf---leaves wolf---wolves wife---wives life---lives thief---thieves； c.均可,如：handkerchief:

英语中常用的专有名词

Protestant 新教徒 Pulitzer Prize 普利策奖 Rat race 激烈的竞争 Red-light district 红灯区 Reader’s Digest 读者文摘 Russian roulette 俄罗斯轮盘赌Sexual harassment 性骚扰 Short fuse 易怒的脾气 Soft-soap 奉承讨好 Silent contribution 隐名捐款 Silly money 来路不明的钱 Silver screen 银幕，电影界 Summer complaint 夏季病，拉肚子Tenth-rate 最低等的，劣等的 Vertical/lateral thinking 纵向，横向思维Wide-body 大部头的作品 Wheel of life （佛教）轮回Xenomania 媚外 Yearbook 年鉴年刊 Zen 禅

英美文学专有名词术语解释

Literary Terms（文学术语解释） *Legend（传说）: A song or narrative handed down from the past, legend differs from myths on the basis of the elements of historical truth they contain. *Epic（史诗）: 1)Epic, in poetry, refers to a long work dealing with the actions of gods and heroes. 2)Beowulf is the greatest national epic of the Anglo-Saxons. John Milton wrote three great epics: Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained and Samson Agonistes. *Romance（罗曼史/骑士文学）: 1)Romance is a popular literary form in the medieval England. 2)It sings knightly adventures or other heroic deeds. 3)Chivalry(such as bravery, honor, generosity, loyalty and kindness to the weak and poor) is the spirit of romance. *Ballad（民谣）: 1)Ballad is a story in poetic form to be sung or recited. 2)Ballads were passed down from generation to generation. 3)Robin Hood is a famous ballad singing the goods of Robin Hood. Coleridge’s The Rime of the Ancient Mariner is a 19th century English ballad. *The Heroic Couplet（英雄对偶句）:1)It means a pair of lines of a type once common in English poetry, in other words, it means iambic pentameter rhymed in two lines. 2)The rhyme is masculine. 3)Use of the heroic couplet was first pioneered by Geoffrey Chaucer. *Humanism（人文主义）:1)Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. It emphasizes the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life. 2)Humanists voiced their beliefs that man was the center of the universe and man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of the present life, but had the ability to prefect himself and to perform wonders. *Renaissance（文艺复兴）:1)It refers to the transitional period from the medieval to the modern world. It first started in Italy in the 14th century. 2)The Renaissance means rebirth or revival. 3)It was stimulated by a series of historical events, such as the rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek classics, the new discoveries in geography and astrology, the religious reformation and the economic expansion. 4)Humanism is the essence of Renaissance. 5)The English Renaissance didn’t begin until the reign of Henry Ⅷ. It was reg arded as England’s Golden Age, especially in literature. 6)The real mainstream of the English Renaissance is the Elizabethan drama. 7)This period produced such literary giants as Shakespeare, Spenser, Marlowe, Bacon, Donne and Milton, etc. *University Wits（大学才子）: 1)It refers to a group of scholars during the Elizabethan age who graduate from either Oxford or Cambridge. They came to London with the ambition to become professional writers. Some of them later become famous poets and playwrights. 2)Thomas Greene, John Lily and Christopher Marlowe were among them. 3)They paved the way, to some degree, for the coming of Shakespeare. *Blank verse（无韵体）:1)It is verse written in unrhymed iambic pentameter. 2)It is the verse form used in some of the greatest English poetry, including that of William Shakespeare and John Milton. *Spenserian Stanza（斯宾塞诗节）:1)It is the creation of Edmund Spenser. 2)It refers to a stanza of nine lines, with the first eight lines in iambic pentameter and the last line in iambic hexameter（六音步）,r hyming ababbcbcc. 3)Spenser’s The Faerie Queene was written in this kind of stanza. *Sonnet(十四行诗)1)It is the one of the most conventional and influential forms of poetry in English.2)A sonnet is a lyric consisting of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter, restricted to a definite rhyme scheme.3)Shakespeare’s sonnets are well-known. *Soliloquy(独白)1)Soliloquy, in drama, means a moment when a character is alone and speaks his or her thoughts aloud. 2)In the line “To be, or not to be, that is the question”, which begins the famous soliloquy from Act3, Scene1 of Shakespeare’s Hamlet. In this soliloquy Hamlet questions whether or not life is worth living and speaks of the reasons why he does not end his life. *Metaphysical Poets（玄学派诗人）：They refer to a group of religious poets in the first half of the 17th century whose works were characterized by their wit, imaginative picturing, compressions, often cryptic expression, play of paradoxes and juxtapositions of metaphor. *Enlightenment Movement(启蒙运动)1)It was a progressive intellectual movement which flourished in France and swept through Western Europe in the 18th century.2)The movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance from 14th century to the mid-17th century.3)Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas.4)It celebrated reason or nationality, equality and science. It advocated universal education. Literature at the time became a very popular means of public education.5)Famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great writers like John Dryden, Pope, Johnson, Swift, Defoe, Fielding, Sheridan, etc. Neoclassicism(新古典主义)1)In the field of literature, the 18th century Enlightenment Movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works. This tendency is known as neoclassicism.2)The neoclassicists hold that forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers such as Homer and Virgil and those of the contemporary French ones.3)They believed that the artistic ideas should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity *Sentimentalism(感伤主义文学)1)It is a pejorative term to describe false or superficial emotion, assumed feeling, self-regarding postures of grief and pain.2)In literature it denotes overmuch use of pathetic effects and attempts to arouse feeling by pathetic indulgence.3)The Vicar of Wakefield by Oliver Goldsmith is a case in point. *The Graveyard School(墓地派诗歌)1)It refers to a school of poets of the 18th century whose poems are mostly devoted to a sentimental lamentation or meditation on life, past and present, with death and graveyard as theams.2)Thomas Gray is considered to be the leading figure of this school and his Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard is its most representative work. *Epistolary novel(书信体小说)1)It consists of the letters the characters write to each other. The usual form is the letter, but diary entries, newspaper clippings and other documents are sometimes used.2)The epistolary novel’s reliance on subjective poi nts of view makes it the forerunner of the modern psychological novel.3)Samuel Richardson’s Pamela is typical of this kind. *Gothic Romance(哥特传奇)1)A type of novel that flourished in the late 18th and early 19th century in England.2)Gothic romances are mysteries, often involving the supernatural and heavily tinged with horror, and they are usually against dark backgrounds of medieval ruins and haunted castles. *Picaresque novel(流浪汉小说)1)It is a popular sub-genre of prose fiction which is usually satirical and depicts in realistic and often humorous detail the adventures of a roguish hero of low social class who lives by his or her wits in a corrupt society. 2)As indicated by its name, this style of novel originated in Spain, flourished in Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries, and continues to influence modern literature. *English Romanticism(英国浪漫主义文学)1)The English Romantic period is an age of poetry. Poets started a rebellion against the neoclassical literature, which was later regarded as the poetic revolution. They saw poetry as a healing energy; they believed that poetry could purify both individual souls and the society.2)The Lyrical Ballads by Wordsworth and Coleridge in 1798 acts as a manifesto for the English Romanticism.3)The Romantics not only eulogize the faculty of imagination, but also stress the concept of spontaneity and inspiration, regarding them as something crucial for true poetry.4)The natural world comes to the forefront of the poetic imagination. Nature is not only the major source of poetic imagery, but also provides the dominant subject matter. *Ode(颂歌)1)Ode is a dignified and elaborately lyric poem of some length, praising and glorifying an individual, commemorating an event, or describing nature intellectually rather than emotionally.2)John Keats wrote great odes. His Ode on a Grecian Urn is a case in point. *Lake Poets(湖畔派诗人)They refer to such romantic poets as William Wordsworth, Samuel Coleridge and Robert Southey who lived in the Lake District. They came to be known as the Lake School or “Lakers”. *Byronic hero（拜伦式英雄）: It refers to a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin. With immense superiority in his passions and powers, this Byronic hero would carry on his shoulders the burden of righting all the wrongs in a corrupt society, and would rise single-handedly against any kind of tyrannical rules either in government, in religion, or in moral principles with

英语常用专有名词缩写

Beat generation 垮掉的一代 Tea-ceremony 茶道 Badger game 美人计 Scene stealer 抢镜头的人 Hooligan 阿飞，足球流氓 Repeated offender 惯犯 Double agent 双重间谍 Mr. Big 黑社会老大 Love child 私生子 Hand-to-hand fighting 肉搏 Box news 花边新闻 Screen agers 整天看电视玩电脑的孩子 June-December wedding 双方年龄悬殊的婚姻King’s English 标准英语 Leap day/year 闰日2.29/年366 Maid of Orleans 圣女贞德 Narrow squeak（口）九死一生的脱险 Ninja turtle 忍者神龟 Poet laureate 桂冠诗人 Ponytail 马尾辫 Protestant 新教徒 Pulitzer Prize 普利策奖 Rat race 激烈的竞争 Red-light district 红灯区 Reader’s Digest 读者文摘 Russian roulette 俄罗斯轮盘赌 Sexual harassment 性骚扰 Short fuse 易怒的脾气 Soft-soap 奉承讨好 Silent contribution 隐名捐款 Silly money 来路不明的钱 Silver screen 银幕，电影界 Summer complaint 夏季病，拉肚子 Tenth-rate 最低等的，劣等的 Vertical/lateral thinking 纵向，横向思维 Wide-body 大部头的作品 Wheel of life （佛教）轮回 Xenomania 媚外 Yearbook 年鉴年刊 Zen 禅 Paparazzi 狗仔队 Show people 娱乐界人士 Exotic dance 脱衣舞Bearish 行情下跌的 Bullish 行情上涨的 State prisoner 政治犯Stowaway 偷渡者，逃票的乘客Plainclothesman 便衣警察Police dog 警犬 Police post 派出所Negligent homicide 过失杀人Impostor 江湖骗子 ICJ International Court of Justice 国际法院 Espionage 间谍间谍活动 Lifer 职业军人 Mine 地雷水雷 Panzer 装甲车坦克 Off limits 军事禁区 Q-boat 伪装成商船或渔船的武装船只 Riot corps 防暴部队 Standing army 常规军 Sniper 狙击手 Bermuda Triangle 百慕大三角洲 Brain drain 脑力人才外流Brawn drain 劳力外流 Break- dancing 霹雳舞French windows 落地窗Funeral home 殡仪馆 Taillight 车尾灯 Visiting team 客队Runner-up 亚军 Black referee 黑哨 Foul play 犯规动作 Standing broad jump 立定跳远Underachiever 差等生Hothouse 对儿童进行学前教育Whiz kid 神童优等生Newsbreak 重要新闻 Needle trade 成衣业Moonlight 作动词，干第二职业

名词的分类、定义和例子(精)

名词的分类、定义和例子名词是指表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念等的名称词。名词根据其词汇意义，通常分为专有名词和普通名词。而普通名词根据其语法性质，又可以细分为个体名词、物质名词、集合名词和抽象名词四类。一、专有名词专有名词主要指人、地方、组织、机构等的专有的名称。专有名词的第一个字母通常大写，如Mary, Mr Black, Paris, Sunday, September, French等。请看例句： They kept it for Mary. 他们留着这个给玛丽。 My plan was to go from Lyon to Paris. 我的计划是从里昂到巴黎。 The park is open from May through September. 公园从5月到9月开放。 I work every other day: Monday, Wednesday and Friday. 我隔天上班：每周一、三、五。二、普通名词普通名词通常指人、物、概念等的一般名称。事实上，除了专有名词外，其余的名词都可以叫普通名词。如：boy, pen, teacher, water, idea, cloudy, money等。注意，有少数的普通名词与专有名词词形相同，只是用作普通名词时第一个字母用小写，而用作专有名词时第一个字母用大写。如： He saw the best china in China. 他在中国见到了最好的瓷器。 Mrs. Green likes to wear green clothes. 格林夫人喜欢穿绿色衣服。三、个体名词所谓个体名词就是指表示人或物的个体的名词。如boy, girl, tree, book, cup, desk等。在通常情况下，个体名词都是可数的。如：

英语四级翻译常考词汇

英语四级翻译常考词汇一个中国原则the one-China principle 与时俱进keep pace with the times 综合国力overall national strength 共同愿望common desire “走出去”(战略)going global 不结盟non-alignment 单边主义unilateralism 多边政策multilateralism 多极世界multipolar world 人口老龄化aging of population 人口出生率birth rate 社区月服务community service 道德法庭court of ethics 盗用公款embezzlement 总需求aggregate demand 总供给aggregate supply 企业文化corporate/entrepreneurial culture 企业形象corporate image (Cl); enterprise image 跨国公司cross-national corporation 创业精神enterprising spirit; pioneering spirit 外资企业foreign-funded enterprise

猎头公司head-hunter 假日经济holiday economy 人力资本human capital 航空和航天工业aerospace industry 飞机制造工业aircraft industry 电子工业electronic industry 汽车制造工业car industry 娱乐业entertainment industry 信息产业information industry 知识密集型产业knowledge-intensive industry 国有大中型企业large and medium-sized state-owned enterprises 轻工业light industry 博彩业lottery industry 制造业manufacturing industry 垄断行业monopoly industries 市场多元化market diversification 市场经济market economy 市场监管market supervision 购买力purchasing power 熊市bear market 牛市bull market

英语常用专有名词.doc

（一）第一部分：中华文明 Chinese civilization [sivilai`zei??n] 文明摇篮 cradle of civilization 华夏祖先 the Chinese ancestors 秦始皇帝 First Emperor, Emperor Chin 皇太后 Empress 女皇；皇后Dowager 太后；太后汉高祖刘邦 founder of the Han Dynasty (206BC-220AD) 成吉思汗 Genghis Khan ; Temujin 夏朝 Xia Dynasty 明清两代 (of) Ming and Qing dynasties 地名：特别注意四川和陕西拼法四川 Sichuan, Szechwan, Szechuan 陕西 Shaanxi 四大发明 the four great inventions of ancientChina 火药 gunpowder 印刷术 printing 造纸术 paper-making 指南针 the compass 汉字 Chinese character 单音节 single syllable n. 音节汉语四声调 the four tones of Chinese characters 阳平 level tone 阴平 rising tone 上声 falling-rising tone 去声 falling tone 四书 the Four Books 《大学》 The Great Learning 《中庸》 The Doctrine of the Mean 《论语》 The Analects 文选，论集of Confucius 《孟子》 The Mencius 《春秋》 the Spring and Autumn Annals 编年史《史记》 Historical Records 《诗经》 The Books of Songs; The Book of Odes 颂诗，颂歌《书经》 The Books of History 《易经》 I Ching; The Book of Changes 《礼记》 The Book of Rites 仪式，典礼《孝经》 Book of Filial 子女的Piety 虔诚，虔敬《孙子兵法》 The Art of War 《三字经》 The Three-Character Scripture 经文，圣典 ; The Three-Word Chant 吟颂，咏唱《三国演义》 Three Kingdoms 《西游记》 Journey to the West; Pilgrimage 朝圣之旅 to the West 《红楼梦》 Dream of the Red Mansions 大厦；宅第《山海经》 The Classic of Mountains and Rivers

专有名词的定义和解释

目录前言第一部分专有名词的定义和解释第二部分展览场地租赁合同补充条款 2.1 中心及其设施的使用 2.2 展位搭建和拆除、设备安装和展品运输 2.3 乙方的责任 2.4 付款条件 2.5 广告区域费用 2.6 电费 2.7 合同的终止 2.8 其他 2.9 权利、义务的授权与转让 2.10 保障 2.11 补偿的弃权和许可 2.12 甲方权利的行使或补偿的实现 2.13 通讯联络 2.14 部分无效第三部分展厅规章制度 3.1 消防及安全管理规定、 3.1.1 展台的搭建和场地规划 3.1.2 展台搭建设计图纸审查的规定 3.1.3 展馆顶部吊点 3.1.4 高空作业 3.1.5. 设施安装 3.1.6 危险物 3.1.7 压力容器 3.1.8 演示、操作展品 3.1.9 物品的保管 3.1.10 油漆 3.1.11 紧急疏散措施 3.1.12 保安 3.1.13 公用事业设备服务 3.2 设施保护管理规定 3.2.1 展台的搭建和拆除 3.2.2 地面承重 3.2.3 垃圾处理 3.2.4 沙石、泥土及类似材料

3.3 展品及搭建物进馆的搬运 3.3.1 物品搬运 3.3.2 货物交递 3.3.3 货箱储存 3.3.4 运输车辆 3.4 其它服务管理规定 3.4.1 公共区域及通道 3.4.2. 平面图的提交 3.4.3 乙方需提供文件 3.4.4 宣传材料的散发 3.4.5 声像系统 3.4.6 空调 3.4.7 动物 3.4.8 气球 3.4.9 残疾人设施及服务 3.4.10 钥匙 3.4.11 失物招领 3.4.12 管理费 3.4.13 公共停车场 3.4.14 签到处 3.4.15 卫星接受器的安装 3.4.16 餐饮及花草 3.4.17声音控制前言《上海新国际博览中心展馆使用手册》(简称《手册》)是其展览场地租赁合同(简称租赁合同)不可分割的组成部分。本手册旨在帮助承租上海新国际博览中心有限公司展（馆）厅（会议室和室外展场等区域）举办展览会/非展览活动的主办单位，以及提供其它相关配套服务的单位进一步了解上海新国际博览中心有限公司租赁合同有关名词解释，租赁合同补充条款，以及展馆的各项规章制度。因此各相关单位务必认真阅读此手册，并遵照执行。《上海新国际博览中心展馆使用手册》由三部份组成，即专有名词的定义和解释、展览场地租赁合同补充条款和展厅规章制度。各主办单位及服务供应单位使用本手册时应注意以下几点： 1. 本手册中所提供的信息在实施时以当前版本为准。 2. 上海新国际博览中心有限公司保留对《手册》内容作出调整和更新的权利而无需提前通知。 3. 本手册的解释权属于上海新国际博览中心有限公司。 4. 若对本手册有疑问，请咨询上海新国际博览中心有限公司。联系方法：电话：+86 21 2890 6666 传真：+86 21 2890 6777

四级翻译词汇汇总

如何在强化阶段复习翻译，又如何在考试中夺取高分呢？我们认为：词汇和长难句是攻克翻译这座大山的不二法宝。关注特殊词汇，学习日常生活词语段落翻译的重点依然是词汇，特别是较为特殊的翻译类词汇，通过样卷分析，建议考生多关注一下和中国节日、历史事件、经济文化、旅游活动、社会发展等相关的词汇。大家可以关注以反映中国社会为主的一些英文杂志和报纸，例如中国日报及其网站。这份报纸的大部分内容确实超越了考生的实际水平，但考生可以学习一些涉及日常生活的词语。每天看看网站中的头条新闻，配合中文新闻的背景，就可以学到很多表达。中国日报网站下面的一个小栏目：language tips，有大量简单实用的双语文章，考生有时间可关注。同时，考生要购进一些难度不大的翻译书籍，注意中英文的切换规则。写长难句可增加得分点段落翻译的另一难点就是长难句的攻克，平时加大对长难句的分析，考试中才能写出精彩得分的句型。分析从句比较多的长难句，要找到句子的切分点，切分点主要有两种，一个是直接看到的，即连接词that、which、who、when等等；另外一个是潜在的，即各种动词形式，包括doing、to do(单独使用的)、done等等。最后，注意做翻译一定要坚持两点，即打草稿和"写"。在头脑中形成的翻译不是翻译，落到纸上，仍然不一定是通顺的句子，所以，每次在做翻译时，一定要坚持把语言写出来，这样才能提

高语言组织能力。同时，长难句的翻译不是一气呵成的，要练习如何打草稿，保证不会因直接誊写出现涂改问题，通过平时的草稿练习，也锻炼下打草稿的清晰程度，避免在誊写时丢掉一些东西。一、中国经济企业文化corporate/entrepreneurial culture 企业形象corporate image (Cl); enterprise image 跨国公司cross-national corporation 创业精神enterprising spirit; pioneering spirit 外资企业foreign-funded enterprise 猎头公司head-hunter 假日经济holiday economy 人力资本human capital 航空和航天工业aerospace industry 飞机制造工业aircraft industry 电子工业electronic industry 汽车制造工业car industry 娱乐业entertainment industry 信息产业information industry 知识密集型产业knowledge-intensive industry 国有大中型企业large and medium-sized state-owned