英语词汇学复习题

英语词汇学复习题(五)

I. Some of the following statements are true, and the others false. Mark your answer by writing T or F on your answer sheet. (10%)

1. The great majority of the basic word stock of the English language are native words, that is, words of Anglo-Saxon origin.

2. Suffixation is different from conversion in that it does not change the word-class of the base.

3. Words of a semantic field are synonymous.

4. Clipping involves the deletion of one or more syllables from a word, which is also available in its full form.

5. Content words have lexical meaning but no grammatical meaning.

6. A particular characteristic of componential analysis is that it attempts to treat components in terms of binary opposites.

7. A root is the basic unchangeable part of a word.

8. Many English words cannot be analyzed in terms of semantic features.

9. All words have antonyms.

10. The impact of context on meaning differs from one word to another and from one instance or passage to another.

II. The following are multiple-choice questions. Mark your answer by writing A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet. (20%)

11. The English language from ______ to the present is called Modern English.

(A) 450 (B) 1100

12. The sentence “John was fired for petty thieving.” Is stylistically ________.

(A) literal (B) colloquial

13. Of the following words, _____ is an acronym.

(A) OPEC (B) CIA

14. The definition of a word given in the dictionary is called its _____ meaning.

(A) connotative (B) denotative

15. In terms of oppositeness of meaning, ________ is a pair of conversives.

(A) “deep” and “shallow”

(B) “present” and “absent”

(D) “above” and “below”

16. In the group of words “ride, run, walk, go, fly”, “go” is a ________.

(A) superordinate term (B) hyponym

17. The word “success” used to mean “result, outcome”, now it means “a favorable outcome or result”. This is an example of __________ of meaning.

(A) elevation (B) degeneration

18. The language the early immigrants brought them to America was different from present English; the greatest difference lies in ________.

(A) spelling (B) pronunciation

19. _________ serves as a typical example of euphemism.

(A) “Pious” meaning “hypocritically virtuous”

(B) “A mental hospital” referring to “a madhouse”

(D) “Slow learners” referring to “underachievers”

20. Oxford English Dictionary is a ___________ dictionary.

(A) pocket (B) medium-size

III. Decide whether each of the following words is a A) simple word, B) compound word, C) derived word or D) shortened form. Mark your answer on the answer sheet. (10%)

21. acidhead 26. fashion

22. formal 27. recycle

23. preplant 28. honesty

24. lab 29. phone

25. ready 30. ashtray

IV. Explain the following terms with appropriate examples. Do it on the answer sheet. (10%)

31. back-formation

32. polysemy

V. Give a short answer to the following questions. Do it on the answer sheet. (30%) 33. What is the difference between a morpheme and a syllable? Illustrate your points with examples.

34. Explain conventionality and motivation. Give examples.

VI. Give a longer answer (150-200 words) to the following question. Do it on the answer sheet. (20%)

35. Context is very important for the understanding of word meaning. How is context

classified?

英语词汇学参考答案 (五)

I. Some of the following statements are true, and the others false. Mark your answer by writing T or F on your answer sheet. (10%)

1. T

2. F

3. F

4. T

5. F

6. T

7. T

8. T

9. F 10. T

II. The following are multiple-choice questions. Mark your answer by writing A, B, C, o r D on your answer sheet. (20%)

11. C 12. B 13. A 14. B 15. D

16. A 17. D 18. D 19.B 20. C

III. Decide whether each of the following words is a A) simple word, B) compound word,

C) derived word or D) shortened form. Mark your answer on the answer sheet. (10%)

21. B 26. A

22. C 27. C

23. C 28. C

24. D 29. D

25. A 30. B

IV. Explain the following terms with appropriate examples. Do it on the answer sheet. (10%)

31. Back-formation is a term used to refer to a type of word-formation by which a shorte r word is coined by the deletion of a supposed affix from a longer form already present in t he language. For example, the verb “resurrect” was formed from the noun “resurrection” b y removing the supposed derivative suffix “-ion”.

32. Polysemy is a common feature peculiar to all natural languages. There are words that have two or three senses, and the most commonly used ones can have as many as over a hundre d. However, when a word is first coined, it is always monosemic. But in the course of develo pment, the same symbol must be used to express more meanings, the result is polysemy. For ex ample, the word “fair” has various meanings; (of results) average, quite good”; (of attit ude, behaviour) just and honest; impartial”; (of the weather) clear and sunny”; ( of amou n t) satisfactory, abundant”, etc.

V. Give a short answer to the following questions. Do it on the answer sheet. (30%)

33. What is the difference between a morpheme and a syllable? Illustrate your points wit

h examples.

A morpheme is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of a language, not divisible or an alyzable into smaller forms.

A morpheme is not identical with a syllable, since the latter had nothing to do with mea ning. A morpheme may be represented by one syllable, like boy and child, or by two or more s yllables, as in la·dy, croc·o·dile, and sal·a·man·der. Often the syllabic structure of a word and its morphemic structure do not correspond, as shown in the above examples where a morpheme is represented by more than one syllable. Another good example is the word disagre eable, which consists of five syllables as against three morphemes(dis+agree+able).

34. Explain conventionality and motivation. Give examples.

Most English words are conventional, arbitrary symbols; consequently, there is no intrin sic relation between the sound symbol and its sense. E.g. the thing called “house” in Engl ish, is called maison in French, 房子(fang zi) in Chinese, dom in Russian, and casa in Spani sh. A more convincing evidence of conventional and arbitrary nature of the connection betwee n sound symbol and meaning can be illustrated by a set of homophones, write, right and rite. They are pronounced the same but convey entirely different meanings.

Motivation refers to the connection between word symbol and its sense. The great majorit y of English words are nonmotivated, since they are conventional, arbitrary symbols. However, there is a small group of words that can be described as motivated.

Motivation can arise in three major ways: 1. Phonetic motivation: words phonetically mot ivated are called echoic or onomatopoeic words, whose pronunciation suggests the meaning. E.

g. woof of a dog, miaow of a cat; 2. Morphological motivation: A word is morphologically mot ivated when a direct connection can be observed between the morphemic structure of the word and its meaning. E.g. readable means “that can be read”, modernize means “ to make sth mo dern”; 3. Semantic motivation: refers to motivation based on semantic factors, it is a kind of mental association. E.g. a stony heart, the leg of a table, etc.

VI. Give a longer answer (150-200 words) to the following question. Do it on the answer sheet. (20%) welcome to https://www.360docs.net/doc/d017396969.html,

35. Context is very important for the understanding of word meaning. How is context clas sified?

Context can be classified into two major types: linguistic context and extra-linguistic context/context of situation.

A. Linguistic context, which can further be divided into three types:

1) Lexical context: lexical context refers to the lexical items combined with a given po lysemous word. For instance, the verb make can be used in many different senses when it is c ombined with different lexical items, e.g.:

The regulations were made (enacted) to protect children.

We made (had) a good lunch before leaving.

The train was making(traveling at a speed of) 70 miles an hour.

2) Grammatical context: In grammatical context, the syntactic structure of the context d etermines various individual meanings of a polysemous word. Take the verb get for example; i ts meaning varies in different syntactical structures:

get+n.(meaning “to receive”): I got a letter today.

Get+adj. (meaning “to become”): He’s getting better.

Get+infinitive(meaning “to succeed in doing”): If I get to see him, I’ll tell him.

3) Verbal context in its broad sense: the verbal context, in its braodest sense, may cov er an entire passage, or even an entire book, and in some cases even the entire social or cu ltural setting.

B. Extra-linguistic context/Context of situation

Besides linguistic context, extra-linguistic context or context of situation also exerts

a considerable influence on word meaning. It includes:

1) The actual speech situation in which a word (or an utterance, or a speech event) occu rs. E.g. the word operation may mean “a surgical operation” in the sit uation of a hospital,

a strategic movement in the situation of military actions, or the way a machine works when related to mechanics.

2) The entire cultural background against which a word, or an utterance or a speech even t has to be set. E.g. the word peasant means totally different ideas in the western and Chin ese cultures.

英语词汇学考试重点整理

Explain the following terms 一1) free morpheme/ A free morpheme is one that can be uttered发出，表达alone with meaning. It can exist on its own without a bound morpheme. In the traditional sense, a free morpheme is a word. 例如hand ,eat, get 2) bound form/never used as sentences. – ess in countess, lioness and duchess –ish in boyish, childish and greenish –s in hats, books and cups 3) function words/ function words are often short words, they do not have much lexical meaning and some of them have no lexical meaning of their own; They are often short words such as determiners限定词, conjunctions连词, prepositions介词, auxiliaries辅助物, and so forth. 如to, the , of , by 4) content words实词/ They are used to name objects, qualities, actions, processes or states, and have independent lexical meaning. They are the nouns, main verbs, adjectives形容词and adverbs副词of a language. 二1) syntheti c综合的language / inflectional grammatical markers, French, German and Russian. 2) analytic language/word order, prepositions or auxiliary verbs , English and Chinese 3) Indo-European family of languages/ Europe and parts of Southern Asia Eight groups 三1) morphemes /The morpheme is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible可分的or analyzable into smaller forms. 2) allomorphs/variants变体of the same morphem如im-, ir-, il- : allomorphs of the morpheme in- 3) root / is the basic unchangeable part of a word, and it conveys the main lexical meaning of the word. work able, work er, work ed, and work ing 4) stem /A stem is of concern only when dealing with inflectional morphology. Inflectional (but not derivational) affixes are added to it. It is the part of word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed. 如undesirables, undesirable; desired, desire 5) base / A base is any form to which affixes of any kind can be added. Desirable, desire - base and root, not stem; undesirable, desirable-base, not root and stem 6) inflectional affixes/A inflectional affix serves to express such meanings as plurality复数, tense, and the comparative比较的or superlative 最高的degree. 如-s, -ed, -er, -est 7) derivational affixes / When they are added to another morpheme, they derive a new word. re+write, mini+car, super+market, modern+ize, work+er 8) compounding 复合法/Compounding is a word-formation process consisting of combining two or more bases to form a compound word 9) derivation 派生法/Derivation or affixation is generally defined as a word-formation process by which new words are created by adding a prefix or a suffix or both to the base 10) conversion 转化法/Conversion is a word-formation process in which a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another word-class without the addition of an affix. 11) initialism/It is a type of shortening, using the first letters of words to form a proper name, a technical term, or a phrase. 12) acronym首字母缩略词/Acronyms are words formed from the initial letters of the name of an organization or a scientific term, etc. Acronyms differ from initialisms in that they are pronounced as words rather than as sequences of letters. 13) blending拼缀/Blending is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by

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2012词汇学复习资料 The development of the English Vocabulary 1.Indo-European Language Family The Indo-European Language Family is considered as one of the most important language families. It includes most languages of Europe, the Near East, and India. Those languages, which are believed to have originated from this language family and developed alone different lines, show various degrees of similarity to one another. They fall into eight principal groups, which can be grouped into an Eastern Set东部诸语族: Balto-Slavic波罗的-斯拉夫语, Indo-Iranian印度伊朗语族, Armenian 亚美尼亚语族and Albanian阿尔巴尼亚语族; a Western Set: 西部诸语族Celtic凯尔特语族, Italic 意大利语族, Hellenic希腊语族, Germanic日尔曼语族. All the languages in both sets shed some influence on English to a greater or lesser extent because each has lent words into the English vocabulary. Prussian普鲁士语 Lithuanian立陶宛语 Polish波兰语 Balto-Slavic波罗的-斯拉夫语Czech捷克斯洛伐克语 Bulgarian保加利亚语 Slovenian斯洛文尼亚语 Russian Albanian阿尔巴尼亚 Persian波斯语 Hindi北印度语 Indo-Iranian印度伊朗语系Bengali孟加拉语 Romany，吉卜赛语 Armenian亚美尼亚语 Portuguese Spanish Italic意大利语族Italian Roumanian罗马尼亚语 French Indo-European Language Family Irish Celtic凯尔特语Breton Scottish Norwegian挪威语 Icelandic，冰岛语 Danish丹麦语 Germanic Swedish瑞典语日尔曼语言English Dutch Flemish German Hellenic，古希腊语- Greek

(完整版)英语词汇学试题

英语词汇学试题 Introduction and Chapter 1 Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabula ry（练习1） I．Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement. 1.Morphology is the branch of grammar which studies the structure or forms of words, primarily through the use of _________construct. A. word B. form C. morpheme D. root 2.________ is traditionally used for the study of the origins and history of the form and meaning of words. A. Semantics B. Linguistics C. Etymology D. Stylistics 3.Modern English is derived from the language of early ______ tribes. A. Greek B. Roman C. Italian D. Germanic 4. Semantics is the study of meaning of different _________ levels: lexis, syntax, utterance, discourse, etc. A. linguistic B. grammatical C. arbitrary D. semantic 5.Stylistics is the study of style . It is concerned with the user’s choices of linguistic elements in a particular________ for special effects A. situation B. context C. time D. place 6.Lexicography shares with lexicology the same problems: the form , meaning, origins and usages of words, but they have a _______ difference. A . spelling B. semantic C. pronunciation D. pragmatic 7. Terminology consists of _______ terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas. A. technical B. artistic C. different D. academic 8. __________refers to the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts, sciences, trades, and professions communicate among themselves. A. Slang B. Jargon C. Dialectal words D. Argot 9 ._________ belongs to the sub-standard language, a category that seems to stand between the standard general words including informal ones available to everyone and in-group words. A. Jargon B. Argot C. Dialectal words D. Slang 10. Argot generally refers to the jargon of _______.Its use is confined to the sub-cultural groups and outsiders can hardly understand it. A. workers B. criminals C. any person D. policeman 11.________ are words used only by speakers of the dialect in question. A. Argot B. Slang C. Jargon D. Dialectal words 12. Archaisms are words or forms that were once in _________use but are now restricted only to specialized or limited use. A. common B. little C. slight D. great 13. Neologisms are newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on ______meanings. A. new B. old C. bad D. good 14. Content words denote clear notions and thus are known as_________ words. They include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals. A. functional B. notional C. empty D. formal 15. Functional words do not have notions of their own. Therefore, they are also called _______words. Prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliaries and articles belong to this category. A. content B. notional C. empty D. new