液压外文翻译英文部分
Facilities Available in Run Mode
1 Introduction
In run mode you can:
●Specify the characteristics of simulation runs.
●Initiate these simulation runs.
●Plot graphs of the results.
●Specify linear analysis to be performed at various times.
●Post-process the linear analysis results.
●Post-process activity index results.
●Start the design exploration control panel and perform design
export studies.
●Start the export parameters control panel and create export
files.
There are a large number of special icons in run mode as shown in Figure 1
Figure 1: Icons available in Run mode
2 Time domain and linear analysis modes
When you click on component or line run, AMESim behaves differently if Time domain mode or Linear analysis mode is currently selected. If Linear analysis mode is selected a group of special icons are displayed. In Time
domain mode you can plot graphs. This activity involves AMESim reading the reading the results files from either a standard run or a batch run.In Linear analysis mode you can:
●Set the characteristics for linear analyses to be done during next
run.
●Look at eigenvalues.
●Do Bode,Nyquist and Nichols plots.
●Examine modal shapes.
●Do a root locus plot.
This involves AMESim reading .jac(Jacobian) files.In both modes run parameters can be set and runs initiated.
3 Running a simulation
To run a simulation：
1.If necessary, change the Save status and Locked status of variables.
2.If necessary, change the linear analysis status of variables.
3. Set the run parameters to define the characteristics of the run.
To do this click on the Run parameters button to puoduce the Run Parameters dialog box.
4. Initiate the run by clicking on the Start run button.When the
run starts,a Simulation run dialog box appears.
3.1 Save status and Save next status of variables
If the Save next status of a variable is true,during the next run its value will be added to the .results file. The Save next status of variables does not in any way influence linear analysis results.
The Save next status of variables can be changed：
●Globally for the currently seleted sub-system.
●For all variables in asubmodel.
●For individual variables.
In the .results file a variable is saved or not according to its saved statue when the run was initiated. This may be different from its current
status.If you want to change the status of a variable tick the corresponding box within The Save next column before the run. The saved variable are in the .results file and you can plot them.The column Saved shows if a variable has been saved or not and consequently if it is plottable.
Global change of save next status
1.S elect the part of the system of interest or select the whole system
using
●Ctrl+A or
●Edit →Select all
2.Create the right button menu or use the Tools pulldown menu. In either case select.
●Save all variables or
●Save no variables.
If all you want to do is a series of linear analyses with a big system, it may be appropriate to do a run with the Save next status of all variables false.
Submodel change of Save next status
1. Make sure you are in Time domain mode.
2. Click on a component or line run to produce the Variable list dialogbox.
3. Click on Save all to ensure that all variables in that submodel will be saved during next run.
4. Click on Save none to ensure that no variables in that submodel will be saved during the next run.
Individual variable change of Save next status
1.Make sure you are in Time domain mode
2.Click on a component or line run to produce the Variable list dialog box.
3. Alter the check box status in the Save next column.A tick means the variable will be saved during the next run.
3.2 Locked status of state variables
The following variables:
●Explicit state
●Implicit state
But not constraint variables have a Locked status which is true or false. This locked status only influences the results if there is any sort of stabilizing run. If one of these variables is locked, its value is not allowed to vary during a stabilizing run. The locked states facility is useful for advanced users who wish to obtain a partial equilibrium for their
system.The Locked status of state variables can be changed:
●Globally for the currently selected sub-system.
●For all state variables in a submodel.
●For individual state variables.
Global change of Locked status
1.Select the part of the system of interest or select the whole system using
●Ctrl+A or
●Edit u Select all.
2.Create the right-button menu or use the Tools menu.In either case select:
●Unlock all states or
●Lock all states.
Submodel change of Locked status
1.Make sure you are in Time domain mode.
2.Right-click on a component or line run to produce the pulldown menu.
3.Select Lock states to produce the Locked states status dialog box.
4.Click on Unlock All or Lock All as appropriate.
Change of Locked status for individual state variables
1.Make sure you are in Time domain mode.
2.Right-click on a component or line run to produce the pulldown menu.
3.Select Lock states to produce the Locked states status dialog box.
4.Alter the state of the check buttons in the Locked column to change the Locked status of individual state variables.
3.3 Setting run parameters
If you click on the Run parameters button, you get the Run Parameters dialog box. This is used to change characteristics of next run. You can change numerical values and enable or disable various check and radio buttons. At the top of the dialog box 3 tabs give you access to groups of parameters and options you can change, When you have made the changes you want, click on the OK button to save them. If you click on Cancel, your
changes will be ignored.We now look at the parameters and options available under the three tabs
With the General tab selected you have access to values and options which apply to both the standard integrator and fixed step integrators as in the example shown in Figure.The Value column is editable.
To change a value:
1.Double-click on it.
2.Type the new value in the edited box.
The meaning of the first two items in the list is obvious.A short note on the third item and on the various option buttons is appropriate. Communication interval
During the run data is added to the results file.The communication interval specifies how often this is done.The smaller the communication interval is,the larger the .results file is .Most AMESim users like about 1000 points in their result files.
Hence the formula:
The communication interval and the step size used by the AMESim integrator are completely independent. If you enable the Discontinuity
printout button,extra values are added to .results file at the discontinuity points.
Tolerance
The AMESim standard integrator performs integration in a series of discrete steps. At each step an iterative process is employed and this process must converge. Thus after each integration step a convergence test
is employed. When the iterations do converge, an error test is employed to determine if the results are accurate enough. If either of these tests fails, the step must be repeated with a smaller step size.These two tests use the tolerance value defined in Simulation values list. A number of important statements must be made:
●There is no precise connection between the tolerance and actual maximum
error in the results. The most general thing we can say is that the smaller the tolerance is, the more accurate are the results.
●Normally you should not use values less than 1.0e-10 but occasional
tolerances down to 1.0e-14 work.
●Normally you should not use values greater than 1.0e-3.
If you are going to trust the results, it is very good practice to perform
a series of runs with a sequence of tolerances. Look for consistency between the results. The default value for the tolerance is 1.0e-5.Normally if you perform further runs with 1.0e-6, 1.0e-7,1.0e-8,1.0e-9,you will not notice any significant difference. If you do, believe the results produced with the smaller tolerance.
An extremely useful submodel is SIMP1 which is associated with the
icon shown. The icon contains a ‘!’and this means use withcaution.
This caution is necessary because parameters set in SIMP1 take precedence over the values in the Run Parameters dialog box. The parameter
of interest is highlighted below.
If your sketch contains this icon, you drag and drop this parameter into a Batch Control Parameters Setup dialog box, you can organize a batch run with the tolerance varying. The parameters below give a batch run with tolerances 1.0e-5,1.0e-6,1.0e-7,1.0e-8 and 1.0e-9.
Run type
here are two radio buttons:
●Single run.
●Batch.
Must be selected one.If Batch is selected, the Batch options button is sensitive. Click on this if you want to specify a subset of batch runs to occur.Define which runs to suppress in the Batch Run Selection dialog box.
Miscellaneous
These check buttons can be enabled or disabled in any combination.
Statistics
With the Statistics button enabled,when the run is complete,a brief
summary of what happened in the run is displayed in the Simulation run dialog
box:Note that the accuracy of the CPU time depends on the platform you are
using.On at least one platform CPU times are extremely inaccurate.
Monitor time
Monitor time is enabled by default and a progress bar appears at the bottom
of the Simulation run dialog box.On some platforms creating this bar slows
the simulation down significantly on simple runs.
●Experiment with your local AMESim running with the button enabled and disabled.If there is a significant difference you may prefer to keep it
disabled.
●If you want to do bench mark tests,it is a good idea to disable it. Use old final values
If the Use old final values button is enabled, AMESim tries to extract
the final values from the current .results file and use them as starting
values for next run.
Maximum time step
This value specifies a limit on the step size that can be used by the
AMESim integrator. The default value is 1.0e30 which is very large and means
that this step size is unlimited. This value is good on the vast majority of runs but occasionally AMESim takes too big steps producing strange results. In such circumstances it is useful to reduce the maximum step size. If you enable the Cautious option as the Solver type, the integrator step will never exceed the Communication interval.
3.4 Integration methods used
This section is appropriate reading for those who are interested in the numerical algorithms employed by AMESim. Some simulation software gives you a menu of integration algorithms from which you are invited to make a choice. Even for a specialist numerical analyst, given a newly constructed system, it is difficult to make an informed selection. The problem is made much more difficult because the characteristics of the equations governing the system may change in the course of the simulation. This often happens at discontinuity points. Just before the discontinuity algorithm A might be very suitable. After the discontinuity it is very unsuitable and algorithm B is much better.It is unreasonable to expect the user to recognize this fact, stop the simulation at this point and restart with a different integration algorithm.In practice what often happens is that an integration algorithm is used which is unsuitable for at least part of the simulation. This may lead to very long run times.
The AMESim integrators provided can be divided into two types:
●variable step, variable order methods with control of errors
●fixed step,fixed order methods with no error control.
The standard AMESim integrator uses a collection of 17 variable step variable order methods. These are very robust and flexible.They are capable of adapting to a wide variety of problems.Most of the time you will be using these methods.
Fixed step integrators
Fixed step fixed order methods are much less robust and flexible that the variable step variable order methods. However, they are extensively used
in real time simulation. Note that facilities are available to export an AMESim model to a real time environment. However, there are limitation on the models that will run in this environment: The equations governing the model normally must be explicit. In other words there must be no constraints or implicit state variables. There will be some limit on the size of the model. This limit will depends on the capability of the real time platform.
The dynamics of the model must be sufficiently slow. Study of this often in-volves determining the eigenvalues of the system.
Experienced users often developed very complex high fidelity models in AMESim. To run these models in a real time environment normally involves work to reduce the complexity. This process is often called model reduction. After a while the modeler begins to think that the model is sufficiently reduced to run in the target real time environment. At this stage the reduced model can be run in AMESim with the fixed step fixed order integration methods provided. Remember that the reference results are the high fidelity results. If this is successful, the export to the real time environment can go ahead.
The standard integrator
One very common problem that arises in simulation of engineering systems is that of numerical stiffness. A stiff problem is one in which there is a time constant which is extremely small compared to the simulation range i.e. Final time-Start time. The famous Gear’s method was specifically developed to solve such problems. Most other integration algorithms are impossibly slow when applied to such problems.
Another common problem is discontinuities. These are points at which there is a switch from a set of one or more governing equation(s)to another completely different set. One extreme example occurs in the modeling of an mass where there are physical limitations on movement. These are often referred to as endstops. AMESimRun uses two techniques to model endstops: 1.they are modeled as elastic with a spring force and a damping force or
2.they are modeled as inelastic so that the mass collides with the
endstop coming instantaneously to rest.
The second alternative is often described as an ideal endstop.With an ideal endstop the mass reaches an extreme position and it is modeled as coming instantaneously to rest–a true discontinuity. The mass is then fixed in the extreme position until there is a force of the correct sign and of sufficient magnitude to overcome static friction moves it away from the extreme position A more detailed description of problems arising from discontinuities is given in the AMESet manual to which the interested reader is referred.
Gear’s method is very intolerant of discontinuities unless special code is inserted to deal with them. Unfortunately the equations defining the model of many engineering systems are stiff and contain discontinuities. If discontinuity-handling code is not provided or is provided but not used,Gear’s method may fail on these problems.
Simple Runge-Kutta algorithms are relatively tolerant of discontinuities and can perform well on some problems but they are very unsuitable for stiff problems. However, many simulations are performed on stiff problems rich in discontinuities using these methods. Often a solution can be obtained, but the run times can be hours or days. The answer here is to use a Gear integrator with good discontinuity handling. The saving in computing times can be spectacular.
The standard AMESim integrator does not give the user a choice of integration algorithm.Instead the characteristics of the equations governing the model are used to select automatically the most appropriate algorithm. If the model contains any implicit variables the differential algebraic equation integration algorithm DASSL is used otherwise the ordinary differential equation integration algorithm LSODA is used.
DASSL is probably the best differential algebraic equation integration algorithm currently available and is certainly the only one that is widely
used. It uses a collection of integrators of the same type as those employed in Gear’s method.Differential algebraic equations often behave like ordinary differential equations
LSODA uses a collection of non-stiff integration(Adams-Moulton multistep) methods and the same collection of stiff integration(backward differentiation formulae multistep)methods as are employed in Gear’s method. LSODA monitors the characteristics of the governing equations and switches between the non-stiff and stiff integrators as is necessary. By this means LSODA is generally a very efficient solver irrespective of the characteristics of the model ordinary differential equations.
DASSL and LSODA as implemented in AMESim are substantially different from the original algorithms.
液压系统及液压缸-外文翻译
液压传动 第十讲 制动器 力流体动力系统的优秀的特性之一是由电源产生，通过适当的控制和指导，并通过电线传输，就可以轻松转换到几乎任何类型的机械运动所需要用到的地方。使用一个合适的驱动装置，可以获得线性（直线）或者是旋转运动。驱动器是一种转换流体动力机械力和运动的装置。缸、马达和涡轮机是最常见的将流体动力系统应用于驱动设备的类型。这一章描述了各种类型的动作汽缸和他们的应用程序、不同类型的流体汽车和使用流体动力系统的涡轮机。 汽缸 制动汽缸是一种将流体动力转换成线性或直线、力和运动的装置。因为线性运动是沿着一条直线前后移动的往复运动。这种类型的制动器有时被称为一个往复、或线性、电动机。由ram或活塞组成的汽缸在一个圆柱孔内操作。制动汽缸可以安装，以便汽缸被固定在一个固定的结构，ram或活塞被连接到该机制来操作，或者是活塞和ram可能被固定到固定结构，汽缸附加到机械装置来操作。制动汽缸气动和液压系统的设计和操作是类似的。一些变化的ram和活塞式制动汽缸的内容将在后面的段落中描述。 冲压式缸 术语ram和活塞通常可以互换使用。然而，一个冲压式缸通常被认为是一个截面积活塞杆超过一半的截面积活动元件。在大多数这种类型的制动汽缸中，杆和活动元件各占一半。这种类型的活动元件经常被称为柱塞。冲压式缸主要是用来推动而不是拉。一些应用程序需要ram的一部分在平坦的外部来推动或升降单位操作。其他应用程序需要一些机械装置的附件，如一个U型夹或有眼螺栓。冲压式缸的设计在很多其他方面不同，以满足不同应用程序的要求。 单作用千斤顶 单作用千斤顶（如图：10-1）试用力只在一个方向。流体定向的汽缸取代ram 和他外部的弹性元件，将物体举起放在上面。
液压马达外文文献翻译、中英文翻译
外文资料 In recent years, the hydraulic motor with brachytely and big torsional moment has great changes, the new structure continuously appears. But, all these hydraulic motors can be divided into two broad categories of single and multi-role according to the role of the number of plunger in each turn. The motors also can be divided into radial and horizontal direction according to the arrangement of the plunger. And the radial motors can be divided into different types according to structure and the summon power way of the plunger. No matter single and multi-role, the plug-hole of radial-piston hydraulic motor is equated by circle, arrayed radial. The plunger displaced by the impulse of pressure oil, then the volume of the cylinder changed, the summon power formed the rotation of the motor, all of these above are the mechanism of action of the motors. The rotor of the single role hydraulic motor has a circle of rotation, each plunger worker once reciprocation. The principal axis is eccentric axis in all the radial-piston hydraulic motors. The multi-role hydraulic motor had a guide rail curve, whose numbers are the action times. The rotor had a circle of rotation, the plunger worker many times reciprocal at the same time. The radial motors can be divided into several categories of plunger, ball blocker, blade. The structure of the single-role motors is simpler, the machine element number of it is less, the technology is better, and the cost is less. But the structure dimension of the single-role motor is longer than the multi-role motor in the same displacement each turn (or output torsional moment), and the single-role motor also have fluctuation of the output torsional moment and rotary speed.The homonymy high-pressure column tune of the single-role motor had major radial unbalance force that causes the brachytely stabilization of the motor became worse. Only increasing the capacity of the bearing, it can meet the requirements of the operating life of the bearing at the same time.
ZigBee技术外文翻译
ZigBee：无线技术，低功耗传感器网络 加里莱格 美国东部时间2004年5月6日上午12:00 技师（工程师）们在发掘无线传感器的潜在应用方面从未感到任何困难。例如，在家庭安全系统方面，无线传感器相对于有线传感器更易安装。而在有线传感器的装置通常占无线传感器安装的费用80%的工业环境方面同样正确（适用）。而且相比于有线传感器的不切实际甚至是不肯能而言，无线传感器更具应用性。虽然，无线传感器需要消耗更多能量，也就是说所需电池的数量会随之增加或改变过于频繁。再加上对无线传感器由空气传送的数据可靠性的怀疑论，所以无线传感器看起来并不是那么吸引人。 一个低功率无线技术被称为ZigBee，它是无线传感器方程重写，但是。一个安全的网络技术，对最近通过的IEEE 802.15.4无线标准（图1）的顶部游戏机，ZigBee的承诺，把无线传感器的一切从工厂自动化系统到家庭安全系统，消费电子产品。与802.15.4的合作下，ZigBee提供具有电池寿命可比普通小型电池的长几年。ZigBee设备预计也便宜，有人估计销售价格最终不到3美元每节点，。由于价格低，他们应该是一个自然适应于在光线如无线交换机，无线自动调温器，烟雾探测器和家用产品。 （图1）
虽然还没有正式的规范的ZigBee存在（由ZigBee联盟是一个贸易集团，批准应该在今年年底），但ZigBee的前景似乎一片光明。技术研究公司 In-Stat/MDR在它所谓的“谨慎进取”的预测中预测，802.15.4节点和芯片销售将从今天基本上为零，增加到2010年的165万台。不是所有这些单位都将与ZigBee结合，但大多数可能会。世界研究公司预测的到2010年射频模块无线传感器出货量4.65亿美量，其中77％是ZigBee的相关。 从某种意义上说，ZigBee的光明前途在很大程度上是由于其较低的数据速率20 kbps到250 kbps的，用于取决于频段频率（图2），比标称1 Mbps的蓝牙和54的802.11g Mbps的Wi - Fi的技术。但ZigBee的不能发送电子邮件和大型文件，如Wi - Fi功能，或文件和音频，蓝牙一样。对于发送传感器的读数，这是典型的数万字节数，高带宽是没有必要，ZigBee的低带宽有助于它实现其目标和鲁棒性的低功耗，低成本。 由于ZigBee应用的是低带宽要求，ZigBee节点大部分时间可以睡眠模式，从而节省电池电源，然后醒来，快速发送数据，回去睡眠模式。而且，由于ZigBee 可以从睡眠模式过渡到15毫秒或更少主动模式下，即使是睡眠节点也可以达到适当的低延迟。有人扳动支持ZigBee的无线光开关，例如，将不会是一个唤醒延迟知道前灯亮起。与此相反，支持蓝牙唤醒延迟通常大约三秒钟。 一个ZigBee的功耗节省很大一部分来自802.15.4无线电技术，它本身是为低功耗设计的。 802.15.4采用DSSS（直接序列扩频）技术，例如，因为（跳频扩频）另类医疗及社会科学院将在保持一样使用它的频率过大的权力同步。 ZigBee节点，使用802.15.4，是几个不同的沟通方式之一，然而，某些方面比别人拥有更多的使用权力。因此，ZigBee的用户不一定能够实现传感器网络上的任何方式选择和他们仍然期望多年的电池寿命是ZigBee的标志。事实
液压系统外文资料翻译
外文资料译文 液压系统 绪论 液压站又称液压泵站，是独立的液压装置。 它按逐级要求供油。并控制液压油流的方向、压力和流量，适用于主机与液压装置可分离的各种液压机械上。 用户购后只要将液压站与主机上的执行机构（油缸或油马达）用油管相连，液压机械即可实现各种规定的动作和工作循环。 液压站是由泵装置、集成块或阀组合、油箱、电气盒组合而成。各部件功能为： 泵装置－－上装有电机和油泵，是液压站的动力源，将机械能转化为液压油的压力能。 集成块－－由液压阀及通道体组装而成。对液压油实行方向、压力和流量调节。 阀组合－－板式阀装在立板上，板后管连接，与集成块功能相同。 油箱－－板焊的半封闭容器，上还装有滤油网、空气滤清器等，用来储油、油的冷却及过滤。 电气盒－－分两种型式。一种设置外接引线的端子板；一种配置了全套控制电器。 液压站的工作原理：电机带动油泵转动，泵从油箱中吸油供油，将机械能转化为液压站的压力能，液压油通过集成块（或阀组合）实现了方向、压力、流量调节后经外接管路并至液压机械的油缸或油马达中，从而控制液动机方向的变换、力量的大小及速度的快慢，推动各种液压机械做功。 1.1发展历程 我国液压（含液力，下同）、气动和密封件工业发展历程，大致可分为三个阶
段，即：20世纪50年代初到60年代初为起步阶段；60~70年代为专业化生产体系成长阶段；80~90年代为快速发展阶段。其中，液压工业于50年代初从机床行业生产仿苏的磨床、拉床、仿形车床等液压传动起步，液压元件由机床厂的液压车间生产，自产自用。进入60年代后，液压技术的应用从机床逐渐推广到农业机械和工程机械等领域，原来附属于主机厂的液压车间有的独立出来，成为液压件专业生产厂。到了60年代末、70年代初，随着生产机械化的发展，特别是在为第二汽车制造厂等提供高效、自动化设备的带动下，液压元件制造业出现了迅速发展的局面，一批中小企业也成为液压件专业制造厂。1968年中国液压元件年产量已接近20万件；1973年在机床、农机、工程机械等行业，生产液压件的专业厂已发展到100余家，年产量超过100万件，一个独立的液压件制造业已初步形成。这时，液压件产品已从仿苏产品发展为引进技术与自行设计相结合的产品，压力向中、高压发展，并开发了电液伺服阀及系统，液压应用领域进一步扩大。气动工业的起步比液压稍晚几年，到1967年开始建立气动元件专业厂，气动元件才作为商品生产和销售。含橡塑密封、机械密封和柔性石墨密封的密封件工业，50年代初从生产普通O型圈、油封等挤压橡塑密封和石棉密封制品起步，到60年代初，开始研制生产机械密封和柔性石墨密封等制品。70年代，在原燃化部、一机部、农机部所属系统内，一批专业生产厂相继成立，并正式形成行业，为密封件工业的发展成长奠定了基础。 进入80年代，在国家改革开放的方针指引下，随着机械工业的发展，基础件滞后于主机的矛盾日益突出，并引起各有关部门的重视。为此，原一机部于1982年组建了通用基础件工业局，将原有分散在机床、农业机械、工程机械等行业归口的液压、气动和密封件专业厂，统一划归通用基础件局管理，从而使该行业在规划、投资、引进技术和科研开发等方面得到基础件局的指导和支持。从此进入了快速发展期，先后引进了60余项国外先进技术，其中液压40余项、气动7项，经消化吸收和技术改造，现均已批量生产，并成为行业的主导产品。近年来，行业加大了技术改造力度，1991~1998年国家、地方和企业自筹资金总投入共约20多亿元，其中液压16亿多元。经过技术改造和技术攻关，一批主要企业技术水平进一步提高，工艺装备得到很大改善，为形成高起点、专业化、批量生产打下了良好基础。近几年，在国家多种所有制共同发展的方针指引下，不同所有制的中小企业迅猛崛起，呈现出
液压机外文翻译文献
液压机外文翻译文献 (文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译) 原文： The Analysis of Cavitation Problems in the Axial Piston Pump shu Wang Eaton Corporation, 14615 Lone Oak Road, Eden Prairie, MN 55344 This paper discusses and analyzes the control volume of a piston bore constrained by the valve plate in axial piston pumps. The vacuum within the piston bore caused by the rise volume needs to be compensated by the flow; otherwise, the low pressure may cause the cavitations and aerations. In the research, the valve plate geometry can be optimized by some analytical limitations to prevent the piston pressure below the vapor pressure. The limitations provide the design guide of the timings and
overlap areas between valve plate ports and barrel kidneys to consider the cavitations and aerations. _DOI: 10.1115/1.4002058_ Keywords: cavitation , optimization, valve plate, pressure undershoots 1 Introduction In hydrostatic machines, cavitations mean that cavities or bubbles form in the hydraulic liquid at the low pressure and collapse at the high pressure region, which causes noise, vibration, and less efficiency. Cavitations are undesirable in the pump since the shock waves formed by collapsed may be strong enough to damage components. The hydraulic fluid will vaporize when its pressure becomes too low or when the temperature is too high. In practice, a number of approaches are mostly used to deal with the problems: (1) raise the liquid level in the tank, (2) pressurize the tank, (3) booster the inlet pressure of the pump, (4) lower the pumping fluid temperature, and (5) design deliberately the pump itself. Many research efforts have been made on cavitation phenomena in hydraulic machine designs. The cavitation is classified into two types in piston pumps: trapping phenomenon related one (which can be prevented by the proper design of the valve plate)and the one observed on the layers after the contraction or enlargement of flow passages (caused by rotating group designs) in Ref. (1). The relationship between the cavitation and the measured cylinder pressure is addressed in this study. Edge and Darling (2) reported an experimental study of the cylinder pressure within an axial piston pump. The inclusion of fluid momentum effects and cavitations within the cylinder bore are predicted at both high speed and high load conditions. Another study in Ref. (3) provides an overview of hydraulic fluid impacting on the inlet condition and cavitation potential. It indicates that
信息技术英文缩写与解释
AVI 影音文件Audio Video Interleaved 声音图象交叉存取。AVI是一种微软媒体文件格式，类似于MPEG和QuickTime。在AVI中，声音和图象是交叉的存取在一个文件中的每个段的。 ADSL 非对称数字用户线路 非对称数字用户线路。这种DSL叫做非对称DSL，将成为广大家庭和小型商业客户最熟悉的一种DSL。ADSL之所以叫做非对称是因为它的两个双工通道都用来向用户传输数据。仅有很小一部分带宽用来回送用户的信息。然而，大部Internet 特别是富于图形和多媒体Web 数据需要很大的下传带宽，同时用户信息相对比较少，上传的带宽也不要很大。使用ADSL时，下传的速率可以达到6.1 Mbps，而上传速率也可以达到640 Kbps。高的下传速率意味着您的电话可以传输动画，声音和立体图形。另外，一小部分的带宽可以用来传输语音信号，您可以同时打电话而不用再使用第二条电话线。不象电视线路提供的相同的服务，使用ADSL，您不需要和您的邻居争用带宽。有时候，现有的电话线可以使用ADSL，而有时候却要升级，除非电话公司提供了无分离器的ADSL，您就必须安装一个DSL调制解调器。 ASP (Application Services Provider) 应用服务提供商 是指配置、租赁、管理应用解决方案，它是随着外包趋势、软件应用服务和相关业务的发展而逐渐形成的。ASP具有三大特点：首先，ASP向用户提供的服务应用系统本身的所有权属ASP，用户租用服务之后对应用系统拥有使用权；并且，应用系统被集中放置在ASP的IDC（Internet数据服务中心）中，具有充足的带宽、电力和空间保证以及具有专业质量的系统维护服务；ASP定期向用户收取服务费。应用服务提供商将以全新的方式推动应用服务产业的巨大发展。ATM (Asynchronous Transmission Mode) 异步传输模式 这是为满足宽带综合业务数据通信，在分组交换技术的基础上迅速发展起来的通信新技术。可以实现语音、数据、图像、视频等信号的高速传输。 AI (Artificial Intelligent) 人工智能 是计算机科学的一门研究领域。它试图赋予计算机以人类智慧的某些特点，用计算机来模拟人的推理、记忆、学习、创造等智能特征，主要方法是依靠有关知识进行逻辑推理，特别是利用经验性知识对不完全确定的事实进行的精确性推理。 AD 网上广告 指一则按规定象素尺寸或字节数设定的标语或图像，通常是以动画表现的。 Baseband 基带 在该方式中，电压脉冲直接加到电缆，并且使用电缆的整个信号频率范围。基带与宽带传输相比较，宽带传输中，来自多条信道的无线信号调制到不同的“载波”频率上，带宽被划分为不同信道，每信道上的频率范围一定。LocalTalk及以太网都是基带网络，一次仅传输一个信号，电缆上信号电平的改变表示数字值0或者1。使用电缆的整个带宽建立起两个系统间的通信对话，然后两个系统轮流传送。在此期间，共享电缆的其它系统不能传送。基带传输系统中的直流信号往往由于电阻、电容等因素而衰减。另外马达、荧光灯等电子设备产生的外部电磁干扰也会加快信号的衰减。传输率越高，信号就越容易被衰减。为此，以太网等建网标准规定了网络电缆类型、电缆屏蔽、电缆距离、传输率以及在大部分环境中提供相对无差错服务的有关细节。 BBS (Bulletin Board System) 电子公告板 这是因特网提供的一种信息服务，为用户提供一个公用环境，以使寄存函件，读取通告，参与讨论和交流信息。Bluetooth 蓝牙(一种无线通信的标准) 蓝牙技术涉及一系列软硬件技术、方法和理论，包括：无线通信与网络技术，软件工程、软件可靠性理论，协议的正确性验证、形式化描述和一致性与互联测试技术，嵌入式实时操作系统（Embedded RTOS），跨平台开发和用户界面图形化技术，软/硬件接口技术（如RS232，UART，USB等)，高集成、低功耗芯片技术等。蓝牙的目标是要提供一种通用的无线接口标准，用微波取代传统网络中错综复杂的电缆，在蓝牙设备间实现方便快捷、灵活安全、低成本低功耗的数据和话音通信。因此，其载频选用在全球都可用的2.45GHz ISM（工业、科学、医学）频带。 CA (Certificate Authority）认证中心 是在线交易的监督者和担保人，主要进行电子证书管理、电子贸易伙伴关系建立和确认、密钥管理、为支付系统中的各参与方提供身份认证等。CA类似于现实生活中公证人的角色，具有权威性，是一个普遍可信的第三方。
液压系统液压传动和气压传动毕业论文中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述
中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述 液压系统 液压传动和气压传动称为流体传动，是根据17世纪帕斯卡提出的液体静压力传动原理而发展起来的一门新兴技术，1795年英国约瑟夫?布拉曼(Joseph Braman,1749-1814)，在伦敦用水作为工作介质，以水压机的形式将其应用于工业上，诞生了世界上第一台水压机。1905年将工作介质水改为油，又进一步得到改善。 第一次世界大战(1914-1918)后液压传动广泛应用，特别是1920年以后，发展更为迅速。液压元件大约在 19 世纪末 20 世纪初的20年间，才开始进入正规的工业生产阶段。1925 年维克斯(F.Vikers)发明了压力平衡式叶片泵,为近代液压元件工业或液压传动的逐步建立奠定了基础。20 世纪初康斯坦丁?尼斯克(G?Constantimsco)对能量波动传递所进行的理论及实际研究;1910年对液力传动(液力联轴节、液力变矩器等)方面的贡献，使这两方面领域得到了发展。 第二次世界大战(1941-1945)期间,在美国机床中有30%应用了液压传动。应该指出,日本液压传动的发展较欧美等国家晚了近 20 多年。在 1955 年前后 , 日本迅速发展液压传动,1956 年成立了“液压工业会”。近20～30 年间，日本液压传动发展之快，居世界领先地位。 液压传动有许多突出的优点，因此它的应用非常广泛，如一般工业用的塑料加工机械、压力机械、机床等；行走机械中的工程机械、建筑机械、农业机械、汽车等；钢铁工业用的冶金机械、提升装置、轧辊调整装置等；土木水利工程用的防洪闸门及堤坝装置、河床升降装置、桥梁操纵机构等；发电厂涡轮机调速装置、核发电厂等等；船舶用的甲板起重机械（绞车）、船头门、舱壁阀、船尾推进器等；特殊技术用的巨型天线控制装置、测量浮标、升降旋转舞台等；军事工业用的火炮操纵装置、船舶减摇装置、飞行器仿真、飞机起落架的收放装置和方向舵控制装置等。 一个完整的液压系统由五个部分组成，即动力元件、执行元件、控制元件、辅助元
通信工程外文翻译---一点多址扩频通信系统的应用
【附录】 英文文献 The Application of one point Multiple Access Spread Spectrum Communication System Liu Jiangang, Nanyang City, HenanProvince Electric Power Industry Bureau 【ABSTRACT】Spread Spectrum Digital Microwave communication as a communication, because their excellent performance have been widely used. The article in Nanyang City Power Industry Bureau one point Multiple Access Spread Spectrum Communication System as an example.briefed the spread spectrum communications, the basic concept and characteristics of the power system communication applications .KEYWORDS：one point multiple access; Spread-spectrum communication; Attenuation Nanyang City in the outskirts of Central cloth 35 to 11 kv substation farm terminals, their operation management rights belong to the Council East, Rural Power Company west (the eastern suburb of agricultural management companies -- four, the western suburbs of Rural Power Company Management 7), Scheduling of the various stations of the means of communication to the original M-150 radio and telephone posts. 2002 With the transformation of rural network, the remote station equipment into operation and communication channels to put a higher demand .As PUC Dispatch Communication Building to the east and west of farmers -- the difference between a company linked to fiber, Therefore, if 11 substations and the establishment of a transfer Link Building links Point may be the data and voice were sent to two rural power companies dispatch room, Rural Network scheduling for the implementation of automation to create the necessary conditions. Given the status and power grid substation level, nature, taking into account the carrier and optical-fiber communications to conduct multiple forwarding, increasing the instability factor, considering the cost and conditions of the urban construction, Finally decided to adopt wireless spread-spectrum technology to establish that 11
外文翻译- 液压系统概述
附录： 外文资料与中文翻译 外文资料： Hydraulic System Hydraulic presser drive and air pressure drive hydraulic fluid as the transmission is made according to the 17th century, Pascal's principle of hydrostatic pressure to drive the development of an emerging technology, the United Kingdom in 1795 ? Braman Joseph (Joseph Braman ,1749-1814), in London water as a medium to form hydraulic press used in industry, the birth of the world's first hydraulic press. Media work in 1905 will be replaced by oil-water and further improved. After the World War I (1914-1918) ,because of the extensive application of hydraulic transmission, espec- ially after 1920, more rapid development. Hydraulic components in the late 19th century about the early 20th century, 20 years, only started to enter the formal phase of industrial production. 1925 Vickers (F. Vikers) the invention of the pressure balanced vane pump, hydraulic components for the modern industrial or hydraulic transmission of the gradual establishment of the foundation. The early 20th century G ? Constantimscofluct- uations of the energy carried out by passing theoretical and practical research; in 1910 on the hydraulic trans- mission (hydraulic coupling, hydraulic torque converter, etc.) contributions, so that these two areas of develo- pment. The Second World War (1941-1945) period, in the United States 30% of machine tool applications in the hydraulic transmission. It should be noted that the development of hydraulic transmission in Japan than Europe
液压传动系统外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
中国地质大学长城学院 本科毕业设计外文资料翻译 系别工程技术系 专业机械设计制造及其自动化 学生姓名彭江鹤 学号 05211534 指导教师王泽河 职称教授 2015 年 5 月 4 日
液压传动系统 作者：Hopmans, ArthurH. 摘要 液压传动是由液压泵、液压控制阀、液压执行元件和液压辅件组成的液压系统。液压泵把机械能转换成液体的压力能，液压控制阀和液压辅件控制液压介质的压力、流量和流动方向，将液压泵输出的压力能传给执行元件，执行元件将液体压力能转换为机械能，以完成要求的动作。 关键词：液压传动；气压传动；传动系统； 许多液压传动先前已经设计出允许操作者无限变化输出的变速器，或甚至逆转的传动装置的输出作为相对于输入。通常情况下，这已经通过使用一个旋转斜盘是要么由操作者手动或操作液压动机来改变通过旋转泵头部具有轴向移动的活塞流动的液压流体的。液压流体从泵头活塞的流动，依次转动的马达头通过激励相应的一组活塞在其中违背一固定凸轮的，因此，旋转安装在电动机头的输出轴。 通常情况下，在现有技术的变速器已被被设置有各种功能，例如齿轮减速，刹车设定装置等。不幸的是，这些功能通常是提供外部发送的和显著增加整个装置的体积和质量。申请人确定，这是很期望具有其中基本上所有的这些需要或希望的功能，可以在内部提供的发送，同时还产生一个非常有效的和非常有效的传输的综合传输。 特别是，这种类型的变速器上经常使用的设备，如“零转动半径”剪草机之类的其中一个潜在的危险情况面对操作者，旁观者和设备本身，如果设备我们允许继续被推进应的操作者释放控制，由于当操作者无意中从装置抛出或变得受伤。因此，“故障自动刹车”机制经常被设置为传输自动地返回到中立配置在这种情况下，使得该装置不会继续供电，如果控制被释放。 先前传输这种类型的一般依靠某种外部设备，比如其目的是为了在操作者控制轴返回到中立位置应操作者释放所述轴的反操作偏压弹簧。这种类型的外部设备，可以容易地由用户或篡改损坏。这种回归函数中性到传输本身的整合允许在外部零件的减少可被损坏或不适当取出并大大降低，以支持传输的各种功能所需的外部结构。 在这种类型的用于割草机的使用和类似的传输经常遇到的另一个问题是，操作时会略生涩或有弹性，因为操作者通常无法顺利地控制从一个速度到另一个的过渡，往往试图使突然变化。从这些生涩的操作震动有一种倾向，穿更重的机器和操作上也是如此。因此，理想的是抑制这种传输的输出，以防止这种不平稳的运动。 不仅是它是期望能够有一个返回到中立的功能，如desribed以上，但还希望为操作者有积极的感觉为中立位置时，不论操作者从空档移动到前进或从中立扭转。此功能在本文中称为积极中性功能，并且在一般情况下，该功能需要操作者在从发送到任何一个正向或反向方向的中立姿势变换扩展更多的能量或运动相比，量能量消耗或运动需从一个速度转移到另一个在一个特定的方向。与上面提到的其它特征，最好是需要提供此功能的结构的发送本身内掺入。
基于m序列的扩频通信系统的仿真设计外文翻译
扩频技术 摘要 扩频技术是信号（例如一个电气、电磁，或声信号）生成的特定带宽频率域中特意传播，从而导致更大带宽的信号的方法。这些技术用于各种原因包括增加抗自然干扰和干扰，以防止检测，并限制功率流密度（如在卫星下行链路）的安全通信设立的。频率跳变的历史： 跳频的概念最早是归档在1903年美国专利723188和美国专利725605由尼古拉特斯拉在1900年7月提出的。特斯拉想出了这个想法后，在1898年时展示了世界上第一个无线电遥控潜水船，却从“受到干扰，拦截，或者以任何方式干涉”发现无线信号控制船是安全的需要。他的专利涉及两个实现抗干扰能力根本不同的技术，实现这两个功能通过改变载波频率或其他专用特征的干扰免疫。第一次在为使控制电路发射机的工作，同时在两个或多个独立的频率和一个接收器，其中的每一个人发送频率调整，必须在作出回应。第二个技术使用由预定的方式更改传输的频率的一个编码轮控制的变频发送器。这些专利描述频率跳变和频分多路复用，以及电子与门逻辑电路的基本原则。 跳频在无线电报中也被无线电先驱约翰内斯Zenneck提及(1908，德语，英语翻译麦克劳希尔，1915年)，虽然Zenneck自己指出德律风根在早几年已经试过它。Zenneck 的书是当时领先的文本，很可能后来的许多工程师已经注意到这个问题。一名波兰的工程师(Leonard Danilewicz)，在1929年提出了这个想法。其他几个专利被带到了20世纪30年代包括威廉贝尔特耶斯（德国1929年，美国专利1869695，1932）。在第二次世界大战中，美国陆军通信兵发明一种称为SIGSALY的通信系统，使得罗斯福和丘吉尔之间能相互通信，这种系统称为扩频，但由于其高的机密性，SIGSALY的存在直到20世纪80年代才知道。 最著名的跳频发明是女演员海蒂拉玛和作曲家乔治安太尔，他们的“秘密通信系统”1942年获美国第2,292,387专利。拉玛与前夫弗里德里希汀曼德这位奥地利武器制造商在国防会议上了解到这一问题。安太尔-拉马尔版本的跳频用钢琴卷88个频率发生变化，其旨在使无线电导向鱼雷，让敌人很难来检测或干扰。该专利来自五零年代ITT公司和其他私人公司开始时发展码分多址(CDMA)，一个民间形式扩频，尽管拉马尔专利有没对后续技术有直接影响。它其实是在麻省理工学院林肯实验室、乐华政府和电子工业公司、国际电话电报公司及万年电子系统导致早期扩频技术在20世纪50年代的长期军事研究。雷达系统的并行研究和一个称为“相位编码”的技术类似概念对扩频发展造成影响。
液压系统外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文文献翻译
附录 Hydraulic System Hydraulic presser drive and air pressure drive hydraulic fluid as the transmission is made according to the 17th century, Pascal's principle of hydrostatic pressure to drive the development of an emerging technology, the United Kingdom in 1795 ?Barman Joseph (Joseph Barman, 1749-1814), in London water as a medium to form hydraulic press used in industry, the birth of the world's first hydraulic press. Media work in 1905 will be replaced by oil-water and further improved. After the World War I (1914-1918) ,because of the extensive application of hydraulic transmission, especially after 1920, more rapid development. Hydraulic components in the late 19th century about the early 20th century, 20 years, only started to enter the formal phase of industrial production. 1925 Vickers (F. Vickers) the invention of the pressure balanced vane pump, hydraulic components for the modern industrial or hydraulic transmission of the gradual establishment of the foundation. The early 20th century G ? Constantia scofluctuations of the energy carried out by passing theoretical and practical research; in 1910 on the hydraulic trans- mission (hydraulic coupling, hydraulic torque converter, etc.) contributions, so that these two areas of development. The Second World War (1941-1945) period, in the United States 30% of machine tool applications in the hydraulic transmission. It should be noted that the development of hydraulic transmission in Japan than Europe and the United States and other countries for